HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering and Architecture

Abstract

This research study presents an extensive exploration of community subdivisions, analyzing three
benchmarked projects to uncover their successful implementation strategies and impact on urban
development. Focusing on the elements and components specific to the context of tropical landscapes,
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the study delves into the integration of diverse plant species and trees, highlighting their pivotal role
in fostering sustainable and vibrant environments within community subdivisions. Furthermore, the
research examines the incorporation of three innovative building construction and technology
systems, outlining their contributions to the functionality, sustainability, and technological
advancement of these subdivisions. By synthesizing these key components, this study offers valuable
insights into the holistic approach required to create cohesive, sustainable, and resilient communities
in tropical regions.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 LIBRARY DESIGN 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Basic Spaces in the Library 1

1.3 Benchmarked Projects 1

1.3.1 The National Library of the Philippines......................................................................1

1.4 IATF Safety Guidelines Applied in Library Design 2

1.5 Building Codes (in bullet form) 2

1.5.1 The National Building Code....................................................................................... 2

1.6 Green Building Design Applicable to Library Design 2

2 REFERENCES 3
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1 LIBRARY DESIGN
1.1 Background

In the contemporary urban landscape, community subdivision plays a pivotal role in shaping the
fabric of society. Community subdivisions, often referred to as residential developments, represent the
fundamental unit of urban planning, comprising a cluster of residential properties designed to foster a
sense of belonging and communal harmony. These subdivisions serve as microcosms of society,
wherein residents coexist within shared spaces, amenities, and social frameworks, fostering a unique
blend of collective identity and individual expression.

1.2 Benchmarked Projects

1.2.1 Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, Italy

Michelangelo rebuilt this ancient piazza in the 16th century. The task entailed designing a unified area
with classical architecture and a central statue of a horse. It acts as a standard for urban design and
planning.

Figure 1. Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, Italy

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1.2.2 The High Line, New York City, USA

The High Line is a fascinating urban park constructed on a former freight rail line, while not being a
classic piazza. It exemplifies the creative repurposing of outdoor places by including vegetation, art
installations, and public gathering spots.

Figure 2: The High Line, New York City, USA

1.2.3 The People's Square, Shanghai, China

With its gardens, fountains, and cultural institutions, this expansive urban area in the center of
Shanghai serves as a prime illustration of how contemporary huge open spaces may be blended into a
bustling metropolis.

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Figure 3: The People's Square, Shanghai, China

1.3 Elements of Tropical Landscape

A tropical landscape is a type of landscaping design that seeks to replicate the characteristics of
tropical regions, such as those near the equator. It typically features lush vegetation, vibrant and
exotic plant species, water elements like ponds or waterfalls, and a focus on creating a lush and
vibrant environment. Tropical landscapes are known for their use of bold colors, diverse plant life,
and a sense of relaxation and escape, often evoking the feeling of a tropical paradise. The goal is to
create a visually appealing and inviting outdoor space with elements commonly found in tropical
ecosystems.

Tropical Plants: This is the most defining feature. Tropical landscapes are characterized by a variety
of lush, colorful, and exotic plants such as palm trees, hibiscus, orchids, and bamboo.

Water Features: Ponds, waterfalls, or fountains are common in tropical landscaping to create a
soothing ambiance and add to the lushness of the environment.

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Rock and Stone: Natural stones, rocks, or gravel paths can be used to enhance the design and create
walkways or borders.

Bright Colors: Vibrant and bold colors are a hallmark of tropical landscapes. This is seen in the
flowers, foliage, and even in outdoor furniture and decor.

Shade and Privacy: Tropical landscapes often include shade elements like thatched roofs, pergolas,
or large, leafy trees to provide relief from the sun and create a sense of privacy.

Wildlife: These landscapes may attract birds, butterflies, and other wildlife due to the abundance of
plants and water features.

Natural Materials: The use of natural materials like bamboo, rattan, and teak for furniture and decor
adds to the tropical feel.

Mulch and Ground Covers: Mulch or ground covers like pebbles and bark are used to suppress
weeds and create a tidy appearance around plants.

Outdoor Living Spaces: Tropical landscapes often incorporate outdoor seating areas, such as lounges
or dining spaces, to make the environment suitable for relaxation and entertainment.

Lighting: Carefully placed outdoor lighting can enhance the ambiance and make the landscape
enjoyable both during the day and at night.

