SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY While STS is a unification of three fields (science, technology, and society), the

unification experiences paradigm shifting. Consider the following infographic that shows
UNIT 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS how in a span of about 50 years, technology has great evolved, causing impact on the
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY development of social businesses.
SCIENCE
FOUR MEANINGS OF SCIENCE
 Science as Knowledge
 Science as Field of Systematic Inquiry into Nature
 Science as a Form of Human Cultural Activity
 Science as a Total Societal Enterprise

Science – systematic, organized knowledge or study of the natural world based on facts
learned through experiments and observation

TECHNOLOGY
 Technology – some people regard it as simply applied science.

THE MEANINGS OF TECHNOLOGY

 Technology as Technics – material artifacts
 Technology as technology
 Technology as a form of Human Cultural Activity
 Technology as Total Societal Enterprise
 Technology and Science as Forms of Activity
SOCIETY
 Society - large group of people who live together in an organized way.
Interrelationship and Dynamics between the three: A Continuing Process
Paradigm Shift
STS have varied areas of interest
Sustainability – Energy and Environment, Global Warming and CO2 Emission
Control, Long term Energy Paths, Strategies for Efficient and
Renewable Energy Use
Life Sciences – Ethical Aspects of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, New
Applications of Genomics to Agriculture, Translation of Science to
the Marketplace: The Development of Medicine for Global Health
IT’s Impact on Human Society – Interoperatibility (the ability of computer systems
or software to exchange and make use of information.), Digital
Archiving, Security / Privacy
Capacity Building – Science Education and Communication, University Reform,
Intellectual Property Rights
Science and Technology for Human Security – Infectious Diseases, Science and
Technology to Reduce the Vulnerability of Critical Infrastructures,
Science and Technology against Natural Disaster
New Frontiers Opened by Science and Technology – New Frontiers Opened by IT
(Information and Communication Technology), New Frontiers
Opened by NT (Nano-Technology), New Frontiers Opened by
Manufacturing
 IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE
 Combating Irrationality
 Preeminent Source of Cognitive Authority

TECNOLOGY
 Sustaining the Private Corporation
 Source of Personal Identity
 Social Integration and Stratification

 Work
 Contemporary Society
 Understanding
 A new field of Study
Ethical Dilemmas, and Social and Cultural Roles
Science and Technology: for Human Security  Ethical Dilemmas: The ethical conflicts posed by science and technology-based
dilemmas requires careful analysis.
Against Terrorism
 To prevent the use of science and technology by terrorists;  Social and Cultural: less evident but no less important ground of the social
 To use science and technology to defend against terrorism Against Infectious importance of science and technology in the contemporary era lies in several
Diseases influential social and cultural roles that these forces have assumed or positioned.
 Developing vaccines and medical therapies against infectious diseases like AIDS (at
present, COVID) is crucial for mankind’s future and is one of the most important Recent Issues Concerning Science, Technology, and Society
fields where science and technology can make a contribution.  Framework for Sustainable Future
Against Natural Disasters  Renewable Energy Sources
 International cooperation to establish early warning, human safety and rescue  Bioethics Issues
systems is strongly needed.  Human Society
 Education for All
 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

“It is important for all people, regardless of their background, to consider Science and
Technology issues as their own. Recognizing that both the Lights and Shadows of Science
and Technology will have a great impact on the human race, Science and Technology should
not control Humankind; Humankind should control Science and Technology.”

- Hiroyuki Yoshikawa,President of National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and

Technology (AIST)

