GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Bio – Life
Logos – Study
Biology – Scientific study of life
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
Anatomy – Study of the human body
Zoology – Study of animals
Botany – Study of plants
Mycology – Study of fungi
Taxonomy - the science of naming,
describing, and classifying organisms and
includes all plants, animals, and
microorganisms of the world. “Biological
Classification”
Cytology (Cell Biology) - the branch of
biology that deals with the study of cells.
Cell
- Basic structural and functional unit of all
living things.
- Contains macromolecules –
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic
acids.
 Carbohydrates – The body’s main
fuel. The source of energy.
 Proteins – Repairs of muscles and
cells
 Lipids – Fats
 Nucleic Acid (DNA) – contains
genetic information.
- Basic unit of life.
Theory - explanations, ideas, and
perceptions that are based on scientific
research and support the facts and
hypotheses.
Microscope – a material used to study
cells. An instrument used to study
microscopic organisms.
THREE PRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORY
1. All organisms are made of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of
structure and organization in
organisms.
3. All existing cells are produced by
other living cells.
MODERN CELL THEORY
1. All living things are made up of
cells.
2. The cell is the structural and
functional unit of all living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing
cells by cell division.
4. Cells contain hereditary
information that is passed from cell
to cell during cell division.
5. All cells are basically the same in
chemical composition.
6. All energy flow (metabolism and
biochemistry) of life occurs within
the cells.
MAJOR EVENTS IN CELL BIOLOGY
AND IMAGING
Hans and Zacharias Jansen (1590) –
invented the first compound microscope
by placing two lenses in a tube.
Robert Hooke (1655) – Coined the term
“cells”. Observe a cork tree through a
primitive microscope. Notice that they look
like cell monasteries.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1683) – first to
observe things in pond water using a
microscope. “Father of Microbiology”
Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob
Schleiden (1838) – proposed the cell
theory.
Schleiden defined the cell as the basic unit
of plant structure.
Schwann defined the cell as the basic unit
of animal structure.
Theodor Schwann (1839) – reported that
animal tissues also consist of individual
cells. The classical cell theory was
proposed by Theodor Schwann in 1839.
Rudolf Virchow (1855) – reported that all
cells are produced from the division of
pre-existing cells.
Louis Pasteur (1858) disproved that cells
are produced by spontaneous generation.
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch (1880-
1890) – using the microscope, pioneered
the study of bacteria.
Pasteur invented the process that bears
his name, pasteurization (kills microbes
and prevents spoilage in beer, milk, and
other goods)
Koch discovered that bacteria can cause
disease and proposed a universal method
to test it.
Ernest Everett (1934) – just wrote the
textbook “Biology of Cell Surface”.
Recognized the fundamental role of the
cell surface in the development of
organisms. Advocate the study of whole
cells under normal conditions, rather than
simply breaking them apart in a
laboratory setting.
Lyn Margulis (1970) – proposed the idea
that some organelles in eukaryotes were
once free-living prokaryotes.
Endosymbiont hypothesis – prokaryotes
evolved into eukaryotic cells. Explains the
origin of eukaryotic cells from
prokaryotes; Mitochondria from
chloroplasts; It states that several key
organelles of eukaryotes originated as a
symbiosis between separate single-celled
organisms.
EXAMPLES OF CELLS
 Nerve Cell
 Red Blood Cell
 Bacteria
 Algae
 Pollen Grains
Prokaryotic Cells
- Single-celled microorganisms
- Have genetic material but no
nucleus.
- Most prokaryotes reproduce by an
asexual process called binary
fission.
- Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic Cells
- Generally larger and have very
distinct nuclei that are clearly
surrounded by more advanced
complex cells.
- Contains membrane-bound
organelles.
Organelles – little organ
THREE MAIN PARTS OF CELLS
1. Cell Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. DNA
PARTS OF THE CELL AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Cell Wall - Located outside the cell
membrane that shapes, supports, and
protects the plant cell.
Cell Membrane - Surrounds every living
cell, delimiting the cell from the
environment around it. Allows the cell to
choose the substances to absorb, secrete,
or excrete. Separate outside particles to
inside organelles.
Cytoplasm - A gel-like fluid inside the cell.
It is responsible for holding the
components of the cell and protects them
from damage. It is the resting place or the
storage box.
Nucleus - Serves as the control center of
the cell. It is in the middle of the cell, and
it contains all of the cell's chromosomes,
which encode the genetic material. The
brain of the cell. It contains the DNA.
 DNA – It means Deoxyribonucleic
acid. It is the genetic information.
 Chromatin - a mixture of DNA and
proteins that form the
chromosomes
 Chromosomes - thread-like
structures located inside the
nucleus of animal and plant cells.
Each chromosome is made of
protein and a single molecule of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Nucleolus - The primary function is to
produce and assemble the cell's
ribosomes. Small bodies are often seen
within the nucleus.
Nucleoid - An irregularly-shaped region
within the cell of a prokaryote that
contains all or most of the genetic
material.
Ribosomes - Most numerous of all
cytoplasmic structures. Intercellular
structure is made of both RNA and protein
and it is the site of protein synthesis in the
cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Membrane-
enclosed passageway for transporting
materials such as protein synthesized by
ribosomes.
 The rough ER, studded with
millions of membrane-bound
ribosomes, is involved with the
production, folding, quality control,
and despatch of some proteins.
 Smooth ER is largely associated
with lipid (fat) manufacture and
metabolism and steroid production
hormone production. It also has a
detoxification function.
Lysosomes - Garbage collectors that take
damaged, worn-out, and unwanted
enzymes or substances in the cell.
Mitochondria / Mitochondrion -
Powerhouse of the cell. Provides the
energy the cell needs.
Cilia - Microscopic hair-like projections
that can move in waves that trap and
move particles from the air and expel
when you cough.
Flagella - Little tail that helps the cell to
move. Bacteria have flagella. Sperm cells
have flagella.
Pilus / Pili - Hair-like appendage found on
the surface of many bacteria and archaea.
Vesicle – a basic tool used by the cell for
organizing cellular substances. Involved in
metabolism, transport, buoyancy control,
and enzyme storage. They can also act as
chemical reaction chambers. Covers
ribosomes to transport to next organelle.
Golgi Complex or Apparatus - a factory in
which proteins received from the ER are
further processed and sorted for transport
to their eventual destinations: lysosomes,
the plasma membrane, or secretion. In
addition, as noted earlier, glycolipids and
sphingomyelin are synthesized within the
Golgi. Act as the packaging center of the
cell.
Vacuole - They're specialized lysosomes.
Their function is really to handle waste
products. Take in waste products and also
get rid of waste products. It is also the
storage of materials.
 Plant Cell – One big vacuole only.
 Animal Cell – Multiple small
vacuoles.
Cytoskeleton – Maintains the structure of
the cell. Provides mechanical support that
enables cells to carry out essential
functions like division and movement.
Chloroplast - produce energy through
photosynthesis and oxygen-release
processes, which sustain plant growth and
crop yield.
 TWO TYPES OF CELL
PROKARYOTES
No membrane-bound organelles like the
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, vacuoles, or other organelles.
DNA is circular and naked.
Ribosomes are very small.
Metabolism is anaerobic
Cytoskeleton absent
Mainly single-celled organism
Very small
The cell wall is present
No histones
EUKARYOTES
Contains distinct organelles
DNA is wrapped with histone proteins into
chromosomes; found inside a nucleus.
Ribosomes are larger.
Metabolism is aerobic.
With Cytoskeleton
Mainly multicellular
Cells are larger
None in animal cells; present only in plant
cell and fungi
With histones