Міністерство освіти і науки України

Національний університет «Львівська політехніка»

LEGAL TRAINING
Навчально-методичний посібник
за спеціальністю «Право»

Затверджено
на засіданні
кафедри іноземних мов ІГСН
Протокол № 9
від 17.05.2016 р.

Львів – 2016

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LEGAL TRAINING: Навчально-методичний посібник за
спеціальністю «Право» / Л.Б. Столярчук, Н.Ю. Яшин. – Львів:
Вид-во Національного університету “Львівська політехніка”,
2016. – 74 с.

Укладачі: Столярчук Л.Б., викл.

Яшин Н.Ю., викл.

Відповідальний за випуск: Мукан Н.В., д.пед.н., проф.

Рецензенти: Коваль Н.Є., к.філол.н., доц.

Дробіт І.М., к.філол.н., доц.

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 THE SYSTEM OF LEGAL EDUCATION
IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD

LEAD-IN
Discuss the following questions in small groups, write down all the
ideas and present them to the whole group after the discussion.
• How would you define higher education?
• What functions do universities fulfill?
• How important is it to have higher education?
• What are the qualities of a good student?
• What is your major? Why did you choose it?

VOCABULARY
Task 1. Memorise the essential vocabulary to the topic “Legal
Training” and translate the sentences containing it.
1. academic – академічний, навчальний, науковий – relating to
education, especially at college or university level, e.g. This semester the
students study several new academic disciplines like Criminal Law,
Constitutional Law and Civil Law.
Academic Board / Academic Council – Вчена Рада
academic degree – науковий ступінь
academic staff – викладацький склад
academic title – вчене звання
academic year – навчальний рік
2. admit / enroll – приймати, зараховувати – to allow someone to
join an organization, university, club etc., e.g. The society admits all
citizens over 21.
admission – прийняття, вступ
admission / entry / enrollment requirements – вимоги до вступу
admission regulations – правила прийому

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 3. apply – подавати заяву – to make a formal request, usually
written, for something such as a job, a place in a university, or permission
to do something, e.g. To become a student of the university young people
must apply for admission.
application – заява, звернення, прохання
applicant (student) / entrant – абітурієнт
4. assess – визначати, оцінювати – to make a judgment about a
person or situation after thinking carefully about it; to determine, e.g.
Competence in the English language is tested in order to assess the needs of
international students.
assessment / evaluation – оцінка
5. assignment – завдання – a piece of work given to somebody as a
part of his/her studies or job, e.g. They must hand in their assignments by
the end of the week.
6. associate professor / assistant professor – доцент – a teacher at a
university who has a rank just below the rank of a professor, e.g. She spent
years as an associate professor before becoming a full professor in 2007.
7. attend – відвідувати, бути присутнім – to go regularly to a
place, to be present at, e.g. Students attend lectures and seminars and try to
study well at the university.
8. campus – територія університету, університетське містечко –
an area containing buildings of a university, e.g. It takes fifteen minutes to
walk from here to the campus.
9. cheat – обманювати, обдурювати, шахраювати – to act
dishonestly during an exam, e.g. He cheated on the test using his crib
sheets.
10. certificate – атестат, свідоцтво, сертифікат – an official
document that states that a fact or facts are true; an official paper stating
that you have completed a course of study or passed an examination, e.g. In
order to enter a higher educational institution a person must have a
certificate of secondary education.
certificate of secondary education – атестат про середню освіту
11. course – курс (навчальний) – a complete series of classes on a
subject, e.g. There are many courses to choose from at our university.
elective / optional course – факультативний курс
compulsory / mandatory / required course – обов’язковий курс
12. credit / credit test – залік, кредит – a successfully completed
part of a course at a university or college, e.g. This course counts as one
credit towards your degree.
credit book – залікова книжка

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 13. deadline – крайній термін, строк – a date or time by which you
have to do or complete something, e.g. They haven’t established the
deadline for submitting the applications yet.
establish the deadline – встановити крайній термін
meet the deadline – вкластися в термін
miss the deadline for doing something – не вкластися в термін
14. dean – декан – a person at a university who is in charge of a
faculty or department, e.g. Being a very responsible person and a successful
researcher, he was appointed as the Dean of the Department of Common
Law.
dean’s office – деканат
15. defend – захищати - to act, speak or write in support of
somebody, something, e.g. Doctoral dissertations are defended before
specialised Academic Committees.
defence – захист
16. degree – ступінь – a course of study at a university or a
qualification that is given to you when you have successfully completed a
course, e.g. A law degree gives you a possibility to get a good job.
award / confer / grant a degree – присвоювати ступінь
Bachelor’s degree – ступінь бакалавра
get / gain / receive a degree – отримати ступінь
Master’s degree – ступінь магістра
PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degree – ступінь доктора філософії
17. department – кафедра – a section of a university that
deals with a particular field of knowledge, e.g. Every year the Department
of Foreign Languages organises scientific conferences for students.
department chair / head – завідувач кафедрою
18. diploma – диплом – a document showing that a student has
successfully completed his/her university education, e.g. If a person wants
to work as a lawyer, he/she must have a diploma in Jurisprudence.
diploma with honours – диплом з відзнакою
19. dissertation / thesis (pl. theses) – дисертація – a written
research on a specific topic prepared by a candidate for an advanced
university degree, e.g. A good dissertation shows the originality of thinking,
new ideas, concepts and theories.
20. education – освіта, навчання, виховання – the process of
teaching and learning, usually at school, college or university, e.g. The
government should pay more attention to the problems of education in our
country.
continuing education – безперервна освіта
free education – безкоштовна освіта
higher education – вища освіта
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primary / elementary education – початкова освіта
secondary education – середня освіта
21. enter a university – вступати до університету – to become a
student of a university, e.g. After leaving school a young person can enter a
university.
22. examination / exam – екзамен, іспит – a formal written, spoken
or practical test, especially at educational institutions, to see how much you
know about a subject, e.g. At the end of each semester students have to take
examinations and submit course papers.
entrance exams – вступні іспити
entrant – абітурієнт, вступник
examination board – екзаменаційна комісія
fail an exam – провалити іспит
final exams – випускні іспити
have / sit / take an exam – здавати іспит
oral / written exam – усний / письмовий іспит
pass an exam – здати іспит
23. expel – виключати, виганяти – to officially force someone to
leave a place or organisation because of his/her bad behaviour, e.g. My
brother was expelled from the University for bad marks.
drop out – залишати навчання, вибувати
24. External Independent Evaluation / Testing (EIT) – Зовнішнє
Незалежне Оцінювання (ЗНО) – examinations for admission to higher
educational institutions in Ukraine, e.g. The External Independent Testing
will be held only in one foreign language that is either English, German,
French or Spanish.
25. facilities – зручності, засоби обслуговування, можливості,
обладнання, засоби – rooms, equipment or services that are provided for a
particular purpose, e.g. The university has a range of facilities to offer
students and staff – from libraries to student centres and sports grounds.
26. faculty – факультет – a department or group of related
departments within a university, e.g. The faculty of law offers a relatively
large number of law courses taught in English.
27. field / branch / area – галузь, сфера – an area of activity that
people are involved in as part of their work or study, e.g. Most academics
and researchers are leading experts in their field of study.
28. grade / mark – оцінка, бал – a number or letter indicating the
quality of a student’s performance, e.g. Every student wants to get good
grades.
29. graduate – випускник (ВНЗ) – someone who has successfully
completed his/her university studies and has a degree, e.g. The graduates

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are provided with educational and careers information which helps them to
find suitable career opportunities after leaving the university.
graduate from the university – закінчувати університет
graduation ceremony – церемонія вручення дипломів
30. guide – керувати – to show someone the right way to do
something, especially something difficult or complicated; to help someone
or something to move in a particular direction, e.g. Prominent scientists of
the universities guide students in research work.
guidance – керівництво
under the guidance – під керівництвом
31. hall of residence / hostel – гуртожиток – a large building not far
from a higher educational institution where students live, e.g. The university
provides halls of residence for students from other cities and towns.
student accommodation – студентське житло
32. handout – роздатковий матеріал – a piece of paper with
information which is given to people attending a lesson, meeting etc., e.g.
The teachers often prepare the handouts for the students.
33. institution / establishment – заклад, установа – a large
important organisation that has a particular purpose, for example, a
university, e.g. Doing fundamental research is one of the tasks of any
higher educational institution.
higher educational establishment – вищий навчальний заклад
private institution – приватний заклад
public / state-owned institution – державний заклад
34. internship / work placement – навчальна практика – а period
of time during which a student gets practical experience in his speciality,
for example, during summer holidays, e.g. The law students have a summer
internship at the notary’s office.
35. lecture hall / lecture room / lecture theatre – лекційна
аудиторія – a lecture room with seats in rows rising one behind another,
e.g. There are a lot of spacious lecture halls, laboratories and study rooms
with up to date equipment, a computer centre, design studios etc.
attend lectures – відвідувати лекції
deliver / give a lecture – читати лекцію
36. paper / work / project – робота, проект – a piece of writing that
is done as part of a course at school or university, e.g. During their studies
at the university students have to present several course papers and a
graduation work.
course work / paper / project – курсова робота (проект)
graduation paper / project – дипломна робота (проект)
Master’s thesis – магістерська робота

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 37. period / class – заняття – a specific length of time that a student
spends in a lecture theatre, classroom, laboratory etc., e.g. The first double
period always starts at 08:30 in the morning.
38. postgraduate (student) – аспірант – someone who is studying at
a university to get a PhD degree, e.g. Postgraduates working for their
degrees are also active members of research teams.
postgraduate course – аспірантура
take a postgraduate course – вчитися в аспірантурі
postgraduate education – післядипломна освіта
39. qualification – кваліфікація, професіоналізм, ступінь
кваліфікованості – the fact of passing an exam, completing a course of
training or reaching the standard necessary to do a job; the fact that one has
a particular level of skills or knowledge, e.g. He has an excellent
qualification in drawing legal documents.
qualify – здобувати кваліфікацію, отримувати професію
40. rector – ректор – the person in charge of a university, institute or
academy, e.g. The rector appoints the vice-rectors who assist him with the
university governance.
vice-rector – проректор
41. refectory / canteen / dining hall – їдальня – a dining room,
often in an educational institution, e.g. There are many refectories at our
university.
42. requirement – вимога – a thing that is needed or wanted, e.g.
Applicants must meet all entrance requirements.
meet / satisfy requirements – відповідати вимогам
require – вимагати, потребувати
43. research / investigation – наукове дослідження – serious study
of a subject, in order to discover new facts or test new ideas, e.g. Our
university aims to provide educational opportunities through high quality
teaching and research.
research / investigate – досліджувати
44. school-leaver – випускник (школи) – a person who is about to
leave or has just left secondary school, e.g. Many school-leavers lack
confidence in the successful completion of External Independent Testing.
leave / finish school – закінчувати школу
45. science – наука – knowledge about the world, especially based
on examining, testing and providing facts, e.g. Third-year students study
special subjects in their field of science.
scientific – науковий
scientist / scholar – вчений

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 46. schedule / timetable – розклад – a plan of events or activities,
with their dates and times, a list of times of classes, e.g. The seminars are
conducted according to the timetable.
47. scholarship – стипендія – the amount of money that an
educational establishment gives to students so that they can live and study
there, e.g. The student gets a scholarship once a month.
48. seminar – семінар – a class at a university or college for a small
group of students, e.g. Seminars give students a chance to study and discuss
a particular subject.
49. skill – майстерність, вміння, навик – the ability to do
something well, usually as a result of experience and training, e.g. Students
need to possess basic legal skills in order to be successful lawyers.
50. speciality / major – спеціальність – one’s primary area of study
that somebody gives most of his attention to and knows a lot about, e.g. My
speciality is International Law.
specialise / major in – спеціалізуватись на
specialist – спеціаліст
specialism / specialization – спеціалізація
51. staff – штат працівників – employees (in a university, teaching,
administrative and other personnel), e.g. The university’s computing
services are there to assist all students and staff in learning and research.
teaching staff – викладацький склад
52. student / undergraduate – студент – someone who is studying
at a university, institute, academy etc., e.g. The first-year students study a
number of general subjects.
disability student – студент з обмеженими можливостяями
exchange student – студент за обміном
first-year student / freshman – студент першого курсу
final year student / senior – випускник, студент останнього курсу
full-time student – студент денної форми навчання
international student – іноземний студент
junior student – студент передостаннього року навчання
mature student – дорослий студент (старший за 25)
part-time student – студент заочної форми навчання
second-year student / sophomore – студент другого курсу
student loan – студентська позика
53. submit – подавати на розгляд – to give a plan, piece of writing
etc. to someone in authority for them to consider or approve, e.g. All course
works must be submitted by Monday.
54. supervisor / scientific advisor – науковий керівник – a person
(teacher, scientist, researcher) who observes, monitors, advises the research
done by another person (a student, a postgraduate), e.g. The graduation
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paper is a small research project carried out by the student under the
guidance of a supervisor.
supervise – керувати, наглядати
supervision – керівництво, нагляд
55. syllabus (pl. syllabi / syllabuses) / curriculum (pl. curricula /
curriculums) – програма, навчальний план – a detailed description of the
content of a course of studies, e.g. The syllabuses have been revised and
modernised, following the example of the world’s leading universities.
extra-curricular activities – позапрограмна діяльність
56. transfer – переводити(сь) – to move from one place, school, job
etc. to another, e.g. Students may transfer to other colleges.
transfer student – студент, який перевівся із іншого навчального
закладу
57. train – навчати – to teach someone the skills of a particular job
or activity, or to be taught these skills, e.g. The main task of the university is
to train highly qualified professionals.
training – навчання, підготовка
58. tuition – навчання – teaching, especially in small groups, e.g. It is
important to bear in mind that all tuition and examinations are carried out
in English.
tuition fee – плата за навчання
tuition free – безкоштовний (про навчання)
tuition hike – підвищення плати за навчання
59. tutorial – консультація – a meeting between a tutor and one or
several students for discussion of a subject that is being studied, e.g. The
methods of study include lectures, tutorials and practical sessions.
tutor – керівник групи студентів (в університеті); консультант;
куратор
60. vocational – професійний – connected with the skills,
knowledge etc. that you need to have in order to do a particular job, e.g.
Before entering a university he finished a vocational school.
vocation – професія, покликання
vocational school – професійно-технічне училище

Task 2. Match the following words with their definitions.