A Brief Overview Of the Current State of the STS Field

  The first STS courses and programs appeared on the academic horizon in the late
1960’s.
 STS activity is not limited to the academic world. Various branches of government
agencies in the executive and legislative branches in the U.S.A. do policy research on
issues involving science and technology in society.
Arnaldo P. Mosteiro, 2nd edition (2006)
“The Filipino has his own unique technological potential that, when given support and the
right environment with the corresponding atmosphere of freedom, he or she can produce
inventive ideas, products and processes in an exceptional manner on a par with international
standards.”
Fluorescent lamp, videophone, the moon buggy, pontoon bridge, floating power tiller, mighty
mite, the sing along system, super lubricant
STS in the Philippines:
Can Philippine Science Evolve and Progress?
Conclusion
 The intellectual roots of STS lie in the history, philosophy, and social study of
science and technology, an arena where often-controversial issues and choices
interface with values and influence public policy.
 With practical advantages in engineering, medicine, and technology, they have
helped us to grow better understanding about the world and different working
phenomenon that governs us. Their way of shaping the modern-day culture is
completely unrivaled.
 STS prepares students to understand both the technical and social dimensions of
science and technology, helps them become more thoughtful and better-informed
citizens of our high-tech society, and develops their critical interdisciplinary thinking,
research, and communication skills. Students flourish intellectually in an
environment where critical questioning is encouraged and opportunities for research
are abundant.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD BY NAMAN
BISTA
10. Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Student of Plato and a tutor to Alexander the Great, Aristotle was a genius Greek
philosopher and scientist of the ancient age. Born on 384 BC Aristotle was a biologist, a
zoologist, ethicist, a political scientist and the master of rhetoric and logic. He also gave
theories in physics and meta physics. Aristotle gained knowledge in different fields with his
expansive mind and prodigious writings. However, only a fraction of his writings are
preserved at present. Aristotle made collections to the plant and animal specimens and
classified them according to their characteristics which made an standard for future work. He
further gave theories on the philosophy of science. Aristotle also elaborated and estimated the
size of earth which Plato assumed to be globe. Aristotle explained the chain of life through
his study in flora and fauna where it turned from simple to more complex.
9. Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Regarded as the greatest mathematician ever, Archimedes developed profound and
influential knowledge on mathematical physics and engineering that are widely used in
machines as well as in constructions. Born on 287 BC, Archimedes is one of the finest
scientist who broke through in both theories and practice. He introduced infinitesimals and
laid the foundation for calculus. He gave descriptions on the first finite geometric
progression, computed areas and volumes of sphere and parabolic segments. He also
discovered the laws of lever, density, fluid equilibrium, buoyancy in different fields statics
and hydrostatics. He is regarded as the prophet to the formal science that was started in
Ancient Greece. “Give me a place to stand and I can move the whole world”, he said and we
can still fill the impact of his generosity even today. All other scientists after him stand on his
shoulders. Even though most of his work were burned in the museum of Alexandria, the
remnants gave enough ideas for modern day science and technology.
8. Galileo (1564-1642 AD)
Born in Pisa, Italy in 1564, Galileo is called as the father of modern science because
of his discoveries in astronomy and physics. He was sent to study medicine by his father, but
he chose his career in science and mathematics and made the first telescope to observe stars
and planets. He also discovered the law of pendulum as he watched a chandelier swing in the
cathedral of Pisa. He also discovered that the surface of moon was not smooth but contained
burrows and holes to what he called crater. He also discovered 4 revolving moons around
Jupiter which are named after him. He proved what Copernicus said about sun being the
center of the solar system. Galileo became blind in his old days and died in the year 1642.
7. Michael Faraday (1791-1867 AD)
Born on 1791, British citizen Michael Faraday was a son of a blacksmith who had to
leave school in the fourth grade.It started working as a bookbinder and taught himself to read