1.4 Building Codes (in bullet form)

1.4.1 The National Building Code

● Article III: General Building Requirements:

Section 305: Yards and Open Courts - This section sets requirements for minimum yard or open space
areas around buildings, which can include front yards, side yards, and rear yards. These open spaces
are essential for safety, light, and ventilation.

● Article IV: Special Building Types:

Section 401: Institutions - This section addresses the planning and design requirements for
institutions, which may include provisions for outdoor recreational spaces.

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● Article VI: Building Service and Facilities:

Section 601: Site Requirements - This section specifies the general site requirements for buildings,
including provisions for outdoor areas such as parking spaces and loading areas.

● Article VIII: Fire Protection and Public Safety:

Section 802: Means of Egress - While not specific to outdoor spaces, this section includes regulations
for exits and access to outdoor areas in the context of fire safety.

● Article IX: Building Regulations:

Section 903: Building Zones - This section defines different zones within a building site, including
front, rear, and side yards, which can determine the placement and use of outdoor spaces around a
building.

● Article XIV: Building Site Development:

Section 1405: Site Development and Utilization - This section provides guidelines for site
development, including parking spaces and other open areas. It also discusses the use of landscaped
areas.

● Article IV: General Requirements for All Buildings:

Section 401: General Requirements - This section sets forth the general requirements for building
setbacks from the property line, which may include provisions for sidewalks and pedestrian access. It
stipulates that buildings should not encroach upon public roads and sidewalks.

● Article VI: Light and Ventilation:

Section 602: Location on Property - This section outlines the rules for the location of buildings on the
property, including the positioning of buildings relative to the road right-of-way and sidewalks.

● Article IX: Utilities and Services:

Section 903: Access to Streets and Roads - This section addresses the access to streets and roads for
utility services and specifically mentions that streets and sidewalks should not be obstructed.

● Article XIV: Site Development and Land Use:

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Section 1406: Sidewalks and Easements - This section outlines the requirements for sidewalks,
including their width, materials, and placement. It also specifies the obligation of property owners to
maintain sidewalks.

● Article XV: Parking and Loading Zones:

Section 1507: Pedestrian Facilities - This section provides guidelines for pedestrian facilities within
parking areas, including sidewalks and crosswalks.

● Sidewalk Dimensions:

Minimum Clear Width: Sidewalks or pedestrian pathways must have a clear width of at least 1.20
meters (around 4 feet) to accommodate the passage of persons with disabilities using wheelchairs or
mobility aids.

● Curb Ramps and Crosswalks:

Curb Ramps: BP 344 mandates the construction of curb ramps or lowered curbs at intersections to
provide accessible routes for persons with disabilities.

Crosswalks: Crosswalks must be clearly marked and designed to facilitate safe pedestrian crossings,
including those with disabilities.

● Road Dimensions:

Road Design Considerations: The IRR of BP 344 includes design considerations for roadways to
ensure accessibility for persons with disabilities. This may include the provision of accessible bus
stops, pedestrian islands, and other road features.

● Signage and Tactile Paving:

Signage: The law requires the installation of appropriate signage, such as signs indicating accessible
facilities and directions for persons with disabilities.

Tactile Paving: Tactile paving, which includes textured ground surfaces, is recommended to assist
persons with visual impairments in navigating sidewalks and road crossings.

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1.5 Building construction/technology systems

● Gateways with Intricate Designs for the community subdivision’s entrance.

● Innovative community gathering spaces for workshops or events within the community.

● Shade structures over seating areas, picnic spots, or playgrounds

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3. Species of Trees and Plants

3.1 PALM TREE (Arecaceae)

Palm trees are a type of tree belonging to the Arecaceae family, a group of tropical and
subtropical trees and shrubs. They are known for their distinctive appearance, featuring
slender, unbranched trunks and large, compound leaves. They are commonly found in
tropical and subtropical regions, but can also be found in temperate zones. Palm trees are
iconic symbols of tropical landscapes and play a crucial role in ecosystems, providing habitat
and sustenance for wildlife. They are popular for landscaping in tropical areas and indoor
plants in other climates. However, selecting the right palm species for the intended purpose is
essential to achieve the desired landscaping effect.

