FOCUS – HYPOCENTER, POINT WHERE THE FAULTING BEGINS.

EARTHQUAKE ORIGNATES EPICENTRAL DISTANCE – DISTANCE BETWEEN POINT OF INTEREST AND EPICENTER. -BASED ON MAGNITUDE
EPICENTER – POINT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS ON THE SURFACE. POINT OF RELEASE OF ENERGY. CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE -BASED ON ORIGIN
FOCAL DEPTH – DISTANCE BETWEEN FOCUS AND EPICENTER -BASED ON FOCAL DEPTH -BASED ON LOCATION
EPICENTRAL DISTANCE – DISTANCE BETWEEN POINT OF INTEREST AND EPICENTER. -BASED ON MAGNITUDE -BASED ON EPICENTRAL DISTA NCE
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE -BASED ON ORIGIN CAUSES FOR EARTHQUAKE
-BASED ON FOCAL DEPTH -BASED ON LOCATION -TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
-BASED ON MAGNITUDE -BASED ON EPICENTRAL DISTA NCE -VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
-BASED ON ORIGIN CAUSES FOR EARTHQUAKE -ROCK FALL OR COLLAPSE OF CAVITY
-BASED ON LOCATION -TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE -MICROSEISM
-BASED ON EPICENTRAL DISTA NCE -VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE -EXPLOSION (CONTROLLED BLAST)
CAUSES FOR EARTHQUAKE -ROCK FALL OR COLLAPSE OF CAVITY -RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKE
-TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE -MICROSEISM -MINING INDUCED EARTHQUAKE
-VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE -EXPLOSION (CONTROLLED BLAST) -CULTURAL NOISE (INDUSTRY, TRAFFIC, ETC.)
-ROCK FALL OR COLLAPSE OF CAVITY -RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
-MICROSEISM -MINING INDUCED EARTHQUAKE -AN EARTHQUAKE DOES NOT CAUSE DEATH OR INJURY BY ITSELF
-EXPLOSION (CONTROLLED BLAST) -CULTURAL NOISE (INDUSTRY, TRAFFIC, ETC.) -PEOPLE ARE HURT BY FALLING PLASTER AND COLLAPSING WALLS OR FALLING OF HEAVY OBJECTS.
-RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE -COLLAPSING BUILDINGS AND VIBRATIONS CAN CAUSE SHORT CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC FIRES
-MINING INDUCED EARTHQUAKE -AN EARTHQUAKE DOES NOT CAUSE DEATH OR INJURY BY ITSELF -LIGHTED GAS OR STOVES MAY ALSO CAUSE FIRES.
-CULTURAL NOISE (INDUSTRY, TRAFFIC, ETC.) -PEOPLE ARE HURT BY FALLING PLASTER AND COLLAPSING WALLS OR FALLING OF HEAVY OBJECTS. -ALL THIS LEADS TO PANIC AND CONFUSION
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE -COLLAPSING BUILDINGS AND VIBRATIONS CAN CAUSE SHORT CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC FIRES -WITH SOME PRECAUTIONS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID SUCH CONFUSION
-AN EARTHQUAKE DOES NOT CAUSE DEATH OR INJURY BY ITSELF -LIGHTED GAS OR STOVES MAY ALSO CAUSE FIRES. FAULTS
-PEOPLE ARE HURT BY FALLING PLASTER AND COLLAPSING WALLS OR FALLING OF HEAVY OBJECTS. -ALL THIS LEADS TO PANIC AND CONFUSION -NORMAL FAULT
-COLLAPSING BUILDINGS AND VIBRATIONS CAN CAUSE SHORT CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC FIRES -WITH SOME PRECAUTIONS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID SUCH CONFUSION -REVERSE FAULT
-LIGHTED GAS OR STOVES MAY ALSO CAUSE FIRES. FAULTS -STRIKE SLIP FAULT
-ALL THIS LEADS TO PANIC AND CONFUSION -NORMAL FAULT -DIP SLIP FAULTS
-WITH SOME PRECAUTIONS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID SUCH CONFUSION -REVERSE FAULT -STRIKE SLIP FAULTS
FAULTS -STRIKE SLIP FAULT TYPES OF INTER-PLATE BOUNDARIES
-NORMAL FAULT -DIP SLIP FAULTS -CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – DIP SLIP, DOWNWARD/ UPWARD
-REVERSE FAULT -STRIKE SLIP FAULTS -DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – SEPARATION
-STRIKE SLIP FAULT TYPES OF INTER-PLATE BOUNDARIES -TRANSFORM BOUNDARY – SLIDING
-DIP SLIP FAULTS -CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – DIP SLIP, DOWNWARD/ UPWARD WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELASTIC HALF SPACE
-STRIKE SLIP FAULTS -DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – SEPARATION *BODY WAVE*
TYPES OF INTER-PLATE BOUNDARIES -TRANSFORM BOUNDARY – SLIDING P -WAVE – PRIMARY, FASTEST WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS, LIQUID OR GAS, COMPRESSIONAL WAVE.
-CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – DIP SLIP, DOWNWARD/ UPWARD WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELASTIC HALF SPACE S – WAVE – SECONDARY, SLOWER THAT P WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS ONLY, SHEAR WAVE.
-DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – SEPARATION *BODY WAVE* > S-HORIZONTAL WAVE
-TRANSFORM BOUNDARY – SLIDING P -WAVE – PRIMARY, FASTEST WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS, LIQUID OR GAS, COMPRESSIONAL WAVE. > S-VERTICAL WAVE
WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELASTIC HALF SPACE S – WAVE – SECONDARY, SLOWER THAT P WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS ONLY, SHEAR WAVE. *SURFACE WAVE* – TRAVEL BELOW OR ALONG THE SURFACE, DAMAGING BUILDINGS.
*BODY WAVE* > S-HORIZONTAL WAVE RAYLEIGH WAVE – ELLIPTIC IN VERTICAL PLANE
P -WAVE – PRIMARY, FASTEST WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS, LIQUID OR GAS, COMPRESSIONAL WAVE. > S-VERTICAL WAVE LOVE WAVE – SIDEWAYS IN HORIZONTAL PLATE
S – WAVE – SECONDARY, SLOWER THAT P WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS ONLY, SHEAR WAVE. *SURFACE WAVE* – TRAVEL BELOW OR ALONG THE SURFACE, DAMAGING BUILDINGS.
> S-HORIZONTAL WAVE RAYLEIGH WAVE – ELLIPTIC IN VERTICAL PLANE SEISMIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
> S-VERTICAL WAVE LOVE WAVE – SIDEWAYS IN HORIZONTAL PLATE 1. SEISMOGRAPHS – INSTRUMENTS
*SURFACE WAVE* – TRAVEL BELOW OR ALONG THE SURFACE, DAMAGING BUILDINGS. SEISMOGRAM – RECORD
RAYLEIGH WAVE – ELLIPTIC IN VERTICAL PLANE SEISMIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS SENSITIVE, LESS ACCURATE
LOVE WAVE – SIDEWAYS IN HORIZONTAL PLATE 1. SEISMOGRAPHS – INSTRUMENTS 2. ACCELEROGRAPHS – INSTRUMENT
SEISMOGRAM – RECORD ACCELEROGRAM – RECORD
SEISMIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS SENSITIVE, LESS ACCURATE ACCURATE, LESS SENSITIVE
1. SEISMOGRAPHS – INSTRUMENTS 2. ACCELEROGRAPHS – INSTRUMENT WHAT DRIVES EARTH PROCESSES?
SEISMOGRAM – RECORD ACCELEROGRAM – RECORD -GRAVITY AND DENSITY DIFFERENCES
SENSITIVE, LESS ACCURATE ACCURATE, LESS SENSITIVE -EXTERNAL (e.g. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, EROSION)
2. ACCELEROGRAPHS – INSTRUMENT WHAT DRIVES EARTH PROCESSES? -INTERNAL (e.g. MANTLE CONVECTION)
ACCELEROGRAM – RECORD -GRAVITY AND DENSITY DIFFERENCES WHAT ARE THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE?
ACCURATE, LESS SENSITIVE -EXTERNAL (e.g. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, EROSION) -GROUND SHAKING AMPLITUDE
WHAT DRIVES EARTH PROCESSES? -INTERNAL (e.g. MANTLE CONVECTION) -DURATION
-GRAVITY AND DENSITY DIFFERENCES WHAT ARE THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE? -DAMAGE INCREASES IN POORLY CONSOLIDATED ROCKS
-EXTERNAL (e.g. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, EROSION) -GROUND SHAKING AMPLITUDE INTENSITY: IS NOT QUANTITATIVE MERCALLI’S SCALE. MEASURE OF DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE AT SITE.
