iCheck: A RFID-based Attendance

Monitoring System

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Presented to the
Research Committee of the STEM Department of the
Bacarra National Comprehensive High School

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Course
Practical Research II

Aceret, Jaimar, P.
Aquino, Jether Harold, G.
Madariaga, Loverne B.
Yadao, Rizza Joy, E.

Table of Contents
Abstract................................................................................................................................1
Chapter I. Introduction........................................................................................................2
Background of the Study..........................................................................................2
Statement of the Problem.........................................................................................4
Significance of the Study..........................................................................................4
Scope and Delimitation............................................................................................4
Conceptual Framework.............................................................................................5
Definition of Terms..................................................................................................6
Chapter II. Methodology.....................................................................................................8
Research Design.......................................................................................................8
Population and Sampling..........................................................................................8
Materials and Procedure...........................................................................................9
Research Instrument.................................................................................................10
Data Gathering Technique........................................................................................11
Statistical Treatment of Data....................................................................................11
Chapter III. Results and Discussion....................................................................................13
Chapter IV. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations...............................................17
References...........................................................................................................................19
 ABSTRACT

The emergence of the electronic paradigm for learning compared to traditional

methods and availability of almost all information on the information superhighway

(Internet), nowadays have caused students to be less motivated to come to the lecture rooms

than ever before. In a school or university setting, keeping track of and recording class

attendance can be a time-consuming process. This is largely because it takes a lot of time to

learn the necessary information from lectures (Patel, et al,.2012). Therefore, a computerized

system for managing student attendance is needed to help the staff and teachers with this

time-consuming task. RFID-based School Monitoring Attendance System can offer a far

more practical approach of taking attendance for this project. The object of the study sought

to determine the effectiveness of the Radio Frequency Identification machine in terms of

Accuracy of data and Convenience and Is RFID machine comparable to the commercial

RFID machine in terms of its cost. This study will make use of evaluation survey

questionnaires in gathering data. Survey is the most efficient research instrument in gathering

data for it does not require much time and it would make the data gathering easier. The

results of this study show the effectiveness of Radio Frequency Identification machines in

terms of the accuracy of data and convenience in the different factors that affect the logging

of data. The study also shows the efficiency costs of the RFID attendance system machine at

its low cost compared to the commercialized RFID machines.

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Technology in modern society has its significance to determine the factors that affect

the country surrounding and to the community through environmentally. (Holt, 2018) Even

though some people believe intelligent machines could one day replace humans, having

intelligent robots in the workplace would create safer and more efficient work environments

which complement humans instead of completely replacing them. Currently people use

artificial intelligence to make intelligent machines to help those in need. Manufacturers have

been using AI in machines for many years with factories becoming more automated each day.

The emergence of the electronic paradigm for learning compared to traditional

methods and availability of almost all information on the information superhighway

(Internet), nowadays have caused students to be less motivated to come to the lecture rooms

than ever before. Laziness on the part of students, nonchalance to school work, extra social

activities that have no importance in aiding the objectives of the institution and a lot more,

may prevent students from attending lectures. Sequel to these, lecturers and administrators in

most developing countries have had to come up with ways to ensure a healthy participation

from students, and make sure that the student-lecturer interactive relationship is kept intact.

This in some cases have come in simple forms like roll calls, while in more interesting cases,

can be formats like surprise quizzes, extra credit in class, etc. These strategies are however

time consuming, stressful and laborious because the valuable lecture time that could

otherwise be used for lectures is dedicated to student attendance taking and sometimes not

accurate (Longe O, 2009).

 Technology has advanced all across the world, allowing it to perform more and make

all daily tasks easier. Especially for today's students, who have used technology to make all

of their education easier and faster (El Mrabet, et al., 2020). School attendance is becoming

increasingly a problem in schools, particularly in public institutions. Students who

consistently miss class may engage in disruptive behavior or drop out. Family traits are the

only way for parents to discipline their children to attend school. One way is to implement a

smart attendance system (McConnell, et al., 2014).

Radio-frequency Identification

RFID technology consists of a combination of tags and readers. The tags store and

transmit data to readers using radio waves. The readers garner data from the different tags

and relay them back to the server for further analysis and processing. The system serves the

purposes of identification, monitoring, authentication and alerting through this exchange of

data between the tag and the reader. The process is automatic and both the tag and the reader

do not need to be in plain sight. In other words, the RFID system facilitates remote and

automatic identification (Langheinrich, 2009). To improve the security tags and readers

have a challenge-response mechanism which works much like the security question that

many websites have the users complete in order to authenticate the user (Takagi, et al.,

2009). According to Singh, et al., (2008) provides a brief overview of the RFID technology

and also the recent advances towards standardization of the system.