3.1.1 foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata)

Mature Size: 30 - 50 ft. tall

Sun Exposure: Full to partial shade

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3.1.2 Cat Palm (Chamaedorea Cataractarum)

Mature Size: 6 ft. (2 m) outdoors, 3 ft. (1 m) indoors

Sun Exposure: Full to partial shade

3.1.3 Triangle Palm (Dypsis decaryi)

Mature Size: 25 – 30 ft. (7 – 9 m)

Sun Exposure: Full sun to partial shade

3.1.4 Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta)

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Mature Size: 8 – 10 ft. (2.4 – 3 m)

Sun Exposure: Ample sunlight

3.1.5 Queen Palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana)

Mature Size: 15 m (49 ft)

Sun Exposure: Full to partial shade

3.1.6 APPLICATION

● Landscape for privacy - With their strong trunks and wide leaves, palm trees make
ideal landscape barriers. When planted next to one another, they form a protective
wall that deflects unwanted attention, suppresses noise, and keeps children inside the
line of sight.
● Accent Plants: Palms can serve as accent plants or as part of a mixed planting
design. Their architectural form and foliage texture create visual interest and contrast
when combined with other plant species.

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● Lining Walkways and Driveways: Smaller palm species, such as the pygmy date
palm (Phoenix roebelenii) or sago palm (Cycas revoluta), are ideal for lining
walkways and driveways, enhancing the entrance to a property.
● Low-Maintenance Landscapes: Many palm species require minimal maintenance,
making them a practical choice for landscaping in regions with hot and humid
climates.
● Aesthetic Lighting: Illuminating palm trees at night with landscape lighting can
create a visually stunning effect, enhancing the overall look of a garden.

3.2 PLUMERIA (Frangipani)

The fragrant scent of plumeria blossoms is what attracts sphinx moths to pollinate them.
However, the blooms do not produce any nectar; instead, they just deceive the pollinators. In
their vain hunt for nectar, the moths accidentally pollinate them by moving pollen from
bloom to flower. Cutting stem tips without leaves in the spring is an easy way to multiply
some types of plumeria. Before planting cuttings in soil with good drainage, they must first
allow the base to dry out. In damp soil, cuttings are more prone to rot.

3.2.1 Plumeria Rubra

Size and Shape: 5m tall - oval shaped petals (always 5 of them)

Color: white, cream, yellow, orange, pink, red

3.2.2 Plumeria Obtusa

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Size and Shape: 2.5m tall - (medium to large shrub)

Color: white, cream, pink

3.2.3 APPLICATION

● Plumeria Walkway or Arbor: Train plumeria to grow over an arbor or along a

walkway. The hanging clusters of fragrant flowers create a delightful and inviting
passage.
● Poolside Planting: Plumeria is an excellent choice for poolside landscaping.
Its fragrance and beautiful flowers enhance the tropical feel of the pool area.
Be cautious, though, as the sap from plumeria can be toxic and should be
avoided in pool water.
● Plumeria Borders: Plant plumeria along the borders of your property or
garden beds to frame and define the landscape, adding a touch of elegance
and fragrance to the area.
● Night Lighting: Illuminate plumeria trees with landscape lighting to showcase
their blooms at night, creating a magical and romantic atmosphere.
● Mixed Garden Beds: Combine plumeria with other tropical or subtropical
plants in raised garden beds. For a unified and colorful landscape, combine
plumeria with matching flowers and greenery.

3.3 Bougainvillea

The vivid flowering plant known as a bougainvillea, which is native to Rio de Janeiro, may
be found throughout the world's hottest regions such as the Caribbean, Mediterranean, India,
Mexico, Australia, and the southern United States. They were first found in 1768 by the
French explorer Philibert Commerçon, and are distinguished by their vibrant bracts, which
are sometimes mistaken for flowers. These thorny vines, which may grow 3 to 39 feet long
and lend color and a tropical feel to landscape, are frequently employed. They bloom all year
long in regions closer to the equator, but only for four to six weeks in non-tropical areas.

3.3.1 Bougainvillea spectabilis

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Features: 5-angled (pentagonal) floral tubes and short floral bracts

Dimensions: Height: 15 ft. 0 in. - 40 ft. 0 in. Width: 15 ft. 0 in. - 41 ft. 0 in.

3.3.2 Bougainvillea Glabra

Features: 5-angled (pentagonal) floral tubes and short floral bracts

Dimensions: Height: Height: 10 ft. 0 in. - 20 ft. 0 in. Width: 6 ft. 0 in. - 10 ft. 0 in.