-INTERNAL (e.g. MANTLE CONVECTION) -DURATION DEPENDS ON:
WHAT ARE THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE? -DAMAGE INCREASES IN POORLY CONSOLIDATED ROCKS -LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS
-GROUND SHAKING AMPLITUDE INTENSITY: IS NOT QUANTITATIVE MERCALLI’S SCALE. MEASURE OF DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE AT SITE. -TYPE & QUALITY OF STRUCTURES
-DURATION DEPENDS ON: -EPICENTRAL DISTANCE
-DAMAGE INCREASES IN POORLY CONSOLIDATED ROCKS -LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS -FOCAL DEPTH
INTENSITY: IS NOT QUANTITATIVE MERCALLI’S SCALE. MEASURE OF DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE AT SITE. -TYPE & QUALITY OF STRUCTURES INTENSITY OF EARTHQUAKE – MODIFIED MERCALLI’S SCALE
DEPENDS ON: -EPICENTRAL DISTANCE
-LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS -FOCAL DEPTH EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
-TYPE & QUALITY OF STRUCTURES INTENSITY OF EARTHQUAKE – MODIFIED MERCALLI’S SCALE *PRIMARY EFFECTS*
-EPICENTRAL DISTANCE GROUND BREAK
-FOCAL DEPTH EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE FAULT FORMATION
INTENSITY OF EARTHQUAKE – MODIFIED MERCALLI’S SCALE *PRIMARY EFFECTS* *SECONDARY EFFECTS*
GROUND BREAK -TSUNAMI
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE FAULT FORMATION -FAILURE OF R.C. STRUCTURES
*PRIMARY EFFECTS* *SECONDARY EFFECTS* -FAILURE OF RAILWAY, HIGHWAY & BRIDGES
GROUND BREAK -TSUNAMI -FAILURE OF RETAINING WALLS
FAULT FORMATION -FAILURE OF R.C. STRUCTURES -LAND SLIDES AND SLOPE FAILURE
*SECONDARY EFFECTS* -FAILURE OF RAILWAY, HIGHWAY & BRIDGES -LIQUEFACTION AND FOUNDATION FAILURE
-TSUNAMI -FAILURE OF RETAINING WALLS WHY PLATES MOVE? = BECAUSE OF THE WARMER MATERIALS FROM MANTLE RAISE ABOVE.
-FAILURE OF R.C. STRUCTURES -LAND SLIDES AND SLOPE FAILURE TRIAGULATION OF 3 STATIONS TO LOCATE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER
-FAILURE OF RAILWAY, HIGHWAY & BRIDGES -LIQUEFACTION AND FOUNDATION FAILURE 1 Three seismograph station are needed to locate the epicenter of and earthquake
-FAILURE OF RETAINING WALLS WHY PLATES MOVE? = BECAUSE OF THE WARMER MATERIALS FROM MANTLE RAISE ABOVE. 2 A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn
-LAND SLIDES AND SLOPE FAILURE TRIAGULATION OF 3 STATIONS TO LOCATE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER 3 The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter
-LIQUEFACTION AND FOUNDATION FAILURE 1 Three seismograph station are needed to locate the epicenter of and earthquake
WHY PLATES MOVE? = BECAUSE OF THE WARMER MATERIALS FROM MANTLE RAISE ABOVE. 2 A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn
TRIAGULATION OF 3 STATIONS TO LOCATE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER 3 The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter
1 Three seismograph station are needed to locate the epicenter of and earthquake
2 A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn FOCUS – HYPOCENTER, POINT WHERE THE FAULTING BEGINS. EARTHQUAKE ORIGNATES
3 The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter EPICENTER – POINT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS ON THE SURFACE. POINT OF RELEASE OF ENERGY.
FOCUS – HYPOCENTER, POINT WHERE THE FAULTING BEGINS. EARTHQUAKE ORIGNATES FOCAL DEPTH – DISTANCE BETWEEN FOCUS AND EPICENTER
EPICENTER – POINT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS ON THE SURFACE. POINT OF RELEASE OF ENERGY. EPICENTRAL DISTANCE – DISTANCE BETWEEN POINT OF INTEREST AND EPICENTER.
FOCAL DEPTH – DISTANCE BETWEEN FOCUS AND EPICENTER CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE
EPICENTRAL DISTANCE – DISTANCE BETWEEN POINT OF INTEREST AND EPICENTER. -BASED ON FOCAL DEPTH
FOCUS – HYPOCENTER, POINT WHERE THE FAULTING BEGINS. EARTHQUAKE ORIGNATES CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE -BASED ON MAGNITUDE
EPICENTER – POINT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS ON THE SURFACE. POINT OF RELEASE OF ENERGY. -BASED ON FOCAL DEPTH -BASED ON ORIGIN
FOCAL DEPTH – DISTANCE BETWEEN FOCUS AND EPICENTER -BASED ON MAGNITUDE -BASED ON LOCATION
EPICENTRAL DISTANCE – DISTANCE BETWEEN POINT OF INTEREST AND EPICENTER. -BASED ON ORIGIN -BASED ON EPICENTRAL DISTA NCE
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE -BASED ON LOCATION CAUSES FOR EARTHQUAKE
-BASED ON FOCAL DEPTH -BASED ON EPICENTRAL DISTA NCE -TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
-BASED ON MAGNITUDE CAUSES FOR EARTHQUAKE -VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
-BASED ON ORIGIN -TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE -ROCK FALL OR COLLAPSE OF CAVITY
-BASED ON LOCATION -VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE -MICROSEISM
-BASED ON EPICENTRAL DISTA NCE -ROCK FALL OR COLLAPSE OF CAVITY -EXPLOSION (CONTROLLED BLAST)
CAUSES FOR EARTHQUAKE -MICROSEISM -RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKE
-TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE -EXPLOSION (CONTROLLED BLAST) -MINING INDUCED EARTHQUAKE
-VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE -RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKE -CULTURAL NOISE (INDUSTRY, TRAFFIC, ETC.)