and writer. He developed a fascination with science and particularly in electricity after he
studied lot of serious academic works during his days. Faraday is specially known for his
discoveries of electromagnetic inductions and rotations, field theory, dia-magnetization and
the magneto-optical effect. This humble genius invented the electric motor and Faraday’s
ring. Faraday’s inquisitive and curious nature made him take chemistry lectures and taught at
the Royal Institution as a lecturer later when Humphry Davy retired. Faraday also published
research papers optical deceptions, condensation of gases and isolation of benzene from gas
oils. He also wrote books on ” Experimental Researches in Electricity” and the “Chemical
history of the Candle”. Faraday died on 1867.
6. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931 AD)
“The Wizard of the Menlo Park” nicknamed Thomas Alva Edison was born in
1847. Excelled as both scientist and inventor, Edison patented a whopping total of
1,093 inventions in his life time. Most of the inventions that came from Edison are
batteries, phonographs, cement, mining, telegraphs, lights and powers. He also
improved the telephone made by Graham Bell and invented the kinetoscope that was
used for viewing moving films. He was seen working almost more than 20 hours a
day. Edison masterminded the digital voting system with his electro-graphic vote
recorder for the legislative of the parliament. He also proposed ideas on preserving
fruits by keeping it in vacuum. Edison pioneered the idea for storage batteries that
was later used by Henry ford in his automobile. “Genius is one percent inspiration
and 99 percent perspiration” is one of the most famous quote by this genius. He died
in the year 1931.
5. Marie Curie (1867-1934 AD)
Marie Curie holds record for the first female to be awarded with a Nobel
Prize. Inventor and scientist Curie was born as the youngest of five children in the
year 1867 in Warsaw, Poland. Marie Curie has always remained a source of
inspiration and motivation for different female scientists because of her determination
to work. She invented the first mobile X-ray machine which helped to check the
injured soldiers in the battlefield. Radium is another great invention from her. Curie
experimented different elements to check their radio activity and found thorium. She
also invented the pitch-blend which was the source of radiation in a mixture more
powerful than uranium or thorium. She is also called ” the mother of atom bomb”
with her invention of the radio active materials. However, with all her brilliance, hard
work and patience in careful experiments she performed, her own invention killed her
because of radiation poisoning in 1934.
4. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895 AD)
Louis Pasteur made astounding contributions in the field of science, technology and
medicine. This genius was born on 1822 and spent his life working in chemistry and
microbiology. Pasteur was the first ever scientist to study about fermentation in food
elements that was caused by microbes. He also explained about biogenesis and proposed a
theory named as the “Germ Theory”. He also created a process of toning and treating milk
free from the damage causing microbes to what he called ” Pasteurization”. Pasteur is also
regarded as the first man on earth to ever discover cure for puerperal fever and make the
vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He also explained the asymmetry in various crystals on a
molecular basis. His breadth of accomplishment and approaches in different fields of
discoveries and inventions makes him a giant genius. He died in 1895.
3. Sir Issac Newton (1643-1727 AD)
Born on 1643 in Woolsthrope, England, Sir Issac Newton is best known for his law
on gravitation. He was a poor student at school or at running the family estate. However, he
loved making mechanical toys and models of windmills. Newton explained the theory of
gravity and gravitation by inventing calculus as no other principles could explain it. The new
revolution in mathematics, Calculus was derived from his binomial theorem to infinite series
which accurately could measure the area inside the curve or rate of change of it.He also
explained the theory on tides which occurred due to the gravitation pull from the sun, moon
and earth. He also invented the reflecting telescope. Newtons laws can be found in different
areas of mechanics, optics and chemistry. He was knighted with the title Sir by Queen Anne
in 1705. Newton died at the age of 84, in 1727.
2. Albert Einstein (1879-1955 AD)
Born on 1879 in Ulm, Einstein is considered as one of the greatest revolutionary
scientist the world has ever known. The “Man of Century” has some spectacular works in
physics which even makes him the father of modern physics for his contribution in
