Name : Putu Chintya Devi

NIM : A1M2 16 043

ELISABETH PERIOD
The Elizabethan Age is remembered as the time of a great wave of English nationalism,
as well as a period in which the arts flourished. The time of Shaksepeare was also the time of
Elizabeth I, who is one of the more memorable monarchs.
The word ‘renaissance' literally means ‘rebirth' and it began in Italy in the 14th century
and subsequently spread throughout Europe during 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries. The Renaissance
(UK /rᵻˈneɪsəns/, US /rɛnəˈsɑːns/) is a period in Europe, regarded as the cultural bridge between the
Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period
and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age. The feudal
economies of the medieval period gave way to centralised political structures and the dominance
of the Church in aspects of cultural life such as music and the arts began to wane as secular
interests rose. The Italian Renaissance was a product of urban centres that were becoming richer
through commerce. This includes Milan, Florence, and Venice.
The Renaissance in England coincided with the reign of Elizabeth I who was Queen of
England and Ireland from 1558 until 1603, so it is often referred to as the Elizabethan period.
Elizabeth I's reign saw a rise in the concept of ‘nationalism' in England and this can be seen in
the increased interest that writers had in writing literary and dramatic works in the English
language. As a result, Elizabethan England saw a significant growth in cultural developments.
A number of important historical events contributed to making England a powerful nation
during this period. England made significant advances in the realm of navigation and
exploration. Its most important accomplishment was the circumnavigation of the world by Sir
Francis Drake between 1577 and 1580. England's reputation as a strong naval power was
enshrined in history by its defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 and by the turn of the century
England was at the forefront of international trade and the race for colonisation.
Characteristics of renaissance:
1. Humanism
In some ways humanism was not a philosophy but a method of learning. In contrast to the
medieval scholastic mode, which focused on resolving contradictions between authors,
humanists would study ancient texts in the original and appraise them through a combination of
reasoning and empirical evidence. Humanist education was based on the programme of 'Studia
Humanitatis', the study of five humanities: poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy and
rhetoric.

2. Arts
Renaissance art marks a cultural rebirth at the close of the Middle Ages and rise of the
Modern world. One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of
highly realistic linear perspective. Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337) is credited with first treating a
painting as a window into space, but it was not until the demonstrations of architect Filippo
Brunelleschi (1377–1446) and the subsequent writings of Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) that
perspective was formalized as an artistic technique.

3. Science
Some view this as a "scientific revolution", heralding the beginning of the modern age,
others as an acceleration of a continuous process stretching from the ancient world to the present
day. Significant scientific advances were made during this time by Galileo Galilei, Tycho Brahe
and Johannes Kepler. Copernicus, in De Revolutionibus, posited that the Earth moved around the
Sun. De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body), by Andreas Vesalius,
gave a new confidence to the role of dissection, observation, and the mechanistic view of
anatomy.

4. Music
From this changing society emerged a common, unifying musical language, in particular
the polyphonic style of the Franco-Flemish school. The development of printing made
distribution of music possible on a wide scale. Demand for music as entertainment and as an
activity for educated amateurs increased with the emergence of a bourgeois class. Dissemination
of chansons, motets, and masses throughout Europe coincided with the unification of polyphonic
practice into the fluid style that culminated in the second half of the sixteenth century in the work
of composers such as Palestrina, Lassus, Victoria and William Byrd.

5. Religion
The Renaissance began in times of religious turmoil. The late Middle Ages was a period
of political intrigue surrounding the Papacy, culminating in the Western Schism, in which three
men simultaneously claimed to be true Bishop of Rome. While the schism was resolved by the
Council of Constance (1414), a resulting reform movement known as Conciliarism sought to
limit the power of the pope. Although the papacy eventually emerged supreme in ecclesiastical
matters by the Fifth Council of the Lateran (1511), it was dogged by continued accusations of
corruption, most famously in the person of Pope Alexander VI, who was accused variously of
simony, nepotism and fathering four children (most of whom were married off, presumably for
the consolidation of power) while a cardinal.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor. He was born on 26
April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His father was a successful local businessman and his
mother was the daughter of a landowner. Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in
the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's
national poet and nicknamed the Bard of Avon. He wrote about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long
narrative poems, and a few other verses, of which the authorship of some is uncertain. His plays
have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those
of any other playwright.
William Shakespeare works:
1. Tragedies
 Titus Andronicus first performed in 1594 (printed in 1594),
 Romeo and Juliet 1594-95 (1597),
 Hamlet 1600-01 (1603),
 Julius Caesar 1600-01 (1623),
 Othello 1604-05 (1622),
 Antony and Cleopatra 1606-07 (1623),
 King Lear 1606 (1608),
 Coriolanus 1607-08 (1623), derived from Plutarch
 Timon of Athens 1607-08 (1623), and
 Macbeth 1611-1612 (1623

2. Histories
 King Henry VI Part 1 1592 (printed in 1594);
 King Henry VI Part 2 1592-93 (1594);
  King Henry VI Part 3 1592-93 (1623);
 King John 1596-97 (1623);
 King Henry IV Part 1 1597-98 (1598);
 King Henry IV Part 2 1597-98 (1600);
 King Henry V 1598-99 (1600);
 Richard II 1600-01 (1597);
 Richard III 1601 (1597); and
 King Henry VIII 1612-13 (1623)

3. Comedies
 Taming of the Shrew first performed 1593-94 (1623),
 Comedy of Errors 1594 (1623),
 Two Gentlemen of Verona 1594-95 (1623),
 Love's Labour's Lost 1594-95 (1598),
 Midsummer Night's Dream 1595-96 (1600),
 Merchant of Venice 1596-1597 (1600),
 Much Ado About Nothing 1598-1599 (1600),
 As You Like It 1599-00 (1623),
 Merry Wives of Windsor 1600-01 (1602),
 Troilus and Cressida 1602 (1609),
 Twelfth Night 1602 (1623),
 All's Well That Ends Well 1602-03 (1623),
 Measure for Measure 1604 (1623),
 Pericles, Prince of Tyre 1608-09 (1609),
 Tempest (1611),
 Cymbeline 1611-12 (1623),
 Winter's Tale 1611-12 (1623).