1. assignment a) to act dishonestly during an exam
2. campus b) a document showing that a student has
successfully completed his/her university education
3. cheat c) a person in charge of a faculty or department
4. supervisor d) an area containing buildings of a university
5. diploma e) a length of time a student spends in a classroom
6. education f) a person monitoring the research carried out by a
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 student.
7. dean g) the process of teaching and learning, usually at
school, college or university
8. rector h) a piece of work given to somebody as part of
one’s studies
9. scholarship i) the head of a university, institute or academy
10. period j) the amount of money that an educational
establishment gives to students

Task 3. Complete the words to match the definitions given.

1. to make a formal request, usually written for a place in a university
_ p_ _ _
2. to teach someone the skills t _ _ _ _
3. an official paper stating that you have completed a course of study
c___i______
4. a section of a university that deals with a particular field of knowledge
_e___t____
5. a formal written, spoken or practical test to assess one’s knowledge
__a_______n
6. a department or group of related departments within a university
_a____y
7. printed information which accompanies a lecture, a lesson _ _ n _ _ u _
8. a regular meeting between a tutor and students _ _ t _ _ i _ _
9. knowledge based on examining, testing and providing facts
___e___
10. employees (in a university, teaching, administrative and other
personnel) s _ _ _ _

Task 4. Match each word in section A with one of the similar meaning
in section B.
A B
1. timetable a) major
2. assessment b) canteen
3. speciality c) thesis
4. refectory d) branch
5. research e) establishment
6. dissertation f) to supervise
7. institution g) evaluation
8. field h) hostel
9. to guide i) schedule
10. hall of residence j) investigation

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Task 5. Match each word in section A with one of the opposite meaning
in section B.
A B
1. to admit a) applicant
2. elective b) public
3. to pass c) to be absent
4. graduate d) part-time
5. to enter e) to fail
6. private f) written
7. full-time g) compulsory
8. to attend h) final exams
9. oral i) to graduate
10. entrance exams j) to expel

Task 6. A) Match the words to form word combinations and use them
in your own sentences.
1. academic a) fee
2. admission b) book
3. tuition c) degree
4. postgraduate d) year
5. credit e) ceremony
6. Bachelor’s f) student
7. department g) adviser
8. graduation h) requirements
9. scientific i) course
10. transfer j) chair

B) Complete the phrases with the missing words. Use them in 10

sentences of your own.
1. to _______________ / _______________ a lecture
2. to _______________ / _______________ an exam
3. to _______________ / _______________ a degree
4. to _______________ / _______________ a university
5. to _______________/ _______________ the deadline
6. to get a _______________ / _______________
7. to have a (an) _______________ / _______________
8. to defend a _______________ / _______________
9. to possess a _______________ / _______________
10. to meet the _______________ / _______________

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Task 7. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words.
1. The students of our group must ___________ our course works by the
end of the semester.
a) guide b) submit c) attend
2. The graduates always __________ the graduation papers before special
examination boards.
a) admit b) cheat c) defend
3. Experienced ___________ deliver lectures and guide the students’
research work.
a) Academic Board b) associate professors c) Bachelors
4. A person, who took a postgraduate course, first gets a PhD and only
then he/she is awarded his/her ___________.
a) academic title b) department chair c) dean
5. This student failed several exams so he can be __________ from the
university.
a) admitted b) enrolled c) expelled
6. Our ____________ for the next time is to prepare presentations about
different types of crimes.
a) thesis b) assignment c) internship
7. In order to apply for admission young people must possess a
___________ and achieve good results in External Independent Testing.
a) graduation project b) Master’s degree c) certificate of
secondary education
8. When she gets her first ____________, she will appreciate the
advantages of studying at the public institution.
a) scholarship b) schedule c) tuition fee
9. Only ___________ students can gain a valuable experience studying
abroad.
a) mature b) disability c) exchange
10. At the beginning of each academic year the teachers of the Department
of Foreign languages ____________ students’ knowledge to divide them
into the subgroups.
a) assess b) maintain c) train

Task 8. Fill in the gaps with the following words and word
combinations.
refectory, deadline, higher educational establishments, vocational,
qualifications, curricula, entrance exams, under the guidance,
internship, investigations
1. John is a PhD candidate working __________________ of Prof. Daniel
MacBright.

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2. In their _______________ researchers identify scientific problems, do
experiments, construct and test hypotheses.
3. Your summer ________________ is a perfect opportunity for you to
explore potential careers, gain valuable job experience, fulfill university
requirements and learn about yourself.
4. The ________________is a large student dining area conveniently
located at the heart of the campus.
5. ________________ organise Open Days to attract students willing to
start their studies there and answer all points of interest, explaining
enrollment requirements, study programs and other important aspects.
6. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for possibilities to
acquire practical ________________ within the context of university
degree programs.
7. Most Ukrainians believe that Independent External Testing is far better
than the usual university ________________.
8. A ___________ school, also called a trade school, is an institution that
specialises in providing students with the professional training and technical
skills they need in order to perform the tasks of a particular job.
9. This is a strict ____________ for submitting applications and all the
necessary documents to our university.
10. The institutions of higher learning should adapt their ______________
to the needs of disabled learners.

Task 9. Complete the dialogues with the appropriate words or phrases

from Task 1.
1
A: Oh hi, Jack! You’re going to study psychology too, aren’t you?
B: Yes, it’s my only elective 1)______________ this term.
A: Why? What happened?
B: In my opinion, 2)______________ courses are more important for my
future career than the elective ones.
A: I don’t agree with you. To be a good 3)________________ you must
possess knowledge and 4)______________ in various fields of
5)____________________.
B: May be you’re right. I promise I’ll think about this.
2
A: Hi, Dan! Do you like studying at this university?
B: I don’t know. Frankly speaking, I’m thinking about transferring to other
educational 6)______________ but I’m not sure.
A: And where do you want to 7)________________ and why?
B: I’m going to the University of York because it is situated in my
hometown. I hope it’s better to be closer to my parents and friends.
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A: I see. And would you keep the same 8)____________ if you transferred?
What is it...Labour Law?
B: Yes, I would. The 9)______________s I’ve earned here will transfer to
the University of York. I’ve already checked. And I’ll move back to
London when I 10)___________________ from that University in 3 years.

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A: Hello, May I come in? I’m Roger, your new neighbour. We’ll live in the
same room in this 11) _______________.
B: I’m Lawrence. Nice to meet you! You know, it’s great to live here. The
12) _________________ consists of 7 halls of residence and university
buildings which are situated not far from here.
A: I’m a 13)_________________ student so I don’t know much about
studying here. Will you tell me about it?
B: OK. We have spacious 14)_____________ halls, laboratories, good
facilities and libraries.
A: And what about studying? What can you tell me about the teaching
staff?
B: We have experienced professors but you have to 15) _______________
lectures regularly and study hard not to be expelled from the university.
Let’s go I’ll show you our campus!
4
A: Hi, Mark. Are you ready for the exam?
B: Not really. I want to 16)______________ a little bit and use my cribs.
A: Oh, you can 17)________________ the exam. Professor Smith is very
strict. As for me, I’m going to hit the books so I hope to get an excellent
mark.
B: You always 18)_____________ your exams because you are a diligent
student and I’m not.
A: But you can always rely on me! For example, I can help you with your
course work.
B: Thanks a lot. It would be great. I really have problems with it. Now I’m
sure I’ll 19)______________ my course paper in time and 20)
______________ it successfully!

Task 10. A. Match the following idioms with their definitions.

1. to be a bookworm
2. to be teacher's pet
a) to be the favourite pupil of the
teacher.
b) (you can’t) make old people
change their ideas or way of
working
15
3. to learn one’s lesson c) to pass something easily and with
a high score
4. (you can’t) teach an old dog new d) to suffer a bad experience and
tricks know not to do it again

5. to hit the books e) to fail a course, to fail and then

leave school
6. to pass with flying colors f) someone who reads a lot
7. to take the roll g) to work at a job to help pay for
your college or university expenses
8. to work one’s way through h) to begin to study hard
college
9. to flunk out j) to waste time
10. to goof off k) to call the names of students in an
attendance book and expect them to
answer if they are there

B. Fill in the correct idiom. Use proper tense forms where it is

necessary.
1. I do remember those days when my older brother
………………………… at the local supermarket.
2. We believe in his talents and expect that he …….. the exam
………………………. .
3. He is always reading. He …… a real …………… .
4. My sister was always ………….. at her school and this often irritated
her classmates.
5. My sister ………………… for several weeks and, as a result, failed her
exam.
6. I ………………………………… . This situation will never happen
again.
7. The teacher ……………………....... and then we started the lesson.
8. The student was very smart but he ……………… of his language course.
9. I was shocked to know that Professor had never used a computer. But he
emphasised that …………………………………….. .
10. After relaxing all weekend I …………….. on Sunday evening.

16
 LISTENING
Task 1. Before listening to the text “The System of Higher Education in
Ukraine” discuss the questions.

 Is it important to have a university degree nowadays? What are

the reasons for pursuing higher education?
 What are the admission requirements at Ukrainian institutions of
higher learning? What did you do in order to enter the university?
 Do you like being a student? Compare the student life with
studying at school.

Task 2. Match the following English terms with their Ukrainian

equivalents.

1. pursue higher education a) бюджетний

2. decree b) повний, косплексний
3. regulations c) мати право
4. law d) доступ
5. achieve e) успішність
6. affiliation f) ринок праці
7. comprehensive g) постанова, рішення, указ
8. access h) визначати
9. be entitled i) закон
10. budget-financed j) підлягати, зазнавати
11. confirm k) пристосовувати
12. competitive l) незалежно від
13. merit m) положення, норми,
правила
14. define n) досягати
15. undergo o) підтверджувати
16. irrespectively of p) приналежність
17
 17. participation q) заслуга
18. adjust r) здобувати вищу освіту
19. labour market s) участь
20. progress t) конкурсний

Task 3. Listen to the text “The System of Higher education in Ukraine”

and fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.
1. ______________, _______________, __________________, decrees
and regulations of the President and Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
identify the major directions of the Ukrainian policy for higher education.
2. There are several types of higher educational institutions such as
__________, ______________, _____________ and colleges.
3. The ___________________________ establishes the following
academic degrees: Junior Bachelor, ______________, _____________,
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Sciences.
4. In order to be admitted to the University, school leavers have to pass
_________________________________.
5. In accordance with the laws of Ukraine there are two forms of study:
_____________ and ______________.
6. The state-owned institutions of higher learning guarantee a
competitive merit-based access to _________________ education for all
citizens.
7. Students admitted to public higher education institutions on a full-
time, budget-financed basis can receive ____________________.
8. In privately owned institutions students have to pay
____________________.
9. The teaching and research staff consists of __________, senior
lecturers, ___________, ____________, department chairs, ___________,
directors of the institute, __________ and rectors.
10. All students defend their ______________________ before the
examination boards.

Task 4. Say whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct
the false statements.
1. It is necessary to have only a Bachelor’s degree in order to become a
postgraduate student.
2. Vocational institutions and colleges award Master’s degrees.
3. A successful defence of the dissertation means that a person can obtain
the PhD degree.
4. It takes a student four years to get the Bachelor’s degree.

18
5. Young people, having incomplete general secondary education, may
become students of higher education institutions.
6. All higher educational establishments admit students without any exams.
7. Privately owned institutions provide students with tuition-free education.
8. The amount of the scholarship depends on one’s gender, race, social
status, political ideology or affiliation, religion etc.
9. Students can get scholarships when they are admitted to public higher
education institutions only on a full-time, budget-financed basis.
10. Young people can graduate from the university without defending their
course and graduation papers.

19
 READING
Task 1. Read and memorise the active vocabulary to the text “Legal
Training at Lviv Polytechnic National University”.
a body of state administration орган державної
адміністрації
a lawyer юрист, адвокат
a forerunner попередник
Administrative Law адміністративне право
bodies of local self-government органи місцевого
самоврядування
Business Law господарське право
Canonical Law канонічне право
Civil Law цивільне право
Constitutional Law конституційне право
Criminal Law кримінальне право
Ecological law екологічне право
International Law міжнародне право
judicature судочинство
Labour Law трудове право
Land Law земельне право
law-enforcing bodies правоохоронні органи
Municipal Law муніципальне право
premises приміщення
state security bodies органи державної
безпеки
the Bar адвокатура
the Institute of Jurisprudence and Psychology Інститут права та
психології
the Ministry of Justice Міністерство Юстиції
Transport law транспортне право

Task 2. Read and translate the text “Legal Training at Lviv

Polytechnic National University”.