developing the general theory of relativity. The world’s most famous equation E=mc2 on
which the bomb is based comes from his theory. One of the greatest scientist of the 20th
century, Einstein’s Special theory of relativity revolutionized physics which even challenged
the scientists at CERN. Albert Einstein’s genius mind for the scientific advancement cause
immeasurable change to the world. Together with his intellect, he was also a celebrity with
his flirtatious behavior that could impress any women. This rare genius was awarded Nobel
Prize in 1921 ” For his work on theortical physics, and for his discovery of the photoelectric
effect”. Greatest physicist ever voted Einstein died on 1955 in Princeton.
1. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943 AD)
This Serbian born scientist atop the list because of his immense knowledge in
different fields of science and technology. Without a question, this 1856 born guy was a cool
geek. He could speak 8 languages, recite a whole book completely just with one reading,
make a device just by seeing it once and not writing down anything. A funny fact about him
was that he was a celibate his whole life. Tesla had developed almost everything by himself
and did not expose any of it which later was invented by other scientists in his time. Tesla
had generated ac current before Edison knew about charges. Markoni who got noble prize for
inventing radio used all the ideas of Tesla. X-rays by Roentgen, RADAR by Watson-watt
were all devised by Nikola Tesla. There was almost nothing that Tesla did not do. First hydro
electricity plant in Niagara falls, experiments with cryogenic engineering, transistors, radio
wave recorder from outer space were all built by Tesla. Remote control, neon lightening,  Architecture, Engineering
modern electric motor, earthquake machine are finest inventions from Tesla. He was a true
genius. However, most of his ideas and inventions were either copied, stolen or taken by SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
somebody else. Tesla made a way to charge a house with electric lightening for electricity  Sumeria is located on the Southern most tip of ancient Mesopotamia.
purpose but did not share it thinking somebody else will take it. This incredible mind created  Cuneiform, Uruk City, The Great Ziggurat of Ur, Irrigation and Dikes, Sailboats,
revolution with his inventions. He was a future-thinker and his minds would run on any plow, roads, making pottery by potter’s wheel, and Horsedrawn chariots
wavelengths. However, he died tragically in a hotel room and was found dead only after two
days of his death in 1943. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
 It emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Babylonians were great builders,
 Myths to reality out of curiosity around the world. engineers and architects, and mathematician
 The present picture of the world that we see would not have transformed without the  One of their major contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven
contribution of these great personalities. wonders of the ancient world.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
THE ORIGIN OF STS STUDIES  North Africa
 Papyrus, ink, hieroglyphics, cosmetics, wig, and clepsydra
 Pre-History  Trial and error medicine
 Ancient times
 Medieval Times ALCHEMY
 Renaissance
 Golden Age  Alchemists mostly wanted to find a means by which lead could be transformed into
 Scientific Revolution gold (or some other precious substance).
 Enlightenment  As alchemists began mixing and recording, many interesting things were observed.
 Industrial Revolution The observation, however, is not to draw conclusions about the natural world but a
 Modern Times next step for a mixture to form some useful substance
 Trial and error.
PREHISTORY
GREEK CIVILIZATION
A. Stone Age  Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe.
✓ Old Stone Age – Paleolithic Period  Birthplace of western philosophy, and in depth work of mathematics.
✓ New Stone Age – Neolithic Period  Greek Science did not rely on supernatural explanations. developed scientific models
to explain the heavens.
 The most advanced parts of the Middle East and Southeast Asia, it ended about 6,000  “True Science begin to emerge”
B.C.  Alarm clocks and water mill
 It began when human beings first arrived in the New World
GREEK CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT TIMES PLATO, HIPPOCRATES, PYTHAGORAS, AND ARCHIMEDES
 Transportation – for food and better locations for settlements
 Communication and Record-keeping PERSIAN CIVILIZATION
 Weapons and Armors – For survival and alliances CYRUS THE GREAT, DARIUS, and ALEXANDER
 Primary challenge: Conservation of life – illnesses and diseases, both natural and
man-made.
 CHINESE CIVILIZATION