3.3.3 APPLICATION
● Bougainvillea Hedges or Borders: Create borders or hedges with bougainvillea
along property boundaries, paths, or garden beds. Aesthetic appeal and seclusion are
added by the thick foliage and colorful blossoms.
● Espaliered Bougainvillea: Train bougainvillea against walls, fences, or trellises
using an espalier technique. This creates a beautiful, flat, and space-saving display of
color.
● Poolside Planting: Plant bougainvillea around pools and water features to add a
tropical feel to the area. Be cautious, though, as the thorny nature of bougainvillea
can be a concern in pool areas.
● Bougainvillea Archways: Create stunning bougainvillea archways by allowing the
plant to grow over arch structures, such as gates or entrances.
● Bougainvillea Cascades: Allow certain bougainvillea kinds to climb over walls or
embankments so that their vibrant bracts can produce a cascade effect.

3.4 CROTON

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The colorful tropical plant known as croton has strikingly patterned leaves. It is a well-liked
option for landscaping and may provide gardens or outdoor areas a colorful touch. The plant
species croton, sometimes referred to as variegated laurel, is indigenous to Malaysia and the
Pacific. It is commonly planted and may be grown inside or outdoors in pots. Croton sap, on
the other hand, is toxic and can irritate the skin. Houseplants can be smaller than croton trees,
which can grow up to 6 meters tall. The evergreen plants feature linear, lance-shaped, oval,
or lobed leaves that are shiny, vividly colored, and leathery.

3.4.1 Yellow Iceton Croton

Mature Size: 3-4 feet tall

Sun Exposure: Full to partial shade

3.4.2 SUPERSTAR CROTON

Mature Size: 3-5 feet tall

Sun Exposure: Full to partial shade

3.4.3 PETRA CROTON

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Mature Size: 3-5 feet tall

Sun Exposure: Full to partial shade

3.4.4 APPLICATION

● Mixed Garden Beds: Create mixed garden beds with crotons and other tropical or
subtropical plants for a beautiful tapestry of hues and textures.
● Accent or Focal Point: As an accent or focal point in the garden, choose a croton
plant that is especially beautiful or well-shaped. Its clever placement highlights its
colorful foliage.
● Mass Plantings:Planting a mass of croton in a certain location of your yard will have
a wonderful aesthetic impact. Bold statements may be made with the vibrant colors
and patterns.
● Living Wall or Vertical Garden: On a wall or outdoor structure, combine crotons
with other plants to create a living wall or vertical garden.
● Croton Borders and Edging: Croton can be grown in rows along roads, paths, or
garden borders. The vibrant foliage gives garden beds a striking and attractive edge.

3.5 Ti Plant (Cordyline fruticosa)

Ti plants were utilized in healing ceremonies in the Philippines. Native Americans in certain
locales planted ti around their homes as protection from evil spirits, and some people also
planted ti in graves to prevent violent spirits from arising from the dead. The Cordyline
fruticosa plant, which belongs to the Asparagaceae family and is linked to the agave and
daceana, was utilized in white magic ceremonies and for initiations by other ethnic groups.
Hawaiian Ti plant, good luck plant, palm lily, and cabbage tree are a few of its popular names
and it prefers partial shade to full sunlight. (Daily News)

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3.5.1 Florida Ti Plant (Cordyline fruticosa)

Mature Size: 10 ft. tall - 3-4 ft. wide

3.5.2 Hawaiian Ti Plant

Mature Size: sword-shaped leaves 2ft.-5ft. in length and 5″ to 7″ in width

3.5.3 APPLICATION

● Ti Plant Borders and Edging: To create vibrant borders and margins for garden
beds, sidewalks, or roadways, place ti plants in rows. They provide an attractive and
low-maintenance edging choice with their colorful leaves.
● Mixed Garden Beds: In mixed garden beds, combine ti plants with other tropical or
subtropical plants to provide a variety of striking hues and textures.
● Indoor Landscaping: Ti plants may also be cultivated inside. Use them as
ornamental houseplants to provide a tropical flair to the inside of your home.

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● Mass Plantings: Create a stunning visual impact by planting a mass of ti plants in a

specific area of your garden. Their bold colors and striking patterns can make a bold
statement.
● Tropical Island Garden: Design a tropical-themed garden featuring ti plants,
along with other tropical plants like hibiscus, bird of paradise, and palm trees.