20
 LEGAL TRAINING AT LVIV POLYTECHNIC NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
Lviv Polytechnic National University is the oldest technical higher
educational institution in Ukraine and Eastern Europe.
The history of Lviv Polytechnic University began in 1844, with the
foundation of its forerunner the Lviv Technical Academy, one of the oldest
colleges of technology in Europe and the first in the Ukrainian lands. In
1877 the Academy was renamed into High Polytechnic College and was
included into the list of higher technical educational institutions of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire. That new academic year started in the new
premises what is today the main building of the university. On the facade of
this building, which is of elegant classical design, a Latin inscription reads
“Litteris et Artibus” (To Literature and the Arts). In 1921 the new name of
Lviv Polytechnic was adopted. After Soviet Power in 1939 it was renamed
into Lviv Polytechnic Institute. In June 1993, the year before its 150 th
anniversary, Lviv Polytechnic Institute got the highest fourth accreditation
level, the status of the university and the name “Lviv Polytechnic State
University”. In 2000 the University received the title of Lviv National
Polytechnic University. On 8th July 2009 the Cabinet of Ministers of
Ukraine designated Lviv Polytechnic National University as a self-managed
research national higher educational institution.
Nowadays our University is one of the leading advanced teaching
and research centres in Ukraine. Its research activity is based on a long
academic tradition. Agreements on co-operation in the fields of research
and the introduction of new technologies have been reached with a number
of universities in the USA, Canada, Britain, Germany, France, Austria and
other countries.
The location of the University in Stepan Bandera Street has the
advantage of close proximity to the main railway and bus stations, the food
market and shops, cafes and student hostels. As the majority of the
University buildings are concentrated on a single campus, all departments
are within about five-minute walk of one another.
Lviv Polytechnic National University consists of 16 institutes, 114
departments, autonomous educational establishments, public organisations
and structural units. The University is governed by the Academic Board
which is chaired by the Rector and includes student representatives. The
Institutes offer courses in various subject areas, the principal of which are
the following: Applied Mathematics, Architecture, Integrated Computer
Technologies, Automation and Control Engineering, Chemical Technology,
Civil Engineering and Building, Computer Science, Computer Systems,
Economics, Electrical Engineering, Electrical Mechanics, Electronic
Devices, Electronics, Environmental Engineering, Food Technology,
21
Geodesy, Cartography and Land Management, Journalism, Jurisprudence,
Laser Technology and Opto-electronics, Management, Mechanical
Engineering, Metrology and Measurement, Power Engineering, Psychology
Radio Engineering, Telecommunications, Transport Engineering, Welding
etc.
There are opportunities to study modern languages. The Department
of Foreign Languages, which belongs to the Institute of Humanities and
Social Sciences, offers courses in English, French, German, Latin, Spanish
and Japanese. Foreign languages help students to do research in their fields
of interest by way of enabling them to read professional literature and
periodicals in foreign languages, communicating with foreign specialists
while participating in students’ scientific conferences, doing research in
collaboration with foreign specialists, using the Internet. Under the
guidance of teachers of Foreign Languages Department the best students
prepare and present their reports in foreign languages at annual students’
scientific conferences arranged by the department. Their reports
(presentations) usually deal with urgent problems of science, engineering,
social sciences, humanities. Advanced students defend their diploma
projects in a foreign language.
The academic library is one of the largest university libraries in
Ukraine. Its two buildings are on adjacent sites at the heart of the
University campus. Many University students, including those from abroad,
live in a students’ village consisting of a number of halls of residence,
within walking distance from the campus. A club, a medical centre, a
hospital and other services are available there.
Many students participate in amateur cultural groups. The “Prosvita”
cultural association is very active in promoting Ukrainian culture. There are
amateur groups, including a symphony orchestra, a choir, a dance group, a
staff male voice choir, music and song groups. A cultural festival called
“The Polytechnic Spring” is held annually.
The University’s sporting achievements are well known. Physical
education is provided for students of all years. There are two physical
education buildings with specialised sports halls, a swimming pool, skiing
facilities, a summer sports ground etc. There are also University sports and
recreation centres on the Black Sea coast and a recreation centre in the
Carpathian Mountains where students can spend their vacations. So the
University has achievements in teaching and research as well as in cultural,
artistic and sporting activities and it is highly rated by our young people.

22
 The Institute of Jurisprudence and
Psychology was created in February 2011
as a result of restructuring the Law
Faculty of the Vyacheslav Chornovil
Institute of Innovative Technologies and
Enterprise and joining the Department of
Pedagogy, Psychology and Law of the
Humanities and Social Sciences Institute
of Lviv Polytechnic National University.
Its efforts are aimed at training qualified
professionals in their field of work.
The Institute collaborates with
other Ukrainian and foreign universities.
These include Lviv State University of
Internal Affairs (Ukraine), Lviv National Stepan Gzhytsky University of
Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Ukraine), Ivan Franko National
University of Lviv (Ukraine), Silesian Polytechnic University (Poland),
Jagiellonian University (Poland), Higher Police School (Poland) etc. They
hold scientific conferences, organise seminars, carry out research in the
field of law and perform joint projects.
The teaching staff consists of more than 110 people, among them
there are 16 Professors and over 50 Associate Professors. The staff is
engaged in the academic research and educational activities at the
departments. At the Institute of Jurisprudence and Psychology there are the
following departments: the Department of Administrative and Information
Law, the Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, the
Department of History of State and Law, the Department of Criminal Law
and Procedure, the Department of Psychology, Pedagogy and Social
Management, the Department of Theory and Philosophy of Law, the
Department of Civil Law and Procedure.
Admission to the Institute is highly competitive. The applicants need
to possess a certificate of secondary education and they must pass the
Exterrnal Independent Testing in History of Ukraine, Ukrainian Language
and Literature, Mathematics or Foreign Language. There are full-time, part-
time and postgraduate students at the Institute. Its graduates specialise in
such subject areas as “Law”, “Practical Psychology”, “Journalism”,
“Forensics” and “Educational Administration” and receive Bachelor’s or
Master’s degrees. It takes four years to complete a course leading to the
Bachelor’s degree and five years and a half to gain the Master’s. Every year
the ablest graduates of the university are given the opportunity to develop
their research skills while taking postgraduate courses.

23
 The students who want to major in Law attend lectures, tutorials and
study a lot of different subjects. In the first year Theory of the State and
Law, History of the State and Law, History of Ukraine and Ukrainian
Culture, Foreign Languages and other general subjects are taught. Starting
from the second year of studies Law students are equipped with skills and
knowledge within their field of specialisation. The curriculum includes the
following disciplines: Criminal Law, Constitutional Law, Labour Law,
Civil Law, Canonical Law, Administrative Law, International Law,
Environmental Law, Transport Law, Land Law, Business Law, Municipal
Law, Philosophy of Law, Court Rhetoric etc.
All these specialised courses and research programmes are designed
to provide the highest quality, up-to-date training and experience possible.
The Institute of Jurisprudence and Psychology trains qualified lawyers who
apply legal theories and knowledge to provide various legal services.
Employment opportunities exist in different spheres. The Institute
trains highly-qualified lawyers who work in the bodies of state
administration, state security bodies, bodies of local self-government, law-
enforcing bodies, bodies of judicature and prosecution. They also may work
in the Bar, the Ministry of Justice, notary offices etc.

Task 3. Answer the following questions.

1. When was Lviv Polytechnic University founded?
2. How many institutes are there?
3. How was the Institute of Jurisprudence and Psychology created?
4. What do you know about the composition of its teaching staff?
5. What is the staff engaged in?
6. What departments does the Institute of Jurisprudence and Psychology
comprise?
7. How can an applicant become a student?
8. What levels is the training divided into? Name them.
9. What are the main subjects in the curriculum of a law student?
10. How can a foreign language help law students in their research work?

Task 4. Find the words and expressions in the text that mean:
1. a person who is qualified to advise people on law and represent them in
court
2. the system of official rules in the country
3. the law of a state relating to private and civilian affairs
4. the body of law dealing with the constitution of offences and the
punishment of offenders
5. an area of law concerning the relations between employers and
employees
24
6. the area of law which deals with the interpretation and application of a
country’s constitution
7. the set of rules generally accepted in relations between states and nations
8. rules and regulations concerned with the maintenance and protection of
the natural surroundings
9. the study of law and the principles on which law is based
10. scientific methods of solving crimes that involve examining objects or
substances related to a crime

Task 5. Complete the following sentences, selecting the words from the
box below.
scholars annually attend available offers participate
facilities is provided on hand student village

1. Students have to __________ lectures and seminars, pass exams and

write course papers.
2. Many distinguished __________deliver lectures at the university.
3. The University Library __________ a modern service to users from all
subject areas.
4. There are excellent __________ for studying here.
5. The University buildings are concentrated on a single campus, and
everything is __________ there.
6. A cultural festival called “ The Polytechnic Spring” is held
__________.
7. The students live in a __________.
8. A lot of students __________ in the amateur dramatics and music
societies.
9. A club, a medical centre, a hospital and other services are __________ at
out university.
10. Physical education __________ for students of all years.

Task 6. Complete the following sentences choosing a suitable

preposition from the box.
of (5) in (5) at (2) by (2) with on into to
1. The history … Lviv Polytechnic University began … the year 1844, …
the foundation … its forerunner the Lviv Technical Academy.
2. In 2000 Lviv Polytechnic State University was renamed … Lviv
National Polytechnic University.
3. Lviv Polytechnic consists … 16 institutes and 114 departments.
4. The University is governed … the Academic Board which is chaired
…the Rector.

25
5. The research activity of Lviv Polytechnic is based … a long academic
tradition.
6. The teaching staff of the Institute consists … experienced Associate
Professors.
7. Its efforts are aimed … training qualified professionals … their field of
work.
8. Admission … the University is highly competitive.
9. The students are engaged … research work … the departments… the
Institute of Jurisprudence and Psychology.
10. The students who major … Law can find employment … different
spheres.

Task 7. Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings.

1. Teachers and students carry out a) in order to pass them successfully.
research b) leading to the award of a
2. Students have to take many Bachelor’s degree.
exams c) and they were expelled for
3. Doctoral dissertations are disciplinary reasons.
defended d) during their studying at the
4. The purpose of the Department University.
for Army Officer Training e) before 26 specialised Academic
5. On entering Lviv Polytechnic Committees.
University, students follow a four f) is to train career officers in 27
year course military subjects.
g) in numerous laboratories of the
University.
h) when students may defend diploma
projects in a foreign language. h) at numerous dep

Task 8. Read and translate the text “Studying at Cambridge

University”. Write out the unknown words.

26
 The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research
university in Cambridge, England. It is one of the world’s oldest
universities and leading academic centres which was founded in 1209.
The University consists of a variety of institutions which include 31
self-governing and independent colleges and over 150 different faculties
and academic departments organised into Schools. There are six Schools:
Arts and Humanities, Biological Sciences, Clinical Medicine, Humanities
and Social Sciences, Physical Sciences and Technology.
The University offers 30 undergraduate courses covering more than
65 subject areas. The main courses include Archeology, Architecture,
Chemical Engineering, Computer Science, History and Politics, Law,
Linguistics, Management Studies, Mathematics, Medicine, Modern and
Medieval Languages, Music, Natural Sciences, Psychological and
Behavioral Sciences, Theology, Religion and Philosophy of Religion,
Veterinary Medicine etc.
The teaching staff includes many national and world leaders, so
students have an exciting opportunity to be taught by leading experts in
their field. The faculties are responsible for ensuring that lectures are given,
arranging seminars, performing research and determining the syllabi for
teaching. The Colleges provide undergraduates with accommodation but are
much more than halls of residence.
The head of the University is the Chancellor. The position of the
Chancellor is mainly ceremonial. That means that the Chancellor does not
take part in many decisions. The Vice-Chancellor instead is the one who
makes most decisions. For example, he/she approves and signs new rules.
This role is given to a person for at least five years.
The Senate House is a building in Cambridge. The degree ceremony
takes place there. It is also the place where the important people of the
University meet to take decisions. The University's governing body is called
the Regent House. The Regent House is not another building, it is just a
way of calling people who can make and change the University rules when
they meet. A formal meeting of the Regent House is known as
a Congregation.
One of the main aims of the University of Cambridge is to
do scientific research. The university has 114 libraries. The Cambridge
University Library is the central research library. Almost every faculty or
department has a specialised library. Cambridge’s libraries hold a total of
around 15 million books and excellent computing facilities.
The University of Cambridge Sports Centre opened in August 2013.
It has lots of modern sports facilities. Rowing is a particularly popular sport
at Cambridge. There are often competitions between Colleges and against