RFID combines radio frequency and microchip technologies to create a smart system

that can be used to identify, monitor, secure and do object inventory. At their simplest, RFID

systems use tiny chips called ―tags that contain and transmit some piece of identifying

information to an RFID reader, a device that in turn can interface with computers (Dawes

A.T. 2004).
Statement of the Problem

This study sought to determine the effectiveness of RFID-based Attendance

Monitoring System.

The following are the research questions that have been identified:

1) What is the efficiency of the Radio Frequency Identification machine in terms of:

a) Accuracy of data; and

b) Convenience?

2) Is the RFID machine comparable to the commercial RFID machine in terms of its cost?

Significance of the Study

The findings of this research study allow the implementation of an RFID-Based

Attendance Monitoring System that can help the teachers and students to monitor their class

attendance. The result of this study could make a big contribution to society that can develop

a better way to record data and eliminate the possibility of human error. At the same time, the

significant findings of this research could greatly benefit the students, particularly those who

will be conducting the same study. For future researchers, this study can serve as their

reference material and have background about how the AI-based Attendance Monitoring

System is developed, as well as how this study benefits in their environment. This study

could help teachers since student attendance is one of the most important aspects of

increasing teaching quality and assessing the achievements of students.

Scope and Delimitation

The proposed research focused on the development and implementation of an RFID-

based Attendance Monitoring System using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

technology in a school setting. The system utilized RFID cards registered to students, which
is scanned by RFID readers/modules installed at designated locations in the school premises

to automatically record attendance. Design and development of the RFID-based Attendance

Monitoring System, including the integration of RFID readers, data collection, and machine

learning algorithms for attendance detection. Data collection and analysis of attendance data

generated by the system, including accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of the system in

capturing attendance data in real-time.

The study conducted at Bacarra National Comprehensive High School. The RFID-

based Attendance Monitoring System is limited to the use of RFID cards assigned to

students. Other types of attendance tracking methods, such as biometrics or facial

recognition, are not considered in this research. The research involved the implementation of

the system on a large scale or over an extended period, and the findings may not capture

long-term impacts or challenges that may arise during prolonged system usage. The research

delved into the legal or regulatory aspects of using RFID technology for attendance

monitoring, as these may vary in different jurisdictions, and compliance requirements may

differ accordingly.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework for the proposed research on AI-based Attendance

Monitoring System using RFID technology based on the following key components:

Radio-frequency
RFID-based Attendance
Identification System Output
Monitoring System
Technology
 RFID Technology: The foundation of the conceptual framework is the utilization of

RFID technology for attendance tracking. This involved the use of RFID tags or cards

assigned to students, which it is attached to their personal belongings or worn as

identification badges. RFID readers are installed at designated locations in the school

premises to scan these tags/cards and capture attendance data.

RFID-based Attendance Monitoring System: Machine learning algorithms, such as

classification or clustering algorithms, utilized to automatically detect and identify students

based on the processed RFID attendance data. These algorithms could train on a labeled

dataset that includes examples of RFID attendance data and corresponding student attendance

status (e.g., present or absent).

System Output: The output of the AI-based attendance detection system is automated

and accurate attendance records of students, which can be stored in a database (google sheet)

or displayed in a user-friendly interface for school administrators to access and review.

The conceptual framework is guided by the development, implementation, and evaluation of

the proposed AI-based school monitoring attendance system using RFID technology,

providing a structured approach to investigating the effectiveness and impact of the system in

a school setting.

Definition of Terms

AI (Artificial Intelligence) - Refers to the ability of a computer system or machine to mimic

human intelligence, such as learning from data, making decisions, and solving problems,

without being explicitly programmed.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) - A technology that uses radio waves to wirelessly

identify and track objects or people. In the context of the proposed research, RFID refers to

the use of RFID tags or cards assigned to students for attendance tracking.
Attendance Monitoring - The process of tracking and recording the attendance of students

in an educational setting, typically done manually or using automated systems such as RFID

technology.

RFID Tags/Cards - Small electronic devices that contain a unique identifier and can be

attached to personal belongings or worn as identification badges by students. These

tags/cards will be used in the proposed research for attendance tracking.

RFID Readers - Devices that use radio waves to read the information stored in RFID

tags/cards. RFID readers will be installed at designated locations in the school premises to

capture attendance data from the RFID tags/cards.

 CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This Chapter presents the research design used in the methods of the study,

instruments used, materials, procedures to be followed in the experimentation and the

statistical treatment to be employed so the hypothesis can be tested and the conclusion

established. The aim of the current study is to create an effective means to record attendance

in a way which doesn’t deter learning especially for the high schools as a case study.

A. Research Design

This Study used the Quantitative Descriptive Research Design. The Quantitative

Descriptive Research Design particularly the Survey Research Design in which only

measures the efficiency of the RFID-based Attendance Monitoring System as perceived by

the respondents. Which is measured by an evaluation tool.

B. Population and Sampling

The respondents were selected in the school of Bacarra National Comprehensive High

School, in the town of Bacarra, Ilocos Norte. Twenty (20) respondents were chosen. Using

the purposive sampling technique, ten (10) teachers and ten (10) students from the Senior

High School Department were chosen based on their knowledge in machine learning.
C. Materials and Procedure

The following materials are needed in order to conduct the experiment.

Physical Materials:

1. Microcontroller Board (Esp8266) 4. Non-Contact IC Card

2. Breadboard (35x47mm) 5. Prototype Housing (Box)
3.MfRC522 (RFID module) 6. I2C 1602 LCD

Program Materials:

1. Arduino Ide
2. AppScript
3. Terminal Program (Code)

Procedure:
The systematic review method was implemented to evaluate the current applications
on the RFID-based School Monitoring Attendance System.

All materials prepared prior to the experiment. In this procedure there are only six (6)
steps to be followed in order to construct the device. This includes: (1) Gather the Required
Components (2) Set Up the ESP8266 (3) Set Up the RFID Reader (4) Configure Google
Sheets (5) Connect ESP8266 with Google Sheets (6) Test the RFID Attendance System.

1. Gather the Required Components:

● ESP8266 microcontroller board (NodeMCU)

● RFID reader module (e.g., RC522 or PN532)
● RFID tags or cards
● Breadboard and jumper wires
● USB cable for power and programming

2. Set Up the ESP8266 Module:

● Connect the ESP8266 to your computer using the USB cable.

● Install the Arduino IDE and required libraries for ESP8266 development.
● Select the appropriate board (NodeMCU) and COM port in the Arduino IDE.
● Write and upload a basic sketch to the ESP8266 to ensure it is working correctly.
3. Set Up the RFID Reader:

● Connect the RFID reader module to the ESP8266 using jumper wires according to
their pin configurations.
● Install the necessary libraries for the RFID reader module in the Arduino IDE.
● Write a simple sketch to read RFID tag data from the reader and display it on the
serial monitor. Verify that the reader is functioning properly.

4. Configure Google Sheets:

● Create a new Google Sheets document to store the attendance data.

● In Google Sheets, navigate to "Tools" > "Script Editor" to open the Apps Script
editor.
● Write an Apps Script code to receive HTTP requests from the ESP8266 and update
the attendance data in the Google Sheets document.

5. Connect ESP8266 with Google Sheets:

● Modify the ESP8266 sketch to establish a Wi-Fi connection with your network.
● Write code to read the RFID tag data from the reader and send it as an HTTP request
to the Google Sheets Apps Script.
● Include appropriate API key or authentication method in the request to ensure secure
communication with Google Sheets.

6. Test the RFID Attendance System:

● Upload the modified sketch to the ESP8266.

● Place an RFID tag near the reader and verify if the tag data is successfully transmitted
to Google Sheets.
● Check the Google Sheets document to ensure that the attendance data is updated
accordingly.

D. Research Instrument

This study used the evaluation survey questionnaires in gathering data. Survey is the

most efficient research instrument in gathering data for it does not require much time and it

would make the data gathering easier.

The items in the questionnaire were distributed along with the effectiveness of the

Radio Frequency Identification machine, which includes: a) accuracy of data and b)

convenience.
 The evaluation survey questionnaire contains the 4-point Likert Scale and was

assigned as follows; 4 (Strongly Agree), 3 (Agree), 2 (Disagree), 1 (Strongly Disagree)

regarding their perspectives on the modification of learning.

E. Data Gathering Technique

The respondents who were part in the survey were first identified by the researchers.

Twenty (20) respondents were gathered to evaluate through purposive sampling. Using the

RFID prototype machine tested by the respondents, Guidelines and demonstrations were also

given to know if every question that was included in the survey questionnaire required the

respondents to have a proper knowledge in rating it. The data required for this study was

acquired and collected using a survey for analysis. But in order to gain more knowledge

about the study and construct the necessary instruments for the survey, the researchers first

gathered information through research papers, studies, and other research. The researchers

administered the respondents’ survey questionnaires, which they then collected once they had

responded.