-ROCK FALL OR COLLAPSE OF CAVITY -MINING INDUCED EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
-MICROSEISM -CULTURAL NOISE (INDUSTRY, TRAFFIC, ETC.) -AN EARTHQUAKE DOES NOT CAUSE DEATH OR INJURY BY ITSELF
-EXPLOSION (CONTROLLED BLAST) EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE -PEOPLE ARE HURT BY FALLING PLASTER AND COLLAPSING WALLS OR FALLING OF HEAVY OBJECTS.
-RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKE -AN EARTHQUAKE DOES NOT CAUSE DEATH OR INJURY BY ITSELF -COLLAPSING BUILDINGS AND VIBRATIONS CAN CAUSE SHORT CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC FIRES
-MINING INDUCED EARTHQUAKE -PEOPLE ARE HURT BY FALLING PLASTER AND COLLAPSING WALLS OR FALLING OF HEAVY OBJECTS. -LIGHTED GAS OR STOVES MAY ALSO CAUSE FIRES.
-CULTURAL NOISE (INDUSTRY, TRAFFIC, ETC.) -COLLAPSING BUILDINGS AND VIBRATIONS CAN CAUSE SHORT CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC FIRES -ALL THIS LEADS TO PANIC AND CONFUSION
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE -LIGHTED GAS OR STOVES MAY ALSO CAUSE FIRES. -WITH SOME PRECAUTIONS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID SUCH CONFUSION
-AN EARTHQUAKE DOES NOT CAUSE DEATH OR INJURY BY ITSELF -ALL THIS LEADS TO PANIC AND CONFUSION FAULTS
-PEOPLE ARE HURT BY FALLING PLASTER AND COLLAPSING WALLS OR FALLING OF HEAVY OBJECTS. -WITH SOME PRECAUTIONS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID SUCH CONFUSION -NORMAL FAULT
-COLLAPSING BUILDINGS AND VIBRATIONS CAN CAUSE SHORT CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC FIRES FAULTS -REVERSE FAULT
-LIGHTED GAS OR STOVES MAY ALSO CAUSE FIRES. -NORMAL FAULT -STRIKE SLIP FAULT
-ALL THIS LEADS TO PANIC AND CONFUSION -REVERSE FAULT -DIP SLIP FAULTS
-WITH SOME PRECAUTIONS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID SUCH CONFUSION -STRIKE SLIP FAULT -STRIKE SLIP FAULTS
FAULTS -DIP SLIP FAULTS TYPES OF INTER-PLATE BOUNDARIES
-NORMAL FAULT -STRIKE SLIP FAULTS -CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – DIP SLIP, DOWNWARD/ UPWARD
-REVERSE FAULT TYPES OF INTER-PLATE BOUNDARIES -DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – SEPARATION
-STRIKE SLIP FAULT -CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – DIP SLIP, DOWNWARD/ UPWARD -TRANSFORM BOUNDARY – SLIDING
-DIP SLIP FAULTS -DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – SEPARATION WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELASTIC HALF SPACE
-STRIKE SLIP FAULTS -TRANSFORM BOUNDARY – SLIDING *BODY WAVE*
TYPES OF INTER-PLATE BOUNDARIES WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELASTIC HALF SPACE P -WAVE – PRIMARY, FASTEST WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS, LIQUID OR GAS, COMPRESSIONAL WAVE.
-CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – DIP SLIP, DOWNWARD/ UPWARD *BODY WAVE* S – WAVE – SECONDARY, SLOWER THAT P WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS ONLY, SHEAR WAVE.
-DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – SEPARATION P -WAVE – PRIMARY, FASTEST WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS, LIQUID OR GAS, COMPRESSIONAL WAVE. > S-HORIZONTAL WAVE
-TRANSFORM BOUNDARY – SLIDING S – WAVE – SECONDARY, SLOWER THAT P WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS ONLY, SHEAR WAVE. > S-VERTICAL WAVE
WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELASTIC HALF SPACE > S-HORIZONTAL WAVE *SURFACE WAVE* – TRAVEL BELOW OR ALONG THE SURFACE, DAMAGING BUILDINGS.