3.6 AGAVE

Because of its architectural form and low-maintenance design, agave, a drought-tolerant

plant, is popular in landscaping. Secondary metabolites such as fructans, flavonoids,
terpenoids, and steroidal saponins are produced by its thick rosette of sword-shaped, grayish
green leaves. Agave plants like direct sunlight but can take moderate shade, with higher
temperatures allowing them to withstand more shadow (The Spruce).

3.6.1 Agave Angustifolia

Sun Exposure: Full to partial shade

3.6.2 Agave Cantala

Sun Exposure: Full to partial shade

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3.6.3 APPLICATION

● Agave Wall or Focal Point:Agaves may be used as a standalone focal point or next
to a wall to grab attention and produce a beautiful and eye-catching feature.
● Agave Slope Planting: Plant agave on slopes or embankments so that its soil-binding
abilities can aid in preventing erosion.
● Agave Accent Lighting: Landscape lighting may be used to illuminate agave plants
to bring out their distinct forms and provide a dramatic appearance at night.
● Agave Accent Planting: Make one agave plant the center of attention in your
landscape. It is a fantastic choice for grabbing attention because of its striking form
and distinctive look.
● Agave Border or Edging: To add a unique border or edging to your garden beds or
walks, plant agave in rows or along a path.

3.7 MAKI TREE ( Podocarpus Macrophyllus)

The evergreen coniferous tree Podocarpus macrophyllus, often called the yew pine or
Buddhist pine, is indigenous to East Asia. It is a beautiful tree that may be utilized in a
variety of landscape designs. It grows more slowly than other trees and has thick upright
branches on a pyramidal structure. Its foliage is densely covered with tiny, dark green
needle-like leaves. a fantastic, low-maintenance hedge or plant for a screen. In ten years, it
grows 8 to 10 feet (Plant Master).

3.7.1 MAKI TREE ( Podocarpus Macrophyllus)

Mature Size: 8 - 10 feet tall

Sun Exposure: Full to partial shade

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3.7.2 APPLICATION

● Mixed Garden Bed: To create mixed garden beds with various heights and textures,
combine Podocarpus with other plants, such as vibrant blooming shrubs or perennials.
● Podocarpus Walkway Border: Podocarpus may be planted beside walks or trails to
make a clear, beautiful border that directs guests through your garden.
● Podocarpus Driveway Planting: Line your driveway with Podocarpus trees to create
a formal and elegant entry to your property.
● Podocarpus Sculptures: In your yard, sculpt Podocarpus into intriguing shapes or
creative expressions.
● Foundation Planting: Make foundation plantings of Podocarpus macrophyllus all
around your house. Its dense, deep green foliage provides a lovely backdrop and
lends an air of sophistication.

3.8 Bromeliads (Bromeliaceae)

Bromeliads are monocots, and many of them, like their grass relatives, have a special form of
photosynthesis that uses a variation of the more common biochemical pathways to allow
them to use water more efficiently. Because of their capacity to absorb nutrients and moisture
from the atmosphere, they are sometimes referred to as "air plants." Hundreds of these plants
can grow on branches of tropical trees, occasionally pushing the branches to break under
their weight. This allows those that are epiphytes cope with life in the treetops, where there is
little water and a serious risk of drying out, despite the fact that they are native to the tropics.

3.8.1 Neoregelia Bromeliad

3.8.2 billbergia bromeliad

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3.8.3 Vriesea Bromeliad

3.8.4 APPLICATION

● Bromeliad Garden Beds: Make special flower beds that are loaded with various
bromeliad species. For a garden that is diverse and beautiful, use a variety of colors,
sizes, and textures.
● Bromeliad Borders: For a bright and tropical border for your landscape, plant rows
of bromeliads around borders, walks, or garden beds.
● Vertical Gardens: Bromeliads may be used into living walls or vertical gardens to
create a distinctive and compact landscaping feature.
● Bromeliads in Water Gardens: Combine bromeliads with water features, such as
ponds or waterfalls, to create a lush, tropical oasis.
● Bromeliad Ground Cover: Certain bromeliad species can be used as ground cover
to add a carpet of color under larger plants or trees.