 The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the
world.
 It was famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade, Tea, Great
Wall of China, Gun Powder
 1,000 BC, the Chinese were using compasses to aid themselves in their travels

CHINESE CIVILIZATION

1. Shang Dynasty
2. Chou Dynasty
ROMAN CIVILIZATION 3. Chi’n Dynasty
4. Han Dynasty
 Strongest political and social entity in the west, but they are perceived as “Poor in 5. Sung Dynasty
Science”. 6. Tang Dynasty
 It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period.
INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION
 Newspaper, Codex, ROMAN ARCHITECTURE, ROMAN NUMERALS
 Aryans – the dominant people in Northern India
JULIUS CAESAR, CLEOPATRA, PLINY THE ELDER
 Traditional Indian medication had varieties of herbal remedies and drugs which the
West discovered and used later.

THE DARK AGES

 Fall of Roman Empire up to Renaissance period.

 Trade and large-scale communication became harder and harder.
 Since science thrives on the free exchange of ideas from one scientist to another, this
put another roadblock in the way of scientific progress.
 Little was learned.

MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES

ARABIC CIVILIZATION
 Arabs – the inhabitants of Arabia situated in Southeastern Asia.
 Muhammad(57-632 A.D) – founder of Islam, the religion of Muslims
 Arabic Science influences from China, India, and Greece. They continued to develop
math and astronomy. Aside from that, Algebra and the concept of the algorithm were
developed. Many stars were Arabic names, typically those that has “al-” in it,
example: Alberio and Algol
 The start of the Middle Ages were marred by massive invasions and migrations.
Wars were prevalent during this time. Trade and commerce among nations increased,
which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology.
 Printing Press, Microscope, telescope, war weapons
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
  In the Early Middle Ages, all scientific and philosophical expression was monitored
extensively by the Church.
 The alleged truths were produced by Biblical study and the widely accepted
Aristotelian system by Aristotle (including the four elements), which became official
Church doctrine.
 Others: THALES & PTOLEMY
USES OF ASTRONOMY (BEFORE COPERNICUS)
 To tell time
 To determine the seasons
 Calendars
 Navigation
 Predict the future (eclipses & rainfall)
RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1500 A.D. TO 1660 A.D.)
 New interest sparked in reference to the physical world. This focus on the
investigation of reality that naturally began to create questions regarding the accepted
Aristotelian norms.
 A large faction broke away from the Church, in doing so breaking free from the
restriction of intellectual progress.
 The Protestant Reformation, begun by Martin Luther in 1517, radically transformed
the theological and political landscape of Europe.
THE RENAISSANCE:
THE “GOLDEN AGE” OF SCIENCE
 Robert Grosseteste - Roman Catholic bishop in the early 1200s A.D.; Father of the
scientific method
 Andreas Vesalius - published a book in 1543 that tried to show all the details of the
human body - such illustrations of the organs, muscles, and skeleton of the human
body. How medicine was taught.
 Blaise Pascal - made several advances in the understanding of Science, geometry and
algebra. For example, in science, he spent an enormous amount of time studying the
air and liquids. He demonstrated that the air we breathe exerts pressure on
everything, an effect we call atmospheric pressure today. In his studies of fluids, he
demonstrated a law that we now call “Pascal’s Law.” The science behind that law
allowed us to develop hydraulic lifts, like the lift a mechanic uses to raise a car so he
can get underneath it
 Carolus Linnaeus - published a book in 1735 which he tried to classify all living
creatures that had been studied.
 Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier – (1) Law of Mass Conservation: matter cannot be
created nordestroyed – it can only change forms (2) properly explain combustion,
which is the process of burning.
THE RENAISSANCE:
THE “GOLDEN AGE” OF SCIENCE
 John Dalton – The atomic theory
 Heraclitus – (1) defined this entity with his term "Logos" or 'rational principle’. (2)
the foundation of 'epistemology', the study of knowledge.
 Pythagoras and his followers perceived that the ultimate reality (arché) was not
something material, but in number.
 Socrates - methods of the intellectual revolution will be applied to the study human
behavior and social values.
WHAT IS AN INTELLECTUAL OR SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1550-1700)
 The term "Intellectual Revolution" is used to refer to Greek speculation about the
"nature" in the period before Socrates
 18th century is an era marked by questioning of traditional dogmas/values.
 As time went on, the scientific community began to learn that scientists should not
just accept the teachings of former scientists. Instead, they realized that all scientists
make mistakes, and therefore everyone’s work must be examined critically.
INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS
 The earliest of these thinkers lived in Ionia, on the western coast of modern Turkey,
in the town of Miletus.
 The Ionians were concerned with two issues:
1. What is the underlying and primary 'substance’?
2. How can one explain change and transformation, given that what we perceive
derives from one substance?
WHAT IS AN INTELLECTUAL OR SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1550-1700)
 There are three characteristic features of this form of speculation.
1. The world is a natural whole (that is, supernatural forces do not make things
'happen’)
2. There is a natural 'order' (that is, there are 'lawsof nature’).
3. Humans can 'discover' those laws.
HOW DO INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS DEFINE/TRANSFORM SOCIETIES?
 No bias, no prejudice and brave enough to transform our society with a goal to try to
make our world a less messy place to live in.
 Social Responsibility to apply their knowledge to shape, and protect, social standards
and values.
 The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that
more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of
transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance.
 Pasteurization, Petroleum Refinery, Telephone, Calculator
THE ORIGIN OF STS STUDIES
The relationship between science, technology and society go back for many centuries.

 Pre-History
• Ancient times (Sumerian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Persian, Roman, Arabic,
Chinese, and Indu-Hindu)
• Medieval Times
• Dark Afe
• Renaissance
• Golden Age
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1735 A.D. TO 1820 A.D.) • Scientific/Intellectual Revolution
• Enlightenment Age
 People realized that the inventions that made their lives better were at least partially • Industrial Revolution
the result of scientific knowledge. As a result, there was popular support for science • Modern Times
that translated into better facilities and a better way of life for scientists, which in turn
translated into great advances. THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS MOST KNOWN IN
 Louis Pasteur – Idea of spontaneous generation, study of bacteria and other living HISTORY
organisms, and pasteurization.
 Gregor Mendel - was an Augustinian monk who devoted much of his life to the
study of reproduction and the entire field of modern genetics, which studies how
traits are passed on from parent to offspring.
 Michael Faraday - developed a much better understanding of electricity and
magnetism.
 James Clerk Maxwell - founder of modern physics (E.g., electromagnetism).
 James Joule - energy cannot be created or destroyed -it can only change forms (First
Law of Thermodynamics)
- the guiding principle in the study of energy.