*BODY WAVE* > S-VERTICAL WAVE RAYLEIGH WAVE – ELLIPTIC IN VERTICAL PLANE
P -WAVE – PRIMARY, FASTEST WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS, LIQUID OR GAS, COMPRESSIONAL WAVE. *SURFACE WAVE* – TRAVEL BELOW OR ALONG THE SURFACE, DAMAGING BUILDINGS. LOVE WAVE – SIDEWAYS IN HORIZONTAL PLATE
S – WAVE – SECONDARY, SLOWER THAT P WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS ONLY, SHEAR WAVE. RAYLEIGH WAVE – ELLIPTIC IN VERTICAL PLANE
> S-HORIZONTAL WAVE LOVE WAVE – SIDEWAYS IN HORIZONTAL PLATE SEISMIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
> S-VERTICAL WAVE 1. SEISMOGRAPHS – INSTRUMENTS
*SURFACE WAVE* – TRAVEL BELOW OR ALONG THE SURFACE, DAMAGING BUILDINGS. SEISMIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS SEISMOGRAM – RECORD
RAYLEIGH WAVE – ELLIPTIC IN VERTICAL PLANE 1. SEISMOGRAPHS – INSTRUMENTS SENSITIVE, LESS ACCURATE
LOVE WAVE – SIDEWAYS IN HORIZONTAL PLATE SEISMOGRAM – RECORD 2. ACCELEROGRAPHS – INSTRUMENT
SENSITIVE, LESS ACCURATE ACCELEROGRAM – RECORD
SEISMIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 2. ACCELEROGRAPHS – INSTRUMENT ACCURATE, LESS SENSITIVE
1. SEISMOGRAPHS – INSTRUMENTS ACCELEROGRAM – RECORD WHAT DRIVES EARTH PROCESSES?
SEISMOGRAM – RECORD ACCURATE, LESS SENSITIVE -GRAVITY AND DENSITY DIFFERENCES
SENSITIVE, LESS ACCURATE WHAT DRIVES EARTH PROCESSES? -EXTERNAL (e.g. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, EROSION)
2. ACCELEROGRAPHS – INSTRUMENT -GRAVITY AND DENSITY DIFFERENCES -INTERNAL (e.g. MANTLE CONVECTION)
ACCELEROGRAM – RECORD -EXTERNAL (e.g. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, EROSION) WHAT ARE THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE?
ACCURATE, LESS SENSITIVE -INTERNAL (e.g. MANTLE CONVECTION) -GROUND SHAKING AMPLITUDE
WHAT DRIVES EARTH PROCESSES? WHAT ARE THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE? -DURATION
-GRAVITY AND DENSITY DIFFERENCES -GROUND SHAKING AMPLITUDE -DAMAGE INCREASES IN POORLY CONSOLIDATED ROCKS
-EXTERNAL (e.g. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, EROSION) -DURATION INTENSITY: IS NOT QUANTITATIVE MERCALLI’S SCALE. MEASURE OF DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE AT SITE.
-INTERNAL (e.g. MANTLE CONVECTION) -DAMAGE INCREASES IN POORLY CONSOLIDATED ROCKS DEPENDS ON:
WHAT ARE THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE? INTENSITY: IS NOT QUANTITATIVE MERCALLI’S SCALE. MEASURE OF DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE AT SITE. -LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS
-GROUND SHAKING AMPLITUDE DEPENDS ON: -TYPE & QUALITY OF STRUCTURES
-DURATION -LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS -EPICENTRAL DISTANCE
-DAMAGE INCREASES IN POORLY CONSOLIDATED ROCKS -TYPE & QUALITY OF STRUCTURES -FOCAL DEPTH
INTENSITY: IS NOT QUANTITATIVE MERCALLI’S SCALE. MEASURE OF DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE AT SITE. -EPICENTRAL DISTANCE INTENSITY OF EARTHQUAKE – MODIFIED MERCALLI’S SCALE
DEPENDS ON: -FOCAL DEPTH
-LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS INTENSITY OF EARTHQUAKE – MODIFIED MERCALLI’S SCALE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
-TYPE & QUALITY OF STRUCTURES *PRIMARY EFFECTS*
-EPICENTRAL DISTANCE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND BREAK
-FOCAL DEPTH *PRIMARY EFFECTS* FAULT FORMATION
INTENSITY OF EARTHQUAKE – MODIFIED MERCALLI’S SCALE GROUND BREAK *SECONDARY EFFECTS*
FAULT FORMATION -TSUNAMI
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE *SECONDARY EFFECTS* -FAILURE OF R.C. STRUCTURES
*PRIMARY EFFECTS* -TSUNAMI -FAILURE OF RAILWAY, HIGHWAY & BRIDGES
GROUND BREAK -FAILURE OF R.C. STRUCTURES -FAILURE OF RETAINING WALLS
FAULT FORMATION -FAILURE OF RAILWAY, HIGHWAY & BRIDGES -LAND SLIDES AND SLOPE FAILURE
*SECONDARY EFFECTS* -FAILURE OF RETAINING WALLS -LIQUEFACTION AND FOUNDATION FAILURE
-TSUNAMI -LAND SLIDES AND SLOPE FAILURE WHY PLATES MOVE? = BECAUSE OF THE WARMER MATERIALS FROM MANTLE RAISE ABOVE.