F. Statistical Treatment of Data

The data collected in this study were subjected to certain statistical treatments. The

data were encoded, tallied, and tabulated for a comprehensive presentation and interpretation

of the results. Means were used to describe the collected data.

Σx
X=
N

X=mean Σ x=sum of all scores N=number of cases

For the composite mean gathered data from the respondents through the purposive

sampling technique, the interpretation was facilitated through the following ranges:
 N −1 4−1
X= X= mean interval is 0.75
N 4

Mean Interval Descriptive Interpretation

3.25 - 4.00 Strongly Agree

2.50 - 3.24 Agree

1.75 - 2.49 Disagree

1 – 1.74 Strongly Disagree

 CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Efficiency of RFID Scanner

The responses of the respondents show that 10 (50%) are 12- Stem A students and 10

(50%) are from the faculty of the Bacarra National Comprehensive High School (BNCHS).

This implies that both levels of the respondents participated in the study based on their

knowledge in machine learning.

Mean Descriptive Interpretation

1.The machine logs correct data…
A. at a different orientation of the card. 3.8 Strongly Agree
B. at a different suggested distance from the scanner. 2.9 Agree
C. compared to the Philippine standard time. 3.9 Strongly Agree
D. even when sealed/housed with other materials. 3.7 Strongly Agree
E. at random scanning sequence of the cards. 3.8 Strongly Agree
Overall 3.62 Strongly Agree

Table 1A. Results of the RFID Scanner Assessment and Evaluation in terms of

Accuracy of Data.

Table 1A shows the factors that affect the Accuracy of Data in terms of the RFID

machine in logging data.

As shown in the table above, the response of the respondents in table 2, the data

accuracy of the RFID machine was “Strongly Agree” with the computed overall mean of 3.62

which exhibits that the machine logs correct data despite of the following factors, at different

orientation of the card, at different suggested distance of from the scanner, compared to the

Philippines standard time, even when sealed/housed with other materials, at random scanning

sequence of the cards. This supports the claim of Bardaki, et al., (2012) The ability of RFID

systems to deliver precise and accurate data about tagged items will improve efficiency and
bring other benefits to the business community and consumers alike in the not distant future.

Furthermore, according to Curran and Norrby (2009) over the past few decades, radio

frequency identification (RFID), an automatic identification technology, has become more

widely used. The reader and the transponder, the two main components of the technology,

communicate with each other using modulated radio frequency signals to transfer data.

The machine logs correct data at different suggested distance from the scanner also

acquired a mean rating of 2.9 with the descriptive interpretation of “Agree”, based on the

performance of our RFID machine, it can only scan the RFID cards with a distance of at least

1 inch from the scanner due to sensitivity reasons of the RFID module examined by out

respondents. This supports the claim of Arulogun O. T. et al., (2013) Due to the cost and

flexibility of implementation, this RFID attendance design application uses a passive tag and

thus for every class, students would have to bring their tags close to the reader (about 10 cm

from the reader).

Mean Descriptive Interpretation

1.The Radio Frequency Identification tool…
A. optimize efficiency of the recall action. 3.6 Strongly Agree
B. eliminate wasted time. 3.6 Strongly Agree
C. increased automation. 3.7 Strongly Agree
D. reduce human error. 3.2 Agree
E. easy access to data logging. 3.6 Strongly Agree
Overall 3.52 Strongly Agree

Table 1B. Results of the RFID Scanner Assessment and evaluation in terms of

Convenience

Table 1B shows the convenience factors of the Accuracy of Data in terms of the RFID

machine in logging data.

As revealed by the table above, are the convenient factors that the RFID machine

manifest, The convenience of the RFID machine that was assessed by our respondents
obtained a descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree” and acquired an overall mean rating

of 3.52 which shows that the RFID machine is convenient evaluated by the respondents based

upon the following factors, the RFID machine optimize efficiency of the recall action, the

RFID machine eliminates wasted time, the RFID machine increase automation, the RFID

machine gives easy access to data logging. Thisenthira, et al., (2019) concluded that RFID

readers were used in the system's development. GSM and Wi-Fi communication modules are

utilized to facilitate convenient communication that is dependent on network availability.

Additionally, the factor eliminated wasted time which has a mean of 3.6 and strongly agree

interpretation supports the claim of Patel, et al. (2012) In a school or university setting,

keeping track of and recording class attendance can be a time-consuming process. This is

largely because it takes a lot of time to learn the necessary information from lectures.