27
Oxford. There are also competitions in other sports like cricket, rugby,
chess, squash, tennis, swimming etc.
Numerous student-run societies exist in order to encourage people
who share a common passion or interest to periodically meet or discuss. In
2010 there were 751 registered societies. In addition to these, colleges often
promote their own societies and sports teams.
The Cambridge University Chamber Orchestra performs a range of
programmes, from popular symphonies to lesser known works.
Membership of the orchestra is composed of students of the University. If
you are an organist, singer/chorister or instrumentalist of a very high
standard and you’d like to combine specialist musical experience with a
Cambridge degree, you should consider applying for a Music Award.
Cambridge University Press is a department of the University and the
world’s oldest publishing house, and the second-largest university press in
the world. Student newspapers include the long-established ‘Varsity’, its
younger rival ‘The Cambridge Student’, and news and culture magazine
the Cambridge Globalist. News and information are printed and given out
in the Cambridge University Reporter. This is the official newspaper of the
University. Cambridge University operates eight arts, cultural, and
scientific museums, and a botanic garden.
The University has educated many notable alumni, including eminent
mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors
and foreign Heads of States. Ninety-two Nobel laureates have been
affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, staff or alumni.
Students need to pass some tests and interviews to be allowed to
study at Cambridge. Students must be very intelligent to enter
Cambridge. Because many good students apply, the interview is very
important to choose the best ones. Usually about 25% of the applicants get
a place. However, the number changes depending on the subjects. Some of
them, like medicine, law and economics are very hard to get into.
If you want to apply to Cambridge, the process is much the same as
that for other universities. However, at Cambridge the process starts earlier
to allow time for all of the application information to be gathered and
considered and for you to sit your written assessments (where required).
Applications to Cambridge must be made by mid-October in the year before
starting. Before applying, you need to check that you have the right grades
and in the right subjects for the course you have chosen.
The University of Cambridge requires applicants for Law to take the
Cambridge Law Test at the interview, which is designed to provide an
assessment of your potential for the Law course. Your performance in the
assessment at the interview will not be considered in isolation, but will be
taken into account together with the other elements of your application. It's
28
used as an additional piece of information alongside your school
examination results, the other information provided in your application and
your performance at the interview when making admission decisions. The
course-specific written assessments are designed to provide the assessment
of current knowledge and understanding relevant to the course applied for.
Not all candidates who are interviewed will be made an offer of a place, but
all those who are made an offer will have been interviewed. Due to a very
high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, the
interview process is crucial for distinguishing between the ablest
candidates. The interview is performed by College Fellows, who evaluate
candidates on such factors as potential for original thinking and creativity.
Graduate admission is first decided by the faculty or department relating to
the applicant's subject.
There are undergraduate and postgraduate students at the University,
including international students from more than 65 different countries. The
Faculty has exchange agreements with universities in France, the
Netherlands, Germany and Spain. About 20 undergraduates can spend their
third year abroad studying law of one of these European countries.
The Bachelor of Law is an undergraduate degree in law or the first
professional degree in law which takes three years of studying. The Master
of Law and PhD are regarded as postgraduate academic degrees. The
Master of Law Degree is intended for those wishing to pursue further legal
studies after completing their first degree in law. The Cambridge Law
Faculty offers a world-renowned, internationally-respected Master of Law
programme. The one-year taught course offers the best students the
opportunity to pursue their legal studies at an advanced level. The Faculty
of Law has over 100 postgraduate students undertaking advanced legal
research, mostly on the three-year PhD programme (five years for part-time
study). A candidate is expected to have completed one year of postgraduate
study, normally on a research preparation masters course, prior to starting a
PhD. Once the Faculty has received your application, applicants may be
called for an interview. After an interview they can be given a place.
Entrance to the programme is highly competitive.
The academic year is divided into three academic terms. Michaelmas
term lasts from October to December; Lent term from January to March;
and Easter term from April to June. Within these terms undergraduate
teaching takes place within eight-week periods called Full Terms.
According to the University statutes, it is a requirement that during this
period all students should live within 3 miles of the Church of St Mary the
Great that is the main Church in Cambridge.
The Faculty of Law building houses lecture theatres, seminar rooms
and a moot court, as well as the comprehensive Law Library, offering more
29
than 180,000 volumes. The Faculty and University Law Society organise
numerous activities including formal meetings, informal lawyers’ evenings,
social events, lectures and moots (debates about hypothetical legal cases).
Studying at Cambridge University involves a mixture of lectures (organised
by the University departments) and supervisions (organised by the
colleges). Science subjects also involve laboratory sessions, organised by
the departments. Supervisions are typically weekly hour-long sessions in
which small groups of students (usually between one and three) meet with a
member of the teaching staff or with a doctoral student. Students are
normally required to complete an assignment in advance of the supervision,
which they will discuss with the supervisor during the session, along with
any concerns or difficulties they have had with the material presented in
that week’s lectures. This is often considered to be one of the best things
about studying at Cambridge. Depending on the subject and college,
students might receive between one and four supervisions per week.
This pedagogical system is unique to Oxford (where "supervisions" are
known as “tutorials”) and Cambridge. Your supervisor completes a report
on your progress at the end of each term.
A Law Degree alone is not a qualification for practice. Qualifying
law graduates may proceed directly to the vocational training courses
preparing them for the final professional examinations. The seven
foundation subjects are: Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, Law of Tort,
Law of Contract, Land Law, Law of Trusts (Equity) and Law of the
European Union. Most Law undergraduates intend to practise law as
lawyers, in the judiciary and academic life. Others seek careers in
administration, management, politics or finance and find employment
within the legal departments of the Civil Service, local government,
industrial and commercial firms, banks and international organisations.

Task 9. Find in the text and write down the equivalents to the following
words and phrases.
1. рeктор унівeрситeту;
2. самоврядний;
3. керівний орган;
4. проводити наукові дослідження;
5. видатні випускники університету;
6. співбесіда;
7. оцінювати;
8. всесвітньо відомий;
9. на поглибленому рівні;
10. містити;
11. навчальний судовий процес;
30
12. заздалегідь;
13. деліктне право;
14. правові норми про довірчу власність;
15. договірнe право.

Task 10. Answer the following questions.

1. What type of educational institution is the University of Cambridge and
what is its structure?
2. How is Cambridge University governed?
3. What can you tell about the University facilities?
4. What are the admission requirements of Cambridge University in general
and Law Faculty in particular?
5. What degrees are conferred in the sphere of law? How long do they last?
6. How is the academic process at the Faculty of Law organised?
7. What are the career prospects for those who possess a Law Degree?

Task 11. Decide which one of the two sentences is correct.

1. a) The faculties of Cambridge University are responsible for arranging
lectures, seminars, performing research and determining the syllabi.
b) The faculties of Cambridge University are responsible for making
decisions, approving and signing new rules.
2. a) A Congregation is usually held at the Senate House.
b) A Congregation is usually held at the Regent House.
3. a) Cambridge University Press is the second-oldest publishing house in
the world.
b) Cambridge University Press is the oldest publishing house in the
world.
4. a) The interview plays the most important role for determining on the
best candidates.
b) The interview results along with the other elements of the application
are taken into account when choosing the best candidates.
5. a) You may work as a lawyer directly after receiving a Law Degree.
b) You need to complete a vocational training course after receiving a
Law Degree to be allowed to work as a lawyer.

Task 12. Complete the sentences given below.

1. The University offers courses … .
2. The teaching staff of the University includes … .
3. The Vice-Chancellor is elected … .
4. The Senate House is a building where … .
5. The official newspaper of the university is … .
6. The university has given education … .
31
7. In order to study at Cambridge University … .
8. The Faculty of Law building includes … .
9. Supervisions are … .
10. To prepare for the final professional examinations law graduates should
….

Task 13. Rearrange the following jumbled words to form sentences.

1. The University / academic / leading / in / 1209 / of / is / one / founded /
the / of / world’s / Cambridge / centres.
2. The / not / does / decisions / most / part / Chancellor / in / making / take.
3. One / the University / the / to do / aims / of / of / Cambridge / is /
scientific / of / main / research.
4. Numerous / people / encourage / who / a / common / share / student-run /
or / interest / passion / to / societies / meet.
5. Cambridge University / a / eight / and / scientific / museums / arts / and /
cultural / botanic / operates / garden.
6. Applications / Cambridge / before / made / by / must / mid-October / in /
the / be /year / to / starting.
7. The / Law / is / assessment / to / provide / an / designed / of / potential /
your / Test / for / the / Law / Cambridge /course.
8. The / is / such / candidates /to / thinking / evaluate / factors / as /
interview / potential / for / original / performed / on / and / creativity.
9. There / undergraduate / international / from / students / University / are /
postgraduate / the / including / and / students / different / at / countries.
10. Supervision / one / the / considered / about / be / of / best / often / things
/ to / studying / at / is / Cambridge.

Task 14. Compare Lviv Polytechnic University and Cambridge

University. Consider the following issues:
 History
 University structure
 Governing body
 Teaching staff
 Students
 Admission requirements
 Faciliites
 Studying process
 Academic degrees
 Employment opportunities

32
 APPLIED GRAMMAR
Task 1. Identify the tense forms of the following verbs.
A) have created, would be learning, had attended, will have been listening,
was defending;
B) would supervise, submitted, is registering, has scheduled, will access;
C) majors, would expel, will be guiding, had been writing, will have
investigated;
D) has been mastering, has applied, will enroll, were passing, was
delivering;
E) will have been taking, required, research, will have achieved, would
have graduated.

Task 2. A. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the

Present Simple Tense.
1. She (to study) at the Department of Law. 2. The best students of the
university often (to apply) for postgraduate study. 3. He always (to cheat) in
exams. 4. As far as I know, he (to be) a sophomore of this college. 5. She
(not to live) in the hall of residence.
B. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Present
Continuous Tense.
1. Jane (to take) the exam in Criminal Law now. 2. You (to have) any
troubles with the lectures? 3. She (to work) on her course project at the
moment. 4. What you currently (to investigate)? 5. Our head of the
department is the one who (to stand) slightly apart in the college photo.
C. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Present
Perfect Tense.
1. We (not to study) special law terms yet. 2. You (to see) Prof. Brown
lately? 3. My cousin already (to receive) a Bachelor’s Degree. 4. We can
start the interview now, as all the entrants (to arrive). 5. You (to check) that
contract again?
D. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Present
Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. He (to prepare) a report about the history of this Law School since
Thursday. 2. Who (to work) with the first-year students for the last two
months? 3. They (to sit) in this lecture theatre for half an hour. 4. I (not to
take part) in such kinds of conferences since last year. 5. Part-time students
(to attend) lectures and seminars for a week.

Task 3. A. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Past
Simple Tense.
1. He (to submit) his documents two days ago. 2. It is known that she (to
get) her PhD last academic year. 3. You (to find) the refectory? 4. Our
33
group (to miss) the deadline for doing that project. 5. She (to copy) all the
necessary handouts in advance.
B. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Past
Continuous Tense.
1. They (to listen) to the details of some exchange program when I came in.
2. In fact, we (to look) for a suitable candidate for the post of the vice-rector
at that moment. 3. Darkness (to fall) over the campus as James hurried back
to college. 4. He (not to take) the exam at 12 o’clock. 5. What you (to do)
while you (to wait) for the results of your tests?
C. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Past Perfect
Tense.
1. I (to check) all the assignments by the time he came. 2. It was strange,
but the Dean (not to arrive) to the graduation ceremony by the time it
started. 3. I (to be) a full-time student until I found this job. 4. I (to leave)
the university before I finished the course I was taking. 5. He (to apply) for
this scholarship before it was too late?
D. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Past Perfect
Continuous Tense.
1. He (to work) in the library all day long before he came back to the hostel.
2. She was an excellent commercial lawyer. She (to major) in this sphere
for several decades. 3. By 2014 they (to sponsor) our Department’s library
for fifty years. 4. Who (to supervise) their internship during that period? 5.
Our Department (to negotiate) with Oxford University for three months
before twenty exchange students went to England.

Task 4. A. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the

Future Simple Tense.
1. I (to try) to enter this faculty next year. 2. You (to join) us in the lecture
theatre? 3. She (not to work) with international students next term. 4. I (to
draw) a plan of our campus for you? 5. We (to have) lectures on
Jurisprudence every Friday.
B. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Future
Continuous Tense.
1. On Friday we mainly (to work) on language skills, such as writing letters
or speaking with clients. 2. My sister (to defend) her course work at that
time tomorrow. 3. This time next Tuesday afternoon she (to deliver) her
speech in this lecture theatre. 4. We (to wait) for the exchange students at
the airport when their plane lands. 5. What you (to do) at the same time
tomorrow?
C. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Future
Perfect Tense.

34
1. By the end of the semester they (to complete) a course in History of
Commercial Law. 2. I hope you (to choose) the electives by the end of the
week. 3. You (to discuss) this question with your supervisor before you go
to the conference? 4. She (not to finish) her project by the lunch time. 5. I
(to have) my exams by the end of June.
D. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Future
Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. By that time he (to practise) law for two years. 2. How long they (to
reconstruct) the main building of the university? 3. By the end of the month
she (to work) at this university for 15 years. 4. I (to major) in this subject
for three terms. 5. We (to discuss) our future career for the next 20-30
minutes.

Task 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of Present
Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect or Present Perfect
Continuous.
1. As a rule, the most important courses a student (to complete) during his
or her studies at our university (to be) skill courses in legal writing and
research. 2. Andrew (not to read) his course work now. He (to translate) a
scientific paper. 3. This professor already (to deliver) five lectures for
Ukrainian students. 4. Jessica (to prepare) for her final exam since early
morning. 5. The students (not to fill) in the questionnaires yet. 6. Den
sometimes (to get) to the university by tram, but usually his father (to give)
him a lift. 7. The lawyer (to speak) to his client for an hour and a half now.
8. Are you busy now, Rachel? – Yes, I (to type) the report for the
conference. 9. Jack (to write) an article for the university newspaper since 5
o’clock. 10. They already (to obtain) the results of the experiment? 11. The
students (to listen) to the lecture in the lecture hall at the moment. 12. Molly
(to attend) language courses for three months now. 13. Your friend still (to
write) a test? – No, he (not to write) a test, he (to wait) for the teacher to
know his mark. 14. The seminar just (to start). 15. Janet (to study) Criminal
Law for two years now.16. The police (to investigate) that murder for a
month already. 17. Jenny (not to graduate) from this university yet. 18. I (to
chose) an elective course at last. 19. My roommate currently (to write) his
internship report. 20. Introduction to Legal English (to be) compulsory in a
growing number of law faculties all over the world.

Task 6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of Past Simple,
Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous.
1. By the end of last week all the students (to pass) their exams. 2. Frank (to
work) in the laboratory from 2 till 5 o’clock yesterday. 3. Brian was so
disappointed because he (to try) to find a better job for three weeks. 4. The
35
lawyer (to prepare) all the documents by 4 o’clock yesterday. 5. In 2012 I
(to provide) free legal assistance to poor people. 6. Harry (to move) into
another hostel before Christmas. 7. Gordon (to read) the article about
crimes for an hour yesterday. 8. Pamela (not to finish) her project by the
end of October. 9. The students (to train) in the gym at 7 o’clock yesterday.
10. Mandatory courses (to start) at the end of September. 11. The workers
(to load) the boxes into the lorry not far from the main building when I (to
see) them. 12. The police (to chase) the burglars for two hours before they
(to catch) them. 13. When Charlie (to enter) the study room, his teacher (to
explain) something to his groupmates. 14. Nick and Martin (to do) the
experiment in the science laboratory while Fred (to write) a report. 15.
Cleve (not to attend) computer courses before he (to enter) the university.
16. Sandy and I (to study) for our English test all day long when my mother
(to come). 17. Professor Daniel (to read) some papers when his assistant (to
come) into the lecture room. 18. When the delegation (to arrive) at the
university, the conference already (to begin). 19. Jessica (to type) a review
while Henry (to surf) the Net in search of some information for the History
project. 20. Mr. Black (to work) as a lawyer for forty years before he (to
retire).