-FAILURE OF R.C. STRUCTURES -LIQUEFACTION AND FOUNDATION FAILURE TRIAGULATION OF 3 STATIONS TO LOCATE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER
-FAILURE OF RAILWAY, HIGHWAY & BRIDGES WHY PLATES MOVE? = BECAUSE OF THE WARMER MATERIALS FROM MANTLE RAISE ABOVE. 1 Three seismograph station are needed to locate the epicenter of and earthquake
-FAILURE OF RETAINING WALLS TRIAGULATION OF 3 STATIONS TO LOCATE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER 2 A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn
-LAND SLIDES AND SLOPE FAILURE 1 Three seismograph station are needed to locate the epicenter of and earthquake 3 The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter
-LIQUEFACTION AND FOUNDATION FAILURE 2 A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn
WHY PLATES MOVE? = BECAUSE OF THE WARMER MATERIALS FROM MANTLE RAISE ABOVE. 3 The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter
TRIAGULATION OF 3 STATIONS TO LOCATE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER
1 Three seismograph station are needed to locate the epicenter of and earthquake
2 A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn FOCUS – HYPOCENTER, POINT WHERE THE FAULTING BEGINS. EARTHQUAKE ORIGNATES
3 The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter EPICENTER – POINT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS ON THE SURFACE. POINT OF RELEASE OF ENERGY.
FOCUS – HYPOCENTER, POINT WHERE THE FAULTING BEGINS. EARTHQUAKE ORIGNATES FOCAL DEPTH – DISTANCE BETWEEN FOCUS AND EPICENTER
EPICENTER – POINT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS ON THE SURFACE. POINT OF RELEASE OF ENERGY. EPICENTRAL DISTANCE – DISTANCE BETWEEN POINT OF INTEREST AND EPICENTER.
FOCAL DEPTH – DISTANCE BETWEEN FOCUS AND EPICENTER CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE
EPICENTRAL DISTANCE – DISTANCE BETWEEN POINT OF INTEREST AND EPICENTER. -BASED ON FOCAL DEPTH
FOCUS – HYPOCENTER, POINT WHERE THE FAULTING BEGINS. EARTHQUAKE ORIGNATES CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE -BASED ON MAGNITUDE
EPICENTER – POINT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS ON THE SURFACE. POINT OF RELEASE OF ENERGY. -BASED ON FOCAL DEPTH -BASED ON ORIGIN
FOCAL DEPTH – DISTANCE BETWEEN FOCUS AND EPICENTER -BASED ON MAGNITUDE -BASED ON LOCATION
EPICENTRAL DISTANCE – DISTANCE BETWEEN POINT OF INTEREST AND EPICENTER. -BASED ON ORIGIN -BASED ON EPICENTRAL DISTA NCE
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE -BASED ON LOCATION CAUSES FOR EARTHQUAKE
-BASED ON FOCAL DEPTH -BASED ON EPICENTRAL DISTA NCE -TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
-BASED ON MAGNITUDE CAUSES FOR EARTHQUAKE -VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
-BASED ON ORIGIN -TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE -ROCK FALL OR COLLAPSE OF CAVITY
-BASED ON LOCATION -VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE -MICROSEISM
-BASED ON EPICENTRAL DISTA NCE -ROCK FALL OR COLLAPSE OF CAVITY -EXPLOSION (CONTROLLED BLAST)
CAUSES FOR EARTHQUAKE -MICROSEISM -RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKE
-TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE -EXPLOSION (CONTROLLED BLAST) -MINING INDUCED EARTHQUAKE
-VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE -RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKE -CULTURAL NOISE (INDUSTRY, TRAFFIC, ETC.)
-ROCK FALL OR COLLAPSE OF CAVITY -MINING INDUCED EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
-MICROSEISM -CULTURAL NOISE (INDUSTRY, TRAFFIC, ETC.) -AN EARTHQUAKE DOES NOT CAUSE DEATH OR INJURY BY ITSELF
-EXPLOSION (CONTROLLED BLAST) EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE -PEOPLE ARE HURT BY FALLING PLASTER AND COLLAPSING WALLS OR FALLING OF HEAVY OBJECTS.
-RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKE -AN EARTHQUAKE DOES NOT CAUSE DEATH OR INJURY BY ITSELF -COLLAPSING BUILDINGS AND VIBRATIONS CAN CAUSE SHORT CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC FIRES
-MINING INDUCED EARTHQUAKE -PEOPLE ARE HURT BY FALLING PLASTER AND COLLAPSING WALLS OR FALLING OF HEAVY OBJECTS. -LIGHTED GAS OR STOVES MAY ALSO CAUSE FIRES.