The RFID machine reduces human error and gains the lowest overall mean rating of

3.2 with the descriptive interpretation of “Agree”, in the case of automated machines, it

cannot deliver 100% of its performance all the time, the machine cannot avoid bugs and

errors in the system. However, in some cases, this supports the claim of (Naen, et al., 2021)

The capability to calculate the attendance percentage becomes a significant challenge because

human calculation introduces errors and takes a lot of time.

RFID machine (product) Commercial RFID

machine
1. Hardware Costs: ₱590 1. Hardware Costs: ₱5850

RFID scanner/reader ₱93 Zkteco Scr100/ld ₱ 5850

RFID tags/cards ₱14
Cables and Connectors ₱30
Power supply ₱63
Microcontroller Board ₱217
Other Hardware ₱173
Components
2. Installation Costs: ₱150 2. Installation Costs: ₱150
Additional Equipment ₱150 Additional ₱150
Equipment
3. Total Cost: ₱740 ₱6000
Table 2. Cost- Analysis

Table 2 shows the Cost-Analysis of the RFID machine. The RFID machine costs,

includes the Hardware and Installation. The RFID machine (product) hardware costs five-

hundred ninety (590) pesos that includes the RFID scanner/reader and tags, cable

wires/connector, power supply, microcontroller board, and other hardware, with a total of

seven hundred forty (740) pesos including the Installation cost, with its Additional equipment

in installing the machine. In the other hand, Commercial RFID machine hardware costs with

a lump sum of five thousand eight hundred fifty (5850). And the installation cost of the

additional equipment, costs one hundred fifty (150) pesos with a total cost of six thousand

pesos (6000) of the commercial RFID machine. The product RFID machine shows that it has

a lower cost than the commercial RFID machine. This support the claims of Collins (2003).

In the near future, RFID will experience the fastest growth of all the smart label market

segments, predicts. He believes that technological advancements, declining prices, and the

adoption of uniform RFID communications standards will all contribute to this growth.
 CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of

the study: The Development of RFID Attendance system.

Summary of Findings

The main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the RFID

attendance system in terms of its data accuracy and convenience. The findings were the

following: From the evaluation of the purposely chosen respondents, The first one to test was

the data accuracy, with the following factors: The machine logs correct data at different

orientations of the card, at different suggested distance from the scanner, compared to the

Philippine standard time, even when sealed/housed with other materials, at random scanning

sequence of the card, gathered an overall mean of 3.62 with the descriptive interpretation of

“Strongly Agree”. While in the convenience factors of the evaluation tool, does the Radio

Frequency Identification tool optimize efficiency of the recall action, eliminate wasted time,

increase automation, reduce human error, easy access to data logging, acquired an overall

mean of 3.52, with the descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree”. Therefore, the

researchers find the RFID attendance system effective in terms of its data accuracy and

convenience based on the gathered data, from the respondents

Conclusions

The results of this study show the effectiveness of Radio Frequency

Identification machines in terms of the accuracy of data and convenience in the different

factors that affect the logging of data. The study also shows the efficiency costs of the RFID
attendance system machine at its low cost compared to the commercialized RFID machines.

As RFID technology evolves, more sophisticated applications will use the capability of RFID

to receive, store, and forward data to a remote sink source. RFID has as many applications as

can be imagined. In this paper, we have utilized the versatility of RFID in Implementing

functional and automatic student attendance recording system that allows students to simply

fill their attendance just by swinging or moving their ID cards. This study hopes that this

system can shift the paradigm of student's attendance monitoring in face-to-face classrooms

and provide a new, accurate and less cumbersome way of taking students' attendance.

Recommendations

Every good engineering design innovation has limitations. This passive RFID-based

School Monitoring Attendance System is not without limitation as a data collection

technology with accurate and timely data entry. Hence, the limitation of this design would be

improved upon in future by considering the following salient recommendations:

The findings and conclusions of this study recommends to the future researchers to

lessen the interval time in scanning the RFID cards to the scanner.

By incorporating a facial recognition application that would serve to further increase

the biometric security of the system against impersonation by erring students. Performance

evaluation of combination of thumbprint and RFID technology to students monitoring

attendance problem.

Usage of High Frequency (HF) active RFID tags against passive Low frequency (LF)

RFID tags for better performance and flexibility of users. Increase sensitivity of the RFID

module to increase the scanning distance for at least 2 inches from the machine.

Use raspberry pi module as a microcontroller board to increase features of the

RFID-based School Monitoring Attendance System such as Lan cables, faster data
publishing, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi support for faster data publishing, multiple USB ports,

Linux based operation system.

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