3.9 Cypress Tree (Cupressus)

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Cypress trees are enormous perennial plants that may grow to a height of four meters on a
single trunk with branching that gets wider with age. They are evergreen conifers that can
provide a graceful and regal appearance to your landscape. Small and like scales, leaves.
They are adaptable and may be used into many landscaping forms. (Conifers.Org)

3.9.1 Mediterranean cypress

3.9.2 APPLICATION

● Privacy Screen or Windbreak: To provide a windbreak or natural privacy screen

along property lines, plant rows of cypress trees. Their thick foliage offers wind
protection and isolation.
● Cypress Alleys or Walkways: To create regal lanes that lead to your home or other
outdoor features, plant cypress trees in rows along walks or roads.
● Cypress Garden Sculptures: Create garden sculptures or themed landscape features
by incorporating cypress trees along with other elements like statues or decorative
fencing.
● Cypress with Flowering Shrubs: In order to add a splash of color and create
contrast in your landscape design, pair cypress trees with blooming plants.
● Cypress with Ornamental Grasses: Combine cypress trees with ornamental grasses
to create a textural contrast and add movement to your landscape.

3.10 FICUS TREE (Ficus benjamina)

The Ficus genus contains trees known for its beautiful leaves, which can range from shiny
green to have variegated patterns. In gardens, houses, and interior spaces, they are frequently

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utilized as attractive plants. The majority of Ficus tree species are evergreen, keeping their
leaves all year long and adding beauty and greenery to the landscape. For the purpose of
creating hedges, screens, shade, and focal points in landscaping, they are also employed.
Ficus trees may be easily pruned, which makes them appropriate for molding into a variety of
shapes.

3.10.1 Weeping Fig (Ficus Benjamina)

3.10.2 Rubber Fig (Ficus Elastica)

3.10.3 APPLICATION

● Avenue Planting: Ficus trees may be used to create opulent avenues and to give
shade along driveways or along paths.
● Ficus Hedge or Privacy Screen: To make a dense hedge or privacy screen that may
offer both shade and solitude, plant Ficus trees in a row.
● Climbing or Trailing Ficus: Create a rich and green backdrop by covering walls,
trellises, or fences with climbing or trailing Ficus species.

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● Ficus Terrace or Patio: Place Ficus trees on patios or terraces to add shade, beauty,
and a touch of nature to your outdoor living areas.
● Ficus with Ground Covers: Create aesthetically stunning and low-maintenance
garden beds by combining ground cover plants with ficus trees.

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Jayson D. (2023). Reading Palms. Retrieved from,
https://www.gardendesign.com/trees/palms.html

Jane P. (2023). How to Landscape with Palm Trees. Retrieved September 28, 2023 from,
https://www.lawnstarter.com/blog/landscaping/how-to-landscape-with-palm-trees/

All things Frangipani (2016). Frangipani Species (or what frangipani is that?). Retrieved
from https://www.allthingsfrangipani.com/frangipani-species.html

Stella K. (2023). All About Bougainvillea Flowers: One of the Caribbean’s Most Beautiful
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e%20bougainvillea%20plant%20is%20a,only%20four%20to%20six%20weeks.

NC State Extension (n.d.) Bougainvillea Spectabilis. Retrieved from,

https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/bougainvillea-spectabilis/

NC State Extension (n.d.) Bougainvillea Glabra. Retrieved from,

https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/bougainvillea-glabra/

Ralph A. (2023). 23 Different Types of Crotons | Best Croton Varieties with Photos.
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Britannica (n.d.) Croton. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/plant/croton-plant-species

Charlotte R. (2022). What’s so special about the Ti plant? Retrieved June 01, 2022 from
https://www.redbluffdailynews.com/2022/06/01/whats-so-special-about-the-ti-plant/

Marie I. (2023). How to Grow and Care for Agave. Retrieved April 08, 2023 from
https://www.thespruce.com/agave-tips-for-growing-this-easy-succulent-1402874

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Jerry S. (2023). Podocarpus macrophyllus 'Maki' | Shrubby Yew Podocarpus. Retrieved from
Podocarpus macrophyllus 'Maki' - Shrubby Yew ... - PlantMaster

Susan M. (2023). Bromeliads. Retrieved from

https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/bromeliads/

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https://www.conifers.org/cu/Cupressus_sempervirens.php

Marijke P. (2023). Types of Ficus tree | 6 Ficus houseplants. Retrieved October 09, 2023
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