Task 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of Future
Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous,
Future Simple in the Past, Future Continuous in the Past, Future
Perfect in the Past or Future Perfect Continuous in the Past.
1. My lawyer (to wait) for us at this time next Tuesday. 2. The teacher
answered that the students (to write) the composition for an hour and a half.
3. I (to write) an article for a scientific journal on Monday. 4. They said that
they (to approve) the proposal by the end of next week. 5. I (to discuss) my
course paper with my supervisor from 9 to 10 tomorrow morning. 6. The
students decided that they (to go) to the mountains in summer. 7. Mike (to
interview) our Dean at 5 o’clock. 8. By the beginning of April my father (to
work) for this company for fifteen years. 9. We (to analyse) the results of
the experiment by next Friday. 10. The student thought that he (to make) his
presentation at 2 p.m. 11. He (to finish) his career of the law enforcement
officer by January. 12. She (to leave) the territory of the campus by the time
we (to arrive). 13. My neighbour (to prepare) for her test when I wake up.
14. By the time Nick (to receive) his first salary, he (to work) in our legal
company for thirty days. 15. Don’t disturb us tomorrow! I (to work) on my
course project not to miss the deadline while my sister (to do) the project in
Constitutional Law. 16. They (to pass) their examination session before
they (to leave) the country. 17. We (to surf) the Net for hours when we (to
find) the necessary information.18. He (to publish) the results of his
36
investigation by the time he (take) part in the conference. 19. These law
firms (to cooperate) for many years before they (to terminate) the contract.
20. I (to defend) my research paper before I (to receive) the degree.

Task 8. Choose the correct answer. Explain your choice.

1. I ___ just____ my credit book. I can’t find it anywhere.
a) have lost; b) have been losing; c) am losing.
2. They are late. I _____ for an hour!
a) am waiting; b) have waited; c) have been waiting.
3. He _____ this course project at the moment.
a) is finishing; b) has been finishing; c) finish.
4. She always ____ in the refectory as she doesn’t like crowded places.
a) is eating; b) has eaten; c) eats.
5. Richard ____ the purpose of our experiment at that moment.
a) is explaining; b) was explaining; c) has explained.
6. By the end of the day, he ____ for eight hours.
a) will be working; b) will have worked; c) will have been working.
7. The workshop ____ by 11 o’clock.
a) was finishing ; b) had finished; c) had been finishing.
8. The students ______ notes during the lecture for an hour yesterday.
a) had been taking; b) had taken; c) took.
9. Helen ______ for exam in the library at 11 o’clock tomorrow.
a) will prepare; b) will have prepared; c) will be preparing.
10. The Academic Board _____ me a degree by this time tomorrow.
a) will grant; b) will have granted; c) will be granting.
11. He ____ that he ____ in the old cottage near the territory of the
campus.
a) said/would live; b) said/ will have been living; c) said/ will live.
12. The lecturer __already____ the lecture theatre by the time I _____ it.
a) left/reached; b) had left/reached; c) had been leaving/reach.
13. The associate professor ___ the door, ___ lecture theatre and ___ to the
teacher’s desk.
a) opened/had entered/hurried up; b) had opened/entered/hurried up; c)
opened/entered/hurried up.
14. John _____a lawyer since he _____ from the university.
a) has been/graduated; b) has been/graduates; c) had been/graduated.
15. David ____ the room in the hotel before he ____ to the conference.
a) will book/came; b) will be booking/comes; c) will have
booked/comes.
16. Mr. Brooks ____ the documents which the secretary ___ for him the
day before.
a) took/typed; b) took/had typed; c) has taken/typed.
37
17. They ____ the Net for some freshman traditions when Elizabeth
______ in.
a) has been surfing/came; b) had been surfing/come; c) were
surfing/came.
18. The scientists of our institute ____ the research for many years before
they ____ a new source of energy.
a) had been conducting/discovered; b) were conducting/discovered; c)
will have been conducting/discovered.
19. Nick _____ all the calculations by the time the meeting _______.
a) would have made/begins; b) will have made/begins; c) will be
making/begins.
20. Joe ____us that he ______his homework from 4 to 6.
a) tells/would do; b) told/will be doing; c) told/would be doing.

Task 9. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Вона сказала, що нещодавно отримала диплом магістра. 2. Цей
лектор керував її дипломним проектом кілька років тому. 3. Ректор
відповів, що прийде на церемонію нагородження випускників. 4. Ти
вже прочитав цю статтю? – Ще ні. Я щойно повернувся з конференції.
5. Він важко працює вже протягом трьох років, аби здобути цю
престижну стипендію. 6. Секретар повідомив нас, що декан перевірить
готовність факультету до нового навчального року до кінця тижня. 7.
Вона отримає ступінь бакалавра через чотири місяці. 8. Студенти
писали контрольну роботу, коли прийшли працівники деканату
перевіряти присутність студентів на заняттях. 9. Викладач зайшов в
аудиторію, включив комп’ютер і роздав студентам роздатковий
матеріал. 10. Я знав цього юриста ще до того, як він став відомим
лектором Вашого університету. 11. Він чекав свого наукового
керівника пів години до того, як професор прийшов. 12. Я завершу цю
курсову роботу до початку травня. 13. Студенти не отримують
стипендію, якщо вони мають низькі бали. 14. Завідувач кафедри
перевірить всі навчальні програми, які розробили викладачі. 15. Вона
знайшла роботу після того, як захистила свій дипломний проект. 16. Я
ніколи не була в академічній бібліотеці цього закладу. 17. Софія вже
закінчила університет? – Так, і вона нещодавно отримала ступінь
магістра. 18. Декан повідомив, що першокурсники отримали свою
першу стипендію минулого тижня. 19. У студентів розпочнеться
навчальна практика після того, як вони здадуть всі іспити. 20. Цей
студент повернувся в аудиторію, оскільки він забув свою залікову
книжку.

38
Task 10. Present Forms. Match the sentences (1-10) with the correct
description (a-j).
1. He runs a large Association of a) actions taking place at or around
Local Lawyers. the moment of speaking; temporary
situations
2. He enters the room and opens the b) emphasis on duration of an action
safe. which began in the past and
continues up to the present
3. He has checked all the c) reviews / sport commentaries /
documents. dramatic narratives
4. She has been practising her final d) past actions of a certain duration
speech for hours. having visible results / effects in the
present
5. He is working hard these days. e) fixed arrangements in the near
future
6. He has got a lot of approvals f) timetables / programmes (future
recently. meaning)
7. She is picking me up at 7 o’clock. g) permanent situations or states
8. The train arrives at 9 p.m. h) recently completed actions
9. She is always making i) personal experiences or changes
inappropriate remarks. which have happened
10. You feel bad because you’ve j) frequently repeated actions with
been studying for too long! ‘always’ expressing the speaker’s
annoyance or criticism

Task 11. Past Forms. Match the
description (a-h).
1. He opened the desk, took some
documents and went away.
2. I was upset because I had been
waiting for this chance for so many
days.
3. They were still discussing some
aspects of Ecological Law at that
moment.
4. They were discussing the case
when the judge came in.
5. Gordon had downloaded the files
by 8 o’clock.
6. Mike was reading examples while
Maggie was making some notes.
7. She had finished most of the
39
sentences (1-8) with the correct
a) past action in progress interrupted
by another past action
b) past action which occurred before
another action or before a stated
time in the past
c) two or more simultaneous past
actions
d) action continuing over a period up
to a specific time in the past
e) past actions which happened
immediately one after the other
f) states and habits in the past
g) past action of a certain duration
work by the time Dean arrived.
8. She defended her graduation
paper in 2010.
9. I had been living in the residence
hall for six months before I decided
to find some small flat.
10. She lived in this house when she
was young.
which had visible results in the past
h) past action which finished before
a stated time in the past
i) action in the middle of happening
at a stated past time
j) something that happened once in
the past

Task 12. Future Forms. Match the sentences (1-11) with the correct
description (1-k).
1. Look out! That cyclist is going to a) fixed arrangement in the near
override you! future
2. I’ll be flying to Warsaw at this b) action which will be finished
time tomorrow. before a stated future time
3. By 12 o’clock she’ll have been c) timetable
passing the exam for three hours.
4. The lecture on Criminal Law d) evidence that something will
starts at 10.20 a.m. definitely happen in the near future
5. I’m seeing our Dean this e) future intention
afternoon.
6. When I get my diploma, I’m f) polite enquiry about people’s
going to start my own private arrangements
practice.
7. I think Tomas will become a g) emphasis on the duration of an
great lawyer one day. action up to a certain time in the
future
8. She’ll have finished her project h) on-the-spot decision
by Wednesday afternoon.
9. Will you be going into town i) action in progress at a stated future
today? time
10. I think I’ll make some coffee. j) prediction
Do you want some?

Task 13. Put the sentences in the correct tense form and explain your
choice.
1. Perhaps he won’t attend / isn’t attending this seminar tomorrow. 2. Don’t
forget! The exam is starting / starts at ten o’clock. 3. Watch out! You will
fall / are going to fall! 4. I will see / am seeing Denny tonight, so I’ll tell
him the news. 5. It is very hot in this study room. I am going to / will open
the window. 6. The Vice-Rector comes / is coming to us tomorrow 7. I meet
/ am meeting with my old university friends on Thursday. 8. My supervisor
40
is going to reread / rereads my course paper this morning. 9. We expect she
will be winning / will win students competition next month. 10. I promise I
am going to be / will be there in time for the graduation ceremony. 11. The
academic year will finish / is going to finish on the 31st of May. 12. Will you
be going / Do you go to the refectory? Can you buy me a bottle of mineral
water? 13. Ann has failed the exam. Look at her! She will cry / is going to
cry. 14. Sheila can’t attend the lecture tomorrow. She is visiting / visits her
dentist. 15. I’m afraid we won’t translate / aren’t going to translate this
article without your help.

Task 14. Put the sentences in the correct tense form and explain your
choice.
1. The data show that the violent crime will increase / is increasing in most
areas. 2. The archive of the library is smelling / smells of old documents and
books. 3. John has been / has gone to the lecture theatre. She hasn’t come
back yet. 4. I’m glad to be here. I am enjoying / enjoy this presentation so
much. 5. The head of our department has bought / buys new computer
equipment this week. 6. You are always smoking / have always smoked in
the laboratory! 7. Unfortunately, the situation is getting / gets worse and
worse. 8. This is the first time I am receiving / have received a bad mark in
English. 9. I am not seeing / have not seen you for a long time. 10. I am
studying / study very hard these days to get an excellent mark. 11. In a new
film “Alice in Wonderland” Alice wins / is winning the final battle and
saves / is saving the inhabitants of the country from the power of Red
Queen. 12. Everybody is having / has a great time at the party today. 13.
My groupmate Monica has always argued / is always arguing with me! 14.
My elder brother Sam usually is giving / gives me a lift, but these days he
repairs / is repairing his car. 15. Stella has gone / has been to London. She
can tell us lots of exciting things now.

Task 15. Put the sentences in the correct tense form.

1. Our English teacher usually (to give) us a lot of homework, but yesterday
we (to have) a test and he (not to give) us any home assignment. Besides,
we (to go) on an excursion next week so I think we (not to have) English on
Monday. 2. The police (to arrest) Tony last week. They said he (to steal)
somebody’s credit card. But Tony (not to confess) to this crime yet. 3. I
often (to miss) my life as a student. I (not to see) my fellow students since
we graduated from the university. My best friend Dan (to call) me yesterday
and we (to meet) tonight. 4. The Dean (to be) in the office? – No, (to go)
abroad on scientific mission. – When he (to leave)? – He (to leave) two
days ago. 5. I (to work) at this university since 1996. Though I (to be) a
lecturer here, I (not to be) in the old part of campus for ages. I (to work)
41
hard these days and I (to be) always busy. 6. When Tony (to arrive) at
Tina’s place yesterday, she (to read) a detective story which she (to buy)
some days before. She (to read) it for an hour before I (to leave). 7. Hello,
Janet! You (to look great)! What (to do) here? – Hi, thanks! I (to look for)
Daniel. We usually (to have) lunch in the refectory. – You (to see), Daniel
(to work) at a very important project these days, so he may be in the lab
now. 8. Greg (to study) for his final exams all last month. When I (to see)
him yesterday he was happy because he (to enter) the Faculty of Law. 9.
The secretary (to type) the reports all day yesterday. But when the dean (to
come), there (to be) no documents left on the table. Somebody (to take)
them away. 10. Your brother often (to surf) the Internet in the evening? –
Oh, yes, he (to surf) the Net almost every day. But yesterday he (to be) busy
preparing for the exam and he even (not to turn on) the computer. 11. What
your sister (to plan) to do after exams? – She (to spend) a week in the
village and then she (probably to look) for a part-time job. 12. What you (to
do) tonight, Ron? – Nick and I (to go) to the stadium to watch a football
match. We sometimes (to watch) football matches together. – And what
time the football match (to start)? – Well, it (to start) at 5.30. p.m. 13. You
never (to miss) lectures, Sheila. Why you (not to come) to the lecture on
History of the State and Law last Thursday? – You see, Alison, I (to
oversleep) because my alarm clock (to go off). 14. Summer holidays (to
start) in a month. I (to think) of going abroad in July now. I never (to be) in
a foreign country. 15. Prof. Smith (to gave) me his article yesterday. It (to
contain) a lot of interesting information. I (to think) I (to use) it in my
research paper. 16. I (to go) to Manchester to take part in the scientific
conference. I (to prepare) a good presentation. My train (to leave) the
station at 11 a.m. next Friday. 17. Prof. Cornel always (to drive) to the
university by car but I (not to see) his car at the parking yesterday. Peter (to
see) that he (to get) there by metro. 18. You always (to have) lunch
together? – No, I never (to be) there. I (to live) not far from the university
and I usually (to have) lunch at home, but my friend and I (to decide) to
meet in the café yesterday. 19. How many mistakes Jessica (to make) in her
yesterday’s test? – Two or three. She usually (to write) tests well, but last
time she (to be) a bit absent-minded. 20. I (not to like) to get to the
university by bus. Henry (to pick) me up at eight o’clock tomorrow. He
already (to agree) to help me.