-CULTURAL NOISE (INDUSTRY, TRAFFIC, ETC.) -COLLAPSING BUILDINGS AND VIBRATIONS CAN CAUSE SHORT CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC FIRES -ALL THIS LEADS TO PANIC AND CONFUSION
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE -LIGHTED GAS OR STOVES MAY ALSO CAUSE FIRES. -WITH SOME PRECAUTIONS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID SUCH CONFUSION
-AN EARTHQUAKE DOES NOT CAUSE DEATH OR INJURY BY ITSELF -ALL THIS LEADS TO PANIC AND CONFUSION FAULTS
-PEOPLE ARE HURT BY FALLING PLASTER AND COLLAPSING WALLS OR FALLING OF HEAVY OBJECTS. -WITH SOME PRECAUTIONS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID SUCH CONFUSION -NORMAL FAULT
-COLLAPSING BUILDINGS AND VIBRATIONS CAN CAUSE SHORT CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC FIRES FAULTS -REVERSE FAULT
-LIGHTED GAS OR STOVES MAY ALSO CAUSE FIRES. -NORMAL FAULT -STRIKE SLIP FAULT
-ALL THIS LEADS TO PANIC AND CONFUSION -REVERSE FAULT -DIP SLIP FAULTS
-WITH SOME PRECAUTIONS IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID SUCH CONFUSION -STRIKE SLIP FAULT -STRIKE SLIP FAULTS
FAULTS -DIP SLIP FAULTS TYPES OF INTER-PLATE BOUNDARIES
-NORMAL FAULT -STRIKE SLIP FAULTS -CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – DIP SLIP, DOWNWARD/ UPWARD
-REVERSE FAULT TYPES OF INTER-PLATE BOUNDARIES -DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – SEPARATION
-STRIKE SLIP FAULT -CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – DIP SLIP, DOWNWARD/ UPWARD -TRANSFORM BOUNDARY – SLIDING
-DIP SLIP FAULTS -DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – SEPARATION WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELASTIC HALF SPACE
-STRIKE SLIP FAULTS -TRANSFORM BOUNDARY – SLIDING *BODY WAVE*
TYPES OF INTER-PLATE BOUNDARIES WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELASTIC HALF SPACE P -WAVE – PRIMARY, FASTEST WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS, LIQUID OR GAS, COMPRESSIONAL WAVE.
-CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – DIP SLIP, DOWNWARD/ UPWARD *BODY WAVE* S – WAVE – SECONDARY, SLOWER THAT P WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS ONLY, SHEAR WAVE.
-DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – SEPARATION P -WAVE – PRIMARY, FASTEST WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS, LIQUID OR GAS, COMPRESSIONAL WAVE. > S-HORIZONTAL WAVE
-TRANSFORM BOUNDARY – SLIDING S – WAVE – SECONDARY, SLOWER THAT P WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS ONLY, SHEAR WAVE. > S-VERTICAL WAVE
WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELASTIC HALF SPACE > S-HORIZONTAL WAVE *SURFACE WAVE* – TRAVEL BELOW OR ALONG THE SURFACE, DAMAGING BUILDINGS.
*BODY WAVE* > S-VERTICAL WAVE RAYLEIGH WAVE – ELLIPTIC IN VERTICAL PLANE
P -WAVE – PRIMARY, FASTEST WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS, LIQUID OR GAS, COMPRESSIONAL WAVE. *SURFACE WAVE* – TRAVEL BELOW OR ALONG THE SURFACE, DAMAGING BUILDINGS. LOVE WAVE – SIDEWAYS IN HORIZONTAL PLATE
S – WAVE – SECONDARY, SLOWER THAT P WAVE, TRAVEL THROUGH SOLIDS ONLY, SHEAR WAVE. RAYLEIGH WAVE – ELLIPTIC IN VERTICAL PLANE
> S-HORIZONTAL WAVE LOVE WAVE – SIDEWAYS IN HORIZONTAL PLATE SEISMIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
> S-VERTICAL WAVE 1. SEISMOGRAPHS – INSTRUMENTS
*SURFACE WAVE* – TRAVEL BELOW OR ALONG THE SURFACE, DAMAGING BUILDINGS. SEISMIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS SEISMOGRAM – RECORD
RAYLEIGH WAVE – ELLIPTIC IN VERTICAL PLANE 1. SEISMOGRAPHS – INSTRUMENTS SENSITIVE, LESS ACCURATE
LOVE WAVE – SIDEWAYS IN HORIZONTAL PLATE SEISMOGRAM – RECORD 2. ACCELEROGRAPHS – INSTRUMENT
SENSITIVE, LESS ACCURATE ACCELEROGRAM – RECORD
SEISMIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 2. ACCELEROGRAPHS – INSTRUMENT ACCURATE, LESS SENSITIVE
1. SEISMOGRAPHS – INSTRUMENTS ACCELEROGRAM – RECORD WHAT DRIVES EARTH PROCESSES?
SEISMOGRAM – RECORD ACCURATE, LESS SENSITIVE -GRAVITY AND DENSITY DIFFERENCES
SENSITIVE, LESS ACCURATE WHAT DRIVES EARTH PROCESSES? -EXTERNAL (e.g. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, EROSION)
2. ACCELEROGRAPHS – INSTRUMENT -GRAVITY AND DENSITY DIFFERENCES -INTERNAL (e.g. MANTLE CONVECTION)
ACCELEROGRAM – RECORD -EXTERNAL (e.g. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, EROSION) WHAT ARE THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE?