MODERN SCIENCE (1900 A.D. TO THE PRESENT)

 Max Planc
 Albert Einstein COPERNICAN
 Niels Bohr This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the
 Ideas of Newton heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar
system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the
MODERN TIMES earth revolving around it.
DARWINIAN
• Throughout history, S&T drive the progress of human civilization. They induce
• Charles Darwin economic growth and social development, thus playing a significant role in nation-
• “Theory of Creation“ and his book "The Origin of Species“ building.
• Father of Evolution • According to Stephenson (2005), nation-building isall about the process of unifying.

FREUDIAN

• Sigmund Freud.
• Freudian Theory of Personality, Psychoanalysis, Personality theory, Freudian Slip

INFORMATION

• Johannes Gutenberg
• This was the era which technology has been prevalent. It is also known as the
Computer Age that has brought so much change on how we are living today

MESO-AMERICAN
• It has contributed a lot of ideas or discoveries for Archaeology. The temples and
pyramids left a lot about of Architecture that leads us to study more of it.
ASIAN
• The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent
nationhood along the improvement brought by it internally.
MIDDLE EAST
• The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the development and growth of
individual nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize
Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of the Ottoman Empire in
the Arab region.
AFRICAN
• The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
NATION-BUILDING
According to Mylonas in 2019, Nation-building is intertwined with the processes of:
• Industrialization - the process by which an agrarian-based economy is transformed
from one based on the manufacturing of goods through factory system and industries.
• Urbanization - the process through which society is transformed from one that is
predominantly rural in economy to one that is mainly urban.
• Social mobilization - process that allows people and communities to collectively
think and act upon their development.
GOALS OF NATION-BUILDING
• To make a country’s economy firm, viable, stable, and prosperous
• Encourage a strong sense of national identity
• Create effective social institution
• To unify people of diverse culture, language, and religion under the same state
COMPONENTS OF NATION-BUILDING
According to Stephenson 2005, the following are the main components of nation building:
• Economic development
• Social Development
 • Political Development
• Institutional Development
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• The process whereby simple, low-income national economies are transformed into
modern industrial economies.
• It is sometimes used as a synonym for economic growth (Myint and Krueger, 2016).
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• The success of society is related to the well-being of its citizen (Government of New
Brunswick,2009).
• Uplifting well-being of every individual in the society to reach the full potential.
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
• The increase in national political unity, political participation, and political stability.
• The integration of S&T in politics revolves in the provision of science-based policies
and regulations (Neureiter, 2003).
• Science-based policies have been seen to have viableand sustainable impacts to
society.
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• The processes that improve the capacity of a social institutions to achieve its goals
and objectives.
• Over the years, the delivery of services by social institutions have greatly improved
through S&T.
S&T AND SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT
The following are key sectors that have greatly benefited from the breakthroughs of S&T:
• Energy Sector - The use of new technologies such as solar panel, wind turbines and
generators have improved the way human harnesses renewable energy.
• Agriculture Sector - Farm machineries such as tractors and harvesters - farmers can
efficiently produce more with less manpower, aiming increased yield while using
lesser inputs.
• Fisheries Sector – Improved fisheries management practices.
- Technology also empowers small-scale fishers generating
information not just on fisheries but on markets, which allows
them to make better business decisions.
• Communication Sector - Modern communication has made instant using emails,
social medias, phones and videocalls. The used of wireless signals, satellites,
undersea cables, and other advanced technology have guaranteed the instant delivery
of messages and other forms of data to any locations (Prajapati, 2020).
• Transportation Sector - With the use of moderntechnologies, people can now get to
more destinations more efficiently and quickly.
- The used of automated buses and trains aids in saving
manpower and in managing the ageing population in some
cities (Tan, 2018).
• Military Sector - Information technology, artificial intelligence and sensors have the
potential to vividly improve all aspects of future military capabilities.
- Modeling and simulation have already made major
contributions to training, readiness, weapons design, and
acquisition management.
- Together, these technologies can significantly reduce combat
losses in lives and equipment
• Education Sector - Technological advancement has greatly changed the sector of
education.
- Digital simulations and models can help teachers in explaining
difficult concepts and can also help students who are visual or
tactile learners to better understand a specific concept (Khan,
2019).
• Health Sector - The advances in digital healthcare technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, VR/AR, 3D-printing, robotics and nanotechnology help transform
unsustainable healthcare systems into sustainable ones, equalize the relationship
between medical professionals and patients, provide cheaper, faster and more
effective solutions for diseases.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON S&T IN NATION-BUILDING
• Science and Technology has a great impact to rapid development, affect every
aspects of life, and was regarded as the greatest evidence of modernization.