42
 SPEAKING AND WRITING
Task 1. Comment on the following quotations about education.

1. Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the
world. (Nelson Mandela)
2. The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. (Aristotle)
3. Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. (John
Dewey)
4. Education is the movement from darkness to light. (Allan Bloom)
5. Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation
to another. (Gilbert K. Chesterton)
6. The object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves
throughout their lives. (Robert M. Hutchins)
7. A human being is not attaining his full heights until he is educated.
(Horace Mann)
8. Knowledge is power (Francis Bacon)
9. A child miseducated is a child lost. (John F. Kennedy)
10. Every educated person is a future enemy. (Martin Bormann)

Task 2. Have a debate.

1. Many people believe that higher education should be free of charge.
However, some people believe that university students should be required
to pay tuition fees. Which point of view do you agree with?
2. University students shouldn’t study a variety of subjects. They should
enroll only in those courses that will be necessary for jobs in their chosen
field. Do you support or oppose the statement? Give your reasons and
examples to support your point of view.
3. Some people believe that students must attend lectures and classes.
Others believe that students can learn more on their own. Thus, going to
classes should be optional. Which point of view do you support?
43
Task 3. Choose one of the topics below to make up a dialogue.
1. Advantages and disadvantages of having a university degree.
2. The peculiarities of legal training in Ukraine.
3. Colleges or Universities: pros and cons.
4. How to prepare for exams and tests.
5. Curriculum for the first-year students.

Task 4. Role-play the following situations.

1. Two students are discussing their university life: the institute, educational
facilities, their studies, the teaching staff, groupmates, living conditions at
the student hostel, leisure time, problems, etc.
2. A Law student of Lviv Polytechnic is talking with a school-leaver who
wants to enter the university and needs some information in order to make
the right choice.
3. An exchange student came to study in your group. Compare the system
of legal training in Ukraine and abroad.

Task 5. Choose one of the topics to make PowerPoint presentations.

1. The role of legal training in everyday life.
2. Possible changes in higher education: your suggestions.
3. Entrance examinations or External Independent Testing: comparative
analysis.
4. Private institutions or public ones: pros and cons.
5. Studying at the university and school: comparative analysis.

Task 6. Write an essay on a topic of your choice on one of the options

below.
1. My entrance to the university.
2. My first impressions of being a student.
3. The most interesting and useful legal subjects.
4. How to be a good student.
5. Student life nowadays.

44
 EXTENDED READING

TEXT 1. LEGAL EDUCATION ABROAD

THE UNITED KINGDOM

Why study law and legal studies in the UK?
The UK’s legal systems are globally recognised and used in
commercial and financial centres around the world. Each year around
18,000 students enrol on more than 1,500 law courses in the UK.
Did you know…
 The UK’s common-law system dates back to the 12th century,
and forms the basis for legal systems in Commonwealth countries and
English-speaking countries around the world. English commercial law is
often the governing law in international contracts.
 Four of the world’s ten largest law firms are headquartered in the
UK, and hundreds of international firms have offices here. More
international and commercial arbitrations take place in London than in any
other city in the world.
 Students in the UK are given unique opportunities to learn from
professionals and make industry connections. The UK ranks second in the
world for collaboration between universities and businesses.
 As the UK is part of the European Union, the UK operates a
consolidation of UK and EU law, and UK universities offer world-
renowned courses in European law. Many international students choose to
study European law here, or European law alongside other subjects.
 UK degree courses are designed to develop your skills in critical
thinking, reasoned argument and problem-solving – qualities that appeal to
employers all over the world.

45
 Courses, qualifications and entry requirements
There are three legal systems in the UK – one for England and
Wales, one for Northern Ireland and another for Scotland – though elements
such as commercial law and taxation law are similar. You may therefore
find the content and structure of law courses is slightly different, depending
on where you study.
There can be a lot of competition for places on law degree
programmes, and universities and higher education institutes usually ask for
a strong academic record with good grades in at least three A-level subjects,
or equivalent. These should be academic (focusing on theory, rather than
practical) subjects, but not necessarily a subject related to law. English and
maths are particularly important.
To apply to some undergraduate law courses, you may need to take
the pre-university LNAT (National Admissions Test for Law) – this tests
your ability to think critically and argue effectively.
For most further education courses and training for legal executives, you
need the equivalent of at least four GCSEs at A* to C grades. Applications
to all Graduate Diploma in Law and Legal Practice Courses are handled by
the Central Applications Board, but you should ask your chosen institution
about entry requirements.
Schools and further education
You can study Law at GCSE, International Baccalaureate, Scottish
Highers, AS- and A-level, at schools and colleges across the UK. Many
students combine it with subjects such as economics, social sciences and
languages.
There are several professional training schemes at further education
level. To qualify as a legal executive or paralegal, you can take a course
accredited by the Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (CILEx). In
Scotland, you can study for a National Certificate to become a legal
secretary.
Vocational qualifications are also available in subjects such as youth
justice, forensic science, prison justice, employment law or business with
law.
Higher education
In higher education there are many different types of Law
qualifications, including bachelors’ degrees, vocational certificates and
Foundation Degrees – in subjects such as law, legal services, commercial or
trade law. Most undergraduate degree courses start with a general
introduction to the law, which helps you to decide your field of interest.
To qualify as a lawyer in the UK, you need to complete modules in
seven areas known as the Foundations of Legal Knowledge – including
subjects such as public, criminal and property law. Once completed, you
46
will be awarded an LLB or BA (Hons) in Law. You can then progress
straight to the Legal Practice Course (LPC) or the Bar Professional Training
Course (BPTC), to qualify as a solicitor or barrister.
These seven modules are also valuable if you’re interested in
studying the processes and theory of law, but don’t want to practise as a
lawyer. You could focus more on business, economics or human rights
legislation, for example.
At postgraduate level, taught law masters’ programmes are usually
studied full-time over one year and lead to a Master of Laws (LLM) or
Master of Arts (MA) qualification. These can be taken by law or non-law
graduates seeking specialist knowledge (without necessarily becoming a
practising lawyer).
If you have an undergraduate degree in a subject other than law, you
can take a conversion course to join the legal sector. The Common
Professional Exam (CPE) and Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL) give the
training required to work as a solicitor or barrister in England and Wales.
There are other postgraduate programmes in law, both taught and
research. Many MPhil and PhD programmes are based purely on research,
but some incorporate taught elements. A Master of Research (MRes) course
usually involves one year of study and a shorter dissertation than for a
doctorate.
UK law courses teach skills such as critical thinking and
communication, which appeal to employers in many different industries.
Thus, with a good academic qualification, there are many more careers you
could choose.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Becoming a lawyer in the United States requires a structured
curriculum that is made up of high standards and academically rigorous
classes. You can start your path to a career in law as soon as you complete
your high school diploma. As an overview, here are the most important
steps that will lead you to a successful career as an attorney:
1. Bachelor's degree at university or college - approximately 4 years
2. LSAT preparation exam - determined by your aptitude and law
school
3. Law school to earn Juris Doctor - approximately 3 years
4. Bar examination - immediately after law school
5. Certification to practice law - received after passage of bar exam

Pre-Law
Legal education in the US is unique since there is no undergraduate
law degree in the United States; thus, students cannot expect to study law
without first completing an undergraduate degree. Instead, students
47
complete their undergraduate degree in their subject of choice. Students are
admitted to law school from almost every academic discipline- great
lawyers can start as English majors, history majors, engineers, doctors,
pilots, builders and everything in between! This provides students with the
opportunity to study any subject before deciding that a career in law is right
for them. To complete their undergraduate degree, American students go to
a college or university to receive their bachelor’s degree. A bachelor’s
degree in the US is usually four years but can range from two to six years
and certifies full-time studies within a particular subject. The subject that
the student specializes in is also known as the student’s major. Because
there is no defined path to study law at this point in the education, it is
important for students to concentrate on developing their communicative,
written, analytical, and critical thinking skills.
Another important factor in law school admissions is taking the Law
School Admission Test (LSAT). This is the first step to becoming an
attorney since Law schools use the LSAT as an important indicator of a
student’s potential for success in law school. No knowledge of law is
needed to do well on this exam. The LSAT is a standardized test
administered four times a year testing student’s analytical and logical
reasoning skills. Lasting half a day, students complete five sections of
multiple choice questions along with a written section that is sent directly to
law schools unscored. Many students spend months prior to the exam
taking sample tests and using external resources like tutors and prep classes
to prepare themselves. It is important for students to do well since all
results, even if students retake the exam, will be sent to admissions for
review. Individuals cannot take the LSAT more than three times in any two-
year period so it is important to come to the testing center prepared.
Law School
Applying to law school in the US is not an easy process! Law school
selection alone can be difficult. There are over 200 accredited institutions in
the US including private law schools, public law schools, law schools
affiliated with larger colleges/universities, and even independent law
schools. It is not easy to make the choice of one school over another on the
basis of catalog descriptions of the teaching methods, course offerings, and
formal requirements. The similarity is natural, since most American law
schools share the aim of educating lawyers for careers that may take many
paths and that will frequently not be limited to any particular state or
region.
Although many lawyers eventually find themselves practicing within some
special branch of the law, American legal education is still fundamentally
an education for generalists. It emphasizes the acquisition of broad and
basic knowledge of law, understanding of the functioning of the legal
48
system, and development of analytical abilities of a high order. This
common emphasis reflects the conviction that such an education is the best
kind of preparation for the diverse roles that law school graduates occupy in
American life and for the changing nature of the problems any individual
lawyer is likely to encounter over a long career. Within this tradition some
schools combine an emphasis on technical legal knowledge and
professional skills with a concern for illuminating the connections between
law and the social forces with which it interacts. Many law classes focus on
analyzing legal issues, reading cases, identifying the facts, and finally
applying law to these facts.
Students are typically referred to as 1Ls in their first year of law
school, 2Ls in their second year of law school, and finally 3Ls in their third
year of law school. Students can expect to take courses covering
Constitutional law, civil procedure, contracts, evidence, criminal law, torts,
legal writing and research, and property just to name a few courses. Most
1Ls have a set curriculum that is developed by the school to provide
students the exposure they need. At the same time, the first year also serves
to lay the foundation of skills as students continue their legal education in
the US. 2Ls and 3Ls are usually able to choose their own classes based on
their interest of legal study such as contract law, tax law, international law,
etc. Once you successfully complete your 3-year law school, you will be
issued your Juris Doctor degree (J.D.) which will allow you to sit for the
bar examination.
Bar Examination
The bar examination in the United States is required before students
begin practicing law. In order to receive a license, students must contact the
state board of bar examiners to schedule a time to sit for the test. These
licenses provide authorization to practice in that state alone. Students who
intend to practice in multiple US states investigate which other US states
will allow them to “waive” into their state bar – no one wants to sit for
multiple state bar exams if it can be avoided!
Once students have determined the state in which they’d like to
practice, the next step is to register for the state administered bar exam.
Most bar exams are approximately two days long and a few states have
three day exams. There are multiple choice and essay questions designed to
test knowledge on general legal principles across a wide variety of topics,
and knowledge of state-specific laws and principles. Most students
participate in a bar review or other bar exam review course to prepare for
this test. The bar examination is the final step in your legal education in the
US before you begin practicing law in your state.
CANADA