ACCURATE, LESS SENSITIVE -INTERNAL (e.g. MANTLE CONVECTION) -GROUND SHAKING AMPLITUDE
WHAT DRIVES EARTH PROCESSES? WHAT ARE THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE? -DURATION
-GRAVITY AND DENSITY DIFFERENCES -GROUND SHAKING AMPLITUDE -DAMAGE INCREASES IN POORLY CONSOLIDATED ROCKS
-EXTERNAL (e.g. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, EROSION) -DURATION INTENSITY: IS NOT QUANTITATIVE MERCALLI’S SCALE. MEASURE OF DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE AT SITE.
-INTERNAL (e.g. MANTLE CONVECTION) -DAMAGE INCREASES IN POORLY CONSOLIDATED ROCKS DEPENDS ON:
WHAT ARE THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE? INTENSITY: IS NOT QUANTITATIVE MERCALLI’S SCALE. MEASURE OF DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE AT SITE. -LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS
-GROUND SHAKING AMPLITUDE DEPENDS ON: -TYPE & QUALITY OF STRUCTURES
-DURATION -LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS -EPICENTRAL DISTANCE
-DAMAGE INCREASES IN POORLY CONSOLIDATED ROCKS -TYPE & QUALITY OF STRUCTURES -FOCAL DEPTH
INTENSITY: IS NOT QUANTITATIVE MERCALLI’S SCALE. MEASURE OF DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE AT SITE. -EPICENTRAL DISTANCE INTENSITY OF EARTHQUAKE – MODIFIED MERCALLI’S SCALE
DEPENDS ON: -FOCAL DEPTH
-LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS INTENSITY OF EARTHQUAKE – MODIFIED MERCALLI’S SCALE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
-TYPE & QUALITY OF STRUCTURES *PRIMARY EFFECTS*
-EPICENTRAL DISTANCE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND BREAK
-FOCAL DEPTH *PRIMARY EFFECTS* FAULT FORMATION
INTENSITY OF EARTHQUAKE – MODIFIED MERCALLI’S SCALE GROUND BREAK *SECONDARY EFFECTS*
FAULT FORMATION -TSUNAMI
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE *SECONDARY EFFECTS* -FAILURE OF R.C. STRUCTURES
*PRIMARY EFFECTS* -TSUNAMI -FAILURE OF RAILWAY, HIGHWAY & BRIDGES
GROUND BREAK -FAILURE OF R.C. STRUCTURES -FAILURE OF RETAINING WALLS
FAULT FORMATION -FAILURE OF RAILWAY, HIGHWAY & BRIDGES -LAND SLIDES AND SLOPE FAILURE
*SECONDARY EFFECTS* -FAILURE OF RETAINING WALLS -LIQUEFACTION AND FOUNDATION FAILURE
-TSUNAMI -LAND SLIDES AND SLOPE FAILURE WHY PLATES MOVE? = BECAUSE OF THE WARMER MATERIALS FROM MANTLE RAISE ABOVE.
-FAILURE OF R.C. STRUCTURES -LIQUEFACTION AND FOUNDATION FAILURE TRIAGULATION OF 3 STATIONS TO LOCATE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER
-FAILURE OF RAILWAY, HIGHWAY & BRIDGES WHY PLATES MOVE? = BECAUSE OF THE WARMER MATERIALS FROM MANTLE RAISE ABOVE. 1 Three seismograph station are needed to locate the epicenter of and earthquake
-FAILURE OF RETAINING WALLS TRIAGULATION OF 3 STATIONS TO LOCATE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER 2 A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn
-LAND SLIDES AND SLOPE FAILURE 1 Three seismograph station are needed to locate the epicenter of and earthquake 3 The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter
-LIQUEFACTION AND FOUNDATION FAILURE 2 A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn
WHY PLATES MOVE? = BECAUSE OF THE WARMER MATERIALS FROM MANTLE RAISE ABOVE. 3 The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter
TRIAGULATION OF 3 STATIONS TO LOCATE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER
1 Three seismograph station are needed to locate the epicenter of and earthquake
2 A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn
3 The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter

FOCUS – HYPOCENTER, POINT WHERE THE FAULTING BEGINS. EARTHQUAKE ORIGNATES

EPICENTER – POINT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS ON THE SURFACE. POINT OF RELEASE OF ENERGY.
FOCAL DEPTH – DISTANCE BETWEEN FOCUS AND EPICENTER
FOCUS – HYPOCENTER, POINT WHERE THE FAULTING BEGINS. EARTHQUAKE ORIGNATES EPICENTRAL DISTANCE – DISTANCE BETWEEN POINT OF INTEREST AND EPICENTER.
EPICENTER – POINT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS ON THE SURFACE. POINT OF RELEASE OF ENERGY. CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE
FOCAL DEPTH – DISTANCE BETWEEN FOCUS AND EPICENTER -BASED ON FOCAL DEPTH