• The absence of modern equipment, in all sectors and or any other field, will result to
the advancement and benefits that being experienced today to not be possible (Pujari,
2016).
• In a global perspective, moving on with the flow of modernity determines the
nation’s capability to sustain its people’s lives. Such is the influence of science and
technology for the development of a nation.
STATE OF S&T OF DEVELOPED NATIONS
• Benefit the most from advances in science and technology and will be able to exploit
technology regardless of its sophistication (E. g. Gene therapy, IA, advanced medical
equipments, etc.) (RAND, 2006).
STATE OF S&T OF DEVELOPED NATIONS (JAPAN)
 • The acquisition, effective adaptation, and improvement of technologies has served as
the basis for the country’s rapid economic growth and international competitiveness.
• The Japanese government's role in the acquisition and diffusion of technologies
complemented the development of superior production and enterprise systems by
Japanese industry.
STATE OF S&T OF DEVELOPED NATIONS (JAPAN)
• The reasons for Japan’s successes includes
(1) central government policies have encouraged the adoption and diffusion of
foreign technologies through lowering private-sector risks, stimulating demand, and
providing educational and other infrastructure;
(2) a diffuse base of entrepreneurial vitality and a strong competitive private-sector
that is receptive to new technologies and capable of improving them; and
(3) a political and ideological climate that generally allows for consensus on national
imperatives and flexibility in policy approaches (Japan National Research Council, 1995).
STATE OF S&T OF DEVELOPED NATIONS (ISRAEL)
• It has redirected its institutions and policies to poster S&T.
• The government parties have come together to support major fiscal reforms, which
lowered taxation on business and investment.
• Patent laws were also strengthened.
• The research and development expenditure of Israel have quadrupled.
• New universities were founded, and existing Science, Technology Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM) training programs were enhanced (Taylor, 2016).
STATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF DEVELOPING NATIONS
• Developing countries will be helped or hindered by “science and technology
capacity” (RAND, 2006)
 Human capacity (e. g., level of education and scientific literacy)
 Physical capacity (e. g., transport and freight infrastructures, schools,
hospitals, research facilities and utilities)
 Broader dimensions (e. g., systems of governance, banking, law, education
and health).
STATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF DEVELOPING NATIONS
• Science and technology plays an important role in social and economic progress,
especially in addressing the national and international issues necessitate the
promotion of various S&T programs.
• They are posed to take advantage of modestly sophisticated technology applications
from developed countries.
STATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF LAGGING COUNTRIES
• Lack resources and infrastructure
• Class disparities are expected to disrupt the penetration of science and technology in
attaining modernization and industrialization of these nations.
• However, when such countries have the will to make changes and make a concerted
effort to eliminate barriers and support the implementation of science and
technology, they can improve the lives of their citizens.
• Advances they can exploit include cheap solar energy for portable applications;
means to purify water; and rural wireless communications (RAND, 2006).
THE PHILIPPINES: PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
• Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine Islands, early Filipino settlers
shows early signs of Scientific and technological development.
• Herbs and medicine, transportation, Irrigation (Cordilleras), water and farming
system.
THE PHILIPPINES: COLONIAL PERIOD
• Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of
construction.
• The Spanish government developed health and education systems that were enjoyed
by the principalia class.
• The American occupation established a government agency, the Bureau of Science,
for the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of science and technology.
THE PHILIPPINES: POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
• After achieving independence from the colonizers, Philippines, under different
administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology.
• Each leadership has its own science and technology agenda.
SYNTHESIS
• S&T affects the development of a nation. It enhances local economy, social changes,
political stability, and institutional effectiveness. It supports different sector
development that led to national progress.
• Countries, both the developed and developing, have to depend on S&T for national
development. If countries do not prioritize S&T in their national development
programs, then their progress only become minimal. The advancement in S&T is
synonymous to the modernity of a nation.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING (PART 2: LEGAL
APPLICATIONS)
 • June 13, 1958 - National Science Development Board (NSDB); Carlos P. Garcia
(Named)
• March 17, 1982 – National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA); Ferdinand
E. Marcos (Re-organized)
• January 30, 1987 – DOST – Corazon C. Aquino (Elevated to cabinet level by E. O.
128)

DOST IS COMPOSED OF COUNCILS AND AGENCIES WITH SPECIFIC SCOPE

AND RESPONSIBILITIES
• Sectoral Planning Council
• Research and Development Studies
 • S&T Service Institutes
• Collegial Bodies
• Regional Offices
• Provincial S&T centers

THE PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017 – 2022

The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Board - approved the
Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 on February 20, 2017 at Malacanang Palace

AMBISYON NATIN 2040 DUTERTE ADMINISTRATION’S 0 TO 10-POINT SOCIOECONOMIC AGENDA

• October 11, 2016

• President Rodrigo R. Duterte (signed Executive Order No. 5, s. 2016)
• 25 - year long-term vision as a guide for development planning; 4 administration
• Need for a “bold vision and effective development planning” based on a “forward-
looking approach that goes beyond a single administration”.