49
 The responsibility for legal training in Canada is shared between the
nation's law schools and the law societies of the various provinces. The
former are institutions of higher learning dedicated to the study of law as an
academic discipline. Provincial law societies are responsible for assuring
that legal services are provided to the public by qualified and competent
lawyers. Law societies have a strong interest in law school programs but are
primarily involved in the operation of bar admission courses and continuing
education programs for lawyers.
Juris Doctor Degree/Bachelor of Laws Degree
Canadian law schools generally require three years of full-time study
to earn the Juris Doctor (JD) or Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree. Many
schools have developed limited part-time programs for the study of law.
Applicants should consult with the individual law schools for specifics.
Most law schools share a common approach to training lawyers. However,
they differ in the emphasis they give to certain subjects and teaching
methods, such as opportunities for independent study, clinical experience,
legal internships, and involvement with governmental affairs. Many of
Canada's law schools with common law programs offer joint degrees that
combine common law with other disciplines, such as business.
The First Year
The newness of the first year of law school is exciting for many and
anxiety provoking for almost all. Professors expect students to be prepared
in class, but, in most courses, grades will be determined primarily by
examination at the end of the semester or, at some schools, the end of the
year.
The Case Method Approach
There are different methods of teaching law. The one that might be
least familiar to first-year law students is the "case method." The case
method involves the detailed examination of a number of related judicial
opinions that describe an area of law. By focusing on underlying principles
that shape the law's approach to different situations, students learn to
distinguish among subtly different legal results and to identify the critical
factors that determine a particular outcome. Once these distinctions are
mastered, students should be able to apply this knowledge to new situations.
Students also learn to apply the same critical analysis to legislative
materials and scholarly articles.
The role of the law professor is to provoke and stimulate. For a
particular case, he or she may ask questions designed to explore the facts
presented, determine the legal principles applied in reaching a decision, and
analyze the method of reasoning used. In this way, the professor encourages
students to relate the case to others and to distinguish it from those with
similar but inapplicable precedents. In order to encourage a student to
50
defend his or her reasoning, the professor may adopt a position contrary to
the holding of the case. Because this process places much of the burden of
learning on the student, classroom discussions can be both exciting and
demanding.
The Ability to Think
The case method reflects the general belief that the primary purpose
of law school is not to teach substantive law, but to teach students to think
like lawyers. Teachers of law are less concerned about rules and
technicalities than their counterparts in many other disciplines. Although
the memorization of specifics may be useful to the law student, the ability
to be analytical and literate is considerably more important than the power
of total recall.
Law is as much an art as a science. The reality lawyers seek in
analyzing a case is not always well defined. Legal study, therefore, requires
an attentive mind and a tolerance for ambiguity. Because many people
believe incorrectly that the study of law involves the memorization of rules
in books and principles dictated by learned professors, law students often
are attracted to legal education because they value structure, authority, and
order. The study of law does not involve the kind of certainty such students
are seeking; complex legal questions do not have simple solutions. Law
professors rarely have all the answers, and they prefer to encourage students
to develop their own. The challenge of legal education is the formation of
reasoned and pragmatic solutions to complex problems and disputes.
The Curriculum
First-year law students in Canadian common-law law schools follow
a course of study that typically addresses many of the following
fundamental subjects:
 Constitutional law – the division of powers between the federal
and provincial governments, questions of civil liberties and constitutional
history, and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
 Contracts—nature of enforceable promises and rules for
determining appropriate remedies in cases of nonperformance
 Criminal law and criminal procedure – bases of criminal
responsibility, the rules and policies for enforcing sanctions against
individuals accused of committing offenses against the public order and
well-being, and the rights guaranteed to those charged with criminal
violations
 Legal method – students' introduction to the organization of the
Canadian legal system, its processes, and its institutions
 Legal writing – research and writing component of most first-
year programs; requires students to research and write memoranda dealing
with various legal problems
51
  Property law – concepts, uses, and historical developments in the
treatment of land, buildings, natural resources, and personal debts
 Torts – private wrongs, such as acts of negligence, assault, and
defamation, that violate obligations of the law and statutory compensation
systems
In addition to attending classes, first-year students may be required to
participate in a moot court exercise in which they take responsibility for
arguing a hypothetical court case.
After the First Year
After the first year of law school, students may be required to take
additional compulsory courses. In addition, students may select from a
broad range of courses. Generally, a student will take courses in
administrative law, evidence, civil procedure, business corporations,
taxation, wills and trusts, commercial law, family law, and professional
responsibility before completing his or her degree. Most of these courses
are basic to legal education; some are required by the provincial law
societies as prerequisites for admission to the bar. Every law school
supplements this basic curriculum with a wide variety of additional courses,
such as international law, environmental law, conflict of laws, labour law,
criminal procedure, jurisprudence, and legal history.
Legal education is primarily academic in that students devote most of
their time to mastering general concepts and principles that shape the law.
Some schools include programs designed to offer students direct, clinical
experience in the practice of law. These programs allow second- and third-
year students to participate in court trials and appeals, render counseling,
undertake legislative drafting, and do other legal work for academic credit.
Schools differ in the range and variety of practical education they offer.
Continuing Legal Education
Once an individual has been admitted to practice, it is important to
keep up to date. Legal journals and special lectures and meetings of bar
associations are helpful but provide uneven coverage and do not always
reach those most in need. In recent years there has been a call for a greater
and more systematic program of continuing legal education. Organized
efforts at programs of continuing legal education are in fact increasing in
most provinces.
The legal profession (outside Québec) has never recognized
specialties, as does the medical profession, though in some provinces
practitioners may now announce a preferred area of practice. The
significant fact is that the "practice of law" is not homogenous, and the
variations go far beyond the differences between barrister and solicitor. In
addition, lawyers work not only in private practice but also in government
and business.
52
 In Québec the legal profession is divided. Advocates form the
Barreau du Québec while notaries, governed by their own statute, are
somewhat like solicitors. An individual cannot belong to both branches.
Practical training occurs after graduation. For advocates there is an 8-
month formation professionelle (similar to a bar admission course),
followed by a stagiaire (now similar to BC's new program in skills training)
of 6 months, and finally a bar examination. Graduates who wish to be
notaries must attend an additional year in notarial practice at a civil law
school; finally, they take a notarial examination.

TEXT 2. HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

TEXT A. THE HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN EDUCATION

Ukrainian higher education has long and deep-rooted traditions. The
first educational institutions emerged in Ukraine as early as the late
sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. They played an important role in
the country’s economical and cultural development.
The first Ukrainian educational institution was the Ostroh School
(Ostroh Greek-Slavic-Latin School). It was similar to Western European
higher education institutions of that time. Established in 1576 in the town of
Ostroh, the School was the first higher educational institution in the Eastern
Slavic territories. It brought together talented local and foreign
personalities: famous intellectuals, men of letters, linguists and other
teaching staff from Slavic countries. The Ostroh School served its mission
for sixty years. Among its achievements is the publication of the first
complete Bible translated into the Church-Slavonic language (1581).
Among its approximate 500 graduates, one may find many writers and
other famous personalities. The School was closed in 1632.
53
 In 1632 the Bratskiy Collegium in Kyiv opened its doors. This
institution was later renamed Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium in honour of Kyivan
Metropolitan Petro Mohyla (1596-1647) who was one of the most respected
Ukrainian Orthodox theologians and Church leaders. It made a considerable
contribution to the further development of Ukrainian higher education. In
1694 the government of Imperial Russia officially recognised the Kyiv-
Mohyla Collegium as a higher educational institution and in 1701 granted it
the academy status (the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy). In the mid-eighteenth
century the number of students enrolled at the Academy reached 1,200
including talented scholars from Ukraine, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro,
Greece and other European countries.
From the mid-eighteenth century, after the foundation of the Imperial
Moscow University (1755) and the Teachers’ School in Saint Petersburg,
the influence of the Kyiv Academy as a secular educational institution
decreased. Eventually, it was transformed into an Orthodox ecclesiastical
institution that trained only future priests. However, at the beginning of the
nineteenth century new secular higher education institutions were
established on the Ukrainian territory, beginning with universities in
Kharkiv and Kyiv (1833). By the end of the nineteenth century, within the
boundaries of present-day Ukraine, universities in Kharkiv, Kyiv, Odessa,
Lviv and Chernivtsi had been established.
During the last decades of the nineteenth century, several vocational
higher educational institutions emerged, including Nizhyn Historical and
Philological Institute, Kharkiv Veterinary Institute and Kharkiv
Technological Institute, Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and Katerynoslav
Higher Mining School (currently Dnipropetrovsk). By 1914 Ukraine had 27
higher educational institutions with the student enrolment of approximately
25,000.
Due to the historical events that followed the October Revolution of
1917 in Russia, Ukraine eventually became part of the Soviet Union.
Consequently, its institutional framework, organisation and content of study
programmes reflected those of the Soviet ideological orientation, with clear
party control over the educational system and organisation of research. The
number of educational institutions increased. By 1925, 35 institutes and 30
teaching subdivisions trained future specialists in different higher education
areas. The opening of new laboratories and the establishment of new
academic traditions fostered further academic development.
By the end of 1928, 33,406 students attended 38 Ukrainian higher
educational institutions taught by 3,998 researchers and lecturers, although
only 721 of these researchers and lecturers were permanent staff members.
There was a lack of professors in all subjects, especially in technical
institutions. In five technical institutes – Dnipropetrovsk and Donetsk
54
Mining Institutes, Kyiv and Kharkiv Polytechnic Institutes and Kharkiv
Technological Institute – the body of professors amounted to only 45
percent of all teaching staff. In order to solve this problem, the systematic
training of the young teaching staff in postgraduate courses began in 1930.
In the 1930-1931 academic year 1,500 candidates attended postgraduate
courses, including 60 percent trained in industrial, technical and agricultural
specialisms. In 1932 admission requirements became more rigorous and
only higher education graduates could take postgraduate courses. In 1930
the number of the teaching staff in all Ukrainian higher educational
institutions amounted to only 2,576 members, by 1937 this number
increased to 7,258 and by 1939 to about 10,000.
The present network of public Ukrainian higher educational
institutions evolved between 1960 and 1970. By 1975, this network
included 143 full-cycle higher educational institutions (granting degrees
comparable to the Master’s degree) as well as 730 technical and vocational
schools. Between 1970 and 1975, the total number of graduates amounted
in these two groups of institutions to 632,500 and 1,108,000, respectively.
Between 1971 and 1975, the network of Ukrainian higher educational
institutions expanded and included six newly established institutions:
Ternopil Finance and Economic Institute, Makiivka Civil Engineering
Institute, Vinnytsia Polytechnic Institute, Zaporizhia Industrial Institute,
Poltava Cooperative Institute and Simferopol University.
At the same time more than 43 vocational higher education
institutions were either closed or merged. The extension of the higher
educational network and the concurrent growth of student numbers
continued during the 1970s. By 1980, there were 147 full-cycle higher
educational institutions and 727 technical/vocational schools, enrolling
699,000 and 803,100 students. Four new higher educational institutions also
opened: Kirovograd Higher Civil Aviation Pilot School, Rivne Institute of
Physical Education, Kherson Industrial Institute and Zaporizhia University.
During the 1960s, following the increase in student numbers,
Ukrainian higher education institutions offered a wider range of
postgraduate courses. In 1967 the number of postgraduates tripled,
compared to 1959. New fields of study emerged in the 1960s, such as
Physical Electronics, Chemical Cybernetics, Biophysics, Computing
Instruments and Devices, Nuclear Power Installations, Anaesthesiology,
Cardio Surgery, Radiology and Radiation Hygiene, Computing in
Economics and Economic Research, Mathematical Methods in Economic
Studies etc. By the beginning of 1967, the research and teaching staff in all
Ukrainian higher education institutions numbered 44,800 (about 45 percent
of all scientists in Ukraine). The academic staff included 1,240 Doctors of
Sciences and 12,800 Candidates of Sciences. By 1985, about 47 percent of
55
the academic and research staff held academic degrees. Since 1959, the
number of degree-holders has quadrupled.
During the entire Soviet period (up to 1988) over 22,000,000
individuals entered the Ukrainian higher education system. By 1988,
Ukraine counted 146 full-cycle higher educational institutions, enrolling
over 850,000 students. Since 1960, the annual number of graduates of the
full-cycle higher educational institutions has doubled, while that of
secondary-level vocational schools has tripled.

TEXT B. HIGHER EDUCATION SINCE INDEPENDENCE

Having proclaimed its independence in 1991, Ukraine started the
development and implementation of its own educational policy. Today
Ukraine aims at attaining European standards in terms of access to
education, revival of national traditions, modernising the content, forms and
methods of teaching and development of the nation’s intellectual capital.
Ukraine inherited a well-developed system of education, in many
respects on par with those of the most developed European countries.
However, the development of Ukraine within the body of the Soviet Union
had negative effects. For the benefit of the Union, some fields of study
received a disproportionate emphasis: for example, there were too many
engineers, yet few lawyers, economists, sociologists, psychologists and
managers.
The key concepts of the reform in education were defined by the
National Programme “Education” [Ukraine of the 21st Century] adopted by
the First Congress of Ukrainian Educators in December 1992 and
subsequently approved by the Cabinet of Ministers. The Programme
identified the priorities in the development of Ukrainian education, such as
meeting the educational needs of all people. The re-examination of the
content and coordination of Ukrainian education at all levels helped to
achieve the task as well as to introduce progressive teaching ideas and
technologies to a new generation of the teaching staff. Other areas of the
reform included the increasing autonomy of educational institutions,
reconsideration of the State control in education, diversification of the
educational planning and financing and the democratisation of the academic
governance.
In 2006 Ukraine could already boast with 130 universities, 63
academies, 135 institutes and 2 conservatories. 66 State-owned universities
and academies earned the national status. The Ukrainian higher educational
system provided training in 76 fields and almost 600 specialisms. Over
30,000 graduates of higher educational institutions were re-trained yearly
and about 300,000 specialists updated and expanded their qualifications in
563 institutions of postgraduate education and their branches. Over 10,000
56
Ukrainians studied abroad and about 25,000 students from 110 countries
studied in Ukraine, including 28 from European countries, 40 from Asian
countries, 30 from Africa and 12 from Latin America.
The Law on Higher Education (2014) regulates the professional
training of Ukrainian citizens and sets the legal, organisational and financial
basis for the national higher educational system. The modern State policy in
the field of higher education is based on the following principles:
 equal access to higher education for all Ukrainian citizens,
irrespective of their social origin, status, religion, place of residence or
health;
 independence of higher education institutions from political
parties and public and religious organisations;
 international integration of Ukrainian higher education while
preserving the achievements and traditions of the national system;
 state support for training specialists in fundamental and applied
research;
 raising the educational level of Ukrainian citizens and widening
the prospects for higher and other forms of post-secondary education;
 availability of student loans;
 granting special rights to students at higher educational
institutions;
 support for the education of the disabled;
 modernisation of the Ukrainian higher educational system;
 changing the content of education and the structure of the
educational system;
 developing continuous education and lifelong learning;
 fostering the development of the Ukrainian language;
 satisfying the needs for education of national minorities;
 ensuring a better economical and social status for the teaching and
research staff;
 integration of education and science;
 implementation of information and communication technologies;
 integration of Ukrainian science in European and international
research networks.
In terms of educational services, the major tasks of Ukrainian higher
educational institutions are:
 training of specialists at the relevant educational and
qualificational levels and in compliance with the established standards;
 compliance with the State-defined standards of training;
 training of the research and teaching staff to be employed at
educational institutions of different levels;
57
  study of labour market demands and the forecast of future
employment trends;
 supporting patriotism and esteem for the Constitution of Ukraine.
Nowadays Ukrainian universities are leading institutions which
provide academic and research training in a wide range of branches and
contribute to the scientific progress at the national level while promoting
social, cultural and educational development. Their structure either follows
a classical university model or focuses on some particular professional
fields (Technical, Medical, Agricultural, Pedagogical, Economics etc).
Ukrainian education is humanistic-oriented and it is based on the cultural,
historical and spiritual heritage of the nation. The national educational
system conveys the principles of humanism, democracy, cultural diversity,
consistency and tolerance.
Having gained its independence, Ukraine has actively sought new
opportunities for international cooperation, including education. The State
encourages international cooperation in higher education and welcomes
mutually beneficial treaties and agreements of all types. The Ministry of
Education and Science cooperates with EU members and other
neighbouring countries of the region. The mobility of students, academics
and researchers is increasing. The introduction of distance learning
technologies is continuing and the network linking Ukrainian higher
educational institutions to similar institutions abroad is expanding. These
and other developments open new possibilities for joint efforts toward the
international integration. Ukrainian authorities follow UNESCO
recommendations regarding education and the spirit of international
understanding, co-operation, peace and tolerance. The main way of the
international co-operation among higher educational institutions is the
exchange of students, teachers and researchers for the purposes of joint
research, international conferences, teaching programmes, joint publishing
activities etc. Specialists from France, Turkey, Slovakia, the USA, Poland,
Germany, China and other countries work in Ukrainian educational
institutions today. Every year Ukrainian citizens are enrolled in higher
education institutions of other countries as well as foreign citizens are
enrolled in Ukrainian higher education institutions.
A large number of establishments training lawyers, economists,
sociologists, psychologists, social workers, managers appeared. As the legal
profession is very prestigious and much in demand, a large network of
specialised educational institutions and faculties were established in
Ukraine in recent years. Legal science is concentrated in the educational
and research institutions. Traditionally, universities include law faculties or
affiliated specialised institutes/colleges. As a rule, they are created in order
to assist in developing Ukrainian legislation, promoting democratisation
58
processes and building the state, which will protect human rights in
Ukraine. Their activities embrace a wide range of problems: theoretical
investigations in legal science and their practical applications, legislative
drafting, professional communication of Ukrainian lawyers with their
foreign colleagues, spreading the legal information in the society, legal
services, establishment of legal clinics and the development of manuals for
schools and universities. The Law Academies and faculties prepare highly
skilled lawyers both for many government bodies (prosecutor’s offices,
Ukrainian security services, Ministries of Home and Foreign Affairs,
Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Defence and many others) and for private
enterprises, agencies, notary’s offices and law firms. Their graduates are in
great demand in the labour market.
Therefere, Ukraine has a well-developed system of education which
serves as a ground for lifelong education.