The Vision, Our Ambition

• It also emphasized the centrality of people in development planning and their

aspirations as requisite for the design of government interventions to achieve
development outcomes.
• “Where do we want to be?”
• Middle life aspiration –300 focused group, 10,000 participants
THE PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017 – 2022 4. The unemployment rate will decline from the current 5.5 percent to 3-5 percent in
Anchored on three values: 2022. Assuming a slight increase in labor force participation rate to 64.1 percent, this
implies that 950,000 to 1.1 million new jobs will be generated per year. Youth
• Malasakit. Regain people’s trust in public institutions and cultivate trust among unemployment rate will decline to about 8 percent from the current 11 percent. In
fellow Flipinos. areas outside NCR (AONCR), emphasis will be on improving the quality of
• Pagbabago. Inequality-reducing transformation through increasing opportunities for employment. The underemployment rate in AONCR will be reduced to 16-18 percent
growth of output and income. by 2022.
• Kaunlaran. Increasing potential growth through sustaining and accelerating 5. There will be greater trust in government and in society. The indicators for this will
economic growth. need to be developed and then measured by the Philippine Statistics Authority for
2017 and 2022.
THE GOAL OF PDP 2017 – 2022 6. Individuals and communities will be more resilient. It should be noted that the
Philippines ranks fourth in terms of number of natural calamities faced in 1995-
2015. This is on top of risks from human-induced hazards like ideologically
motivated conflict, criminality, house fires, etc. Building up resilience involves
reducing exposure to hazards, mitigating the impact of the risks, and accelerating
recovery if and when the risk materializes. An index will be developed, considering
the interplay of these three components; data will be collected to estimate the
baseline (2018) value and the value in 2022.
7. Filipinos will have greater drive for innovation. As measured by the Global
Innovation Index, the Philippines will rank among the top one-third by 2022 from
being in the top 60 percentile (74 out of 128 economies) in 2016. More individuals
will be encouraged to obtain knowledge or acquire skills and expertise. There will be
more of the youth and adults (aged 15 and up) who will be engaged in employment,
education, or training.

To align S&T to the national vision (AmBisyon Natin 2040) and government plans (PDP),
the DOST formulated a Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA)
TARGETS

1. The Philippines will be an upper middle-income country by 2022. In the medium

term, GDP growth is expected to strengthen further to 7-8 percent, in real terms. This
means that the economy will expand by about 50 percent by 2022.
2. Growth will be more inclusive as manifested by a lower poverty incidence in the
rural areas, from 30 percent in 2015 to 20 percent in 2022. Overall poverty rate will
decline from 21.6 percent to 14.0 percent in 2022 – equivalent to lifting about 6
million Filipinos out of poverty. The proportion of subsistence poor individuals will
fall from 8.1 percent to 5.0 percent. Food inflation will also be closely monitored, to
serve as an early warning indicator on the welfare of the poor. It should not go
beyond the bounds set for overall inflation, which is at 2 to 4 percent.
3. The Philippines will have a high level of human development by 2022. This will be
supported by improvements in education and health outcomes and the significant
increase in incomes.
FIVE SECTORS OF HNRDA
1. National Integrated Basic Research Agenda (NIBRA) - National Research
Council of the Philippines (NRCP)
2. Health - Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)
3. Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources (AANR) - Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development
(PCAARRD)
4. Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology - Philippine Council for Industry,
Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD).
5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (DRR CCA) –
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
NATIONAL SCIENTEISTS OF THE PHILIPPINES
• Our country honors an individual who has earned distinction in independent research
or has made significant innovative achievements in S&T.
• Presidential Decree (PD) 1003 during the time of President Ferdinand E. Marcos
created a National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) to select National
Scientists, while Executive Order (EO) 236 during the time of President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo created the Order of the National Scientist.
• To date, as of 2020, we have 42 members in the Order of the National Scientist.