TEXT C. SOME ASPECTS OF THE LAW ON HIGHER

EDUCATION
Accreditation of Higher Education Institutions. Licencing and
accreditation procedures serve to ensure the evaluation of the quality of
education. Accreditation is the responsibility of the Ministry of Education
and Science of Ukraine. The Law of Ukraine On Higher Education
establishes four levels of accreditation of higher educational institutions.
1) Higher educational institutions of the first accreditation level train
Junior Bachelors.
2) Higher education institutions of the second accreditation level
train Bachelors.
3) Higher education institutions of the third accreditation level award
Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees (in some specialisms).
4) Higher education institutions of the fourth level of accreditation
train students at all levels, including no less than 75 percent of Master’s
degrees.
Additional criteria for institutions of the fourth accreditation level
include postgraduate and Doctoral courses, high-level research and
publication activities. Higher educational institutions of the third and fourth
accreditation levels may also be registered as research institutions. Based
upon the results of the expert assessment and the conclusion of the State
Accreditation Commission, the Ministry of Education and Science accepts
or rejects the application for accreditation.
Types of Higher Educational Institutions. Ukrainian higher
educational institutions belong to one of the following types:
 state-owned higher educational institutions, established by the
State and funded from the State budget; they are subordinated to a
59
corresponding governmental body (e.g., the Ministry of Education and
Science, the Ministry of Culture etc.) and have the status of budgetary
institutions;
 communal higher education institutions, established by local
authorities, funded from local budgets and subordinated to local authorities;
 private higher education institutions.
State-owned higher educational institutions of the fourth level of
accreditation may receive the status of national institutions according to
which they enjoy wider autonomy in decision-making in some areas.
Ukrainian higher educational institutions may establish structural
subdivisions abroad in accordance with the legislation of the corresponding
countries. Likewise, foreign higher educational institutions may establish
their structural subdivisions in Ukraine. Both procedures are subject to
approval by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Some
institutions, especially of the first and the second levels of accreditation,
have merged into larger, highly developed educational structures. Colleges
are institutions of the second level of accreditation and may be either
independent or subdivisions of higher-level education institutions.
Technical schools have the first accreditation level and may be subdivisions
of higher-level educational institutions.
Governance. The elected rector or director of the Ukrainian higher
educational institution fulfils the corresponding duties over a term of five
years. The Rector signs a contract with the owner/founder of the institution
(the Ministry of Education and Science, in the case of state-owned
institutions) according to which he or she receives significant governing
authority.
The rector of the higher education institution is accountable for the
development of educational activities, financial management and
maintenance. In exercising these activities, he/she relies on the Governing
Board or the Academic Council which consists of the heads of the
institutional subdivisions, outstanding members of its teaching and research
staff and representatives of the student community.
The Academic Council elects the deans of each faculty and the heads
of the departments on a competitive basis for a term of five years. The
elected person signs an employment contract in accordance with the State
legislation and internal institutional rules and regulations. The Dean of the
Faculty is responsible for all its activities and the activities of all faculty
members. Candidates for the position of the dean, selected from among the
faculty members, should hold the academic titles of Associate Professor or
Professor and be under sixty years of age. The Academic Council has the
authority to revoke the dean after having submitted a motion signed by at
least half of its members. The dismissal of the dean requires the
60
endorsement of at least two thirds of the members of the governing body of
the institution (the Academic Council).
The Academic Council is a collective governing body of a higher
educational institution of the third or fourth accreditation level. The
Council, set up for a five-year term (seven years for national institutions),
has a series of prerogatives among which the submission of draft
amendments to the institutional rules and regulations, financial plans and
reports forwarded to the governing body, proposals on the recruitment or
dismissal of senior management members, election of department chairs
and professors, approval of new educational and research programmes,
awarding institutional academic titles and submission of applications for
State-awarded academic titles for the benefit of the research and teaching
staff.
The Academic Council is headed by the rector of the institution and
composed of vice-rectors, deans, leaders of governing bodies (including
student associations) and elected members representing the teaching and
research staff who constitute no less than 75 percent of the total
membership. The rector should implement the decisions of the Academic
Council.
The Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine ensures the
implementation of the State policy in the fields of education, research and
intellectual property rights in compliance with the legislation in force. It is
also empowered to submit legislative proposals to the President of Ukraine
and the Cabinet of Ministers.
The President of Ukraine appoints/dismisses the Minister of
Education and Science as the head of the corresponding Ministry. The
Minister controls the development and implementation of the State policy
in the field of education.
The Ministry includes various administrative structures, e.g.,
departments, agencies, inspection services etc. There are also consultative
bodies that may develop specific technical questions or proposals which are
subject to approval by the Minister of Education and Science of Ukraine.
The Minister also heads the Attestation Collegium which awards the State-
recognized academic titles of Associate Professor and Professor.
The Structure of Higher Educational Establishments. The Law of
Ukraine on Higher Education (2014) outlines the structure of higher
educational institutions in Ukraine. Higher educational institutions of the
third and fourth accreditation levels consist of schools or faculties, teaching
departments, teaching and research institutes, branch subdivisions, libraries
etc. They may also include research centres, innovation centres and
laboratories.

61
 In the Ukrainian context, a branch subdivision of an educational
institution is a separate structural unit organised outside the main campus,
aimed at meeting local demands of the labour and educational markets.
An institute, as a subdivision of a larger higher educational institution
(usually a university), unites several kinds of training directions (usually
larger than a single faculty). By legal definition, the institute as a
subdivision of a higher educational institution is oriented towards either
research only or research and teaching taken together.
The faculty is the principal structural unit of any higher educational
institution of the third and fourth levels of accreditation. It includes at least
three teaching departments and enrolls no fewer than two hundred full-time
students.
The department is responsible for teaching and research within a
single academic field or several kinds of fields. It may also be responsible
for the overall training in one or several related specialisms.
The Staff. The academic staff members possess a series of rights such
as protection of one’s professional status and dignity, free choice of
methods and means of teaching, the right to conduct research activities,
participate in public governance and associations, eligibility for financial
assistance, State scholarships and research funding. Higher educational
institutions may also confer other rights to their teaching and research staff.
The staff development initiatives are underway, e.g. via increasing staff
exchanges among institutions at home and abroad. Staff members are
entitled to adequate conditions for the career development, rest and health
coverage and financial compensation in case of dismissal, as stipulated by
the Law of Ukraine “On Employment of the Population”. Higher
educational institutions may also establish additional payments, bonuses
and material incentives for their personnel.
Those who teach at higher educational institutions of the first and
second levels of accreditation are members of the teaching staff. Teaching
staff positions are open to graduates of higher educational institutions with
special pedagogical training and include the positions of a teacher, senior
teacher, department chair, deputy director and director. Employed by the
rector (director) of a higher educationalal institution, the teaching staff
members undergo professional examination (attestation) every five years. A
positive decision of the attestation commission may entail promotion
whereas a negative decision may result in dismissal.
At every institution there are labour commissions that settle possible
labour disputes. If this procedure fails, a court of law may settle the dispute
in question.
The teaching and research staff consists of those who teach at higher
education institutions of the third and fourth levels of accreditation. For the
62
most part, they are higher education graduates with special pedagogical
training. As a rule, the academic staff members hold research degrees
and/or academic titles. Alternatively, they are encouraged to pursue one.
Research. Research is an integral part of the mission of higher
education institutions of the third and fourth accreditation levels.
Academics employed by higher education institutions as well as by
research institutions under the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences
take an active part in fundamental and applied research in all fields.
Research is especially important not only for the modernisation of the
educational system, but also for the overall social and economic
development of Ukraine.
Master’s degree holders who have no higher research degree may
continue their studies taking special postgraduate level courses. Admission
to such courses depends on the results of competitive entrance
examinations. As for PhD programmes, such courses, designed for four
years of study, are based on a combination of study and research and
require students to prepare a public defence of their research thesis. If
successful, the defence leads to the award of the PhD degree (awarded by
the Higher Attestation Commission of Ukraine upon the request of the
corresponding Defence Council).
The PhD degree-holders seeking the Doctor of Sciences degree may
prepare and defend a second expanded dissertation. They are trained at
higher educational institutions of the fourth level of accreditation or
research institutes. Applicants for the Doctor’s degree must hold the PhD
degree and offer proof of research productivity and publications in their
field of activity.
Academic titles used in the Ukrainian higher educational system are
‘Senior Researcher’, ‘Assistant Professor’ and ‘Professor’. Usually holders
of the PhD degree accept the title of Assistant Professor and holders of the
Doctor of Sciences degree receive the title of Professor.

63
 APPENDIX
ENGLISH TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE (ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ ПРОСТИЙ)
+ I (you, we, they) + V He sometimes reads books.
he (she, it) + Vs (es)
? Do + I (you, we, they) + V Does she often go to the university?
Does + he (she, it) + V
– I (you, we, they) + do + not (don’t) + V He does not visit his granny every
week.
He (she, it) + does + not (doesn’t) + V TO HAVE – МАТИ
TO BE – БУТИ I (you, we, they) have / Do you
I am (I’m) / Am I …? / I am not (I’m not) have…? / I do not have (don’t)
He (she, it) is (He’s) / Is he …? / He is not (isn’t) He (she, it) has / Does he have …? / He
We (you, they) are (We’re) /Are you …? / You does not have (doesn’t)
are not (aren’t)
usually, as a rule, often/frequently, seldom/rarely, never, always, sometimes, every day
(evening, morning, month, week, year).
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I am
He (she, it) is + Ving Jack is taking an English course this
You (we, they) are term.
? Am, is, are + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) Is she learning a poem at the moment?
+ Ving
– I am not He is not playing football at present.
He (she, it) is not + Ving
You (we, they) are not
now, right now, at present, presently, still, at the (this) moment, currently, for the time
being / nowadays, this year, these days, today .
PRESENT PERFECT (ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ ДОКОНАНИЙ)
+ I (you, we, they) +have (I’ve) + Ved / V3 I have just done my homework./ We
He (she, it) + has (He’s) + Ved / V3 have been friends since we were 7
? Have (Has) + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) years old.
+ Ved / V3
– I (you, we, they) + have not (haven’t) + Ved / Have you already finished your work?
V3
He (she, it) + has + not (hasn’t) + Ved/V3 She has not done her project yet.
just, already, ever, lately/recently, at last never, yet / today, this week, this month, this year
/ since, for, so far, until now, up to now, for ages.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(ТЕПЕРІШНІЙ ДОКОНАНО-ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I (you, we, they) + have + been + Ving She has been working at school since
He (she, it) + has + been + Ving 2005.
? Have (Has) + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + Have you been writing your course
been + Ving work for 3 months?
– I (you, we, they) +have + not + been +Ving We have not been preparing for our
He (she, it) + has + not + been + Ving exams all day long.
for, since, all day long, so far, until now, up to now.

64
 PAST SIMPLE (МИНУЛИЙ ПРОСТИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + Ved / V2 He entered the university in
? Did + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + V 2014.
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + did + not (didn’t) Did he meet him 2 days ago?
+V He did not attend his classes on
TO BE – БУТИ Monday.
I (he, she, it) was / Was he …? / He was not She was at the University
(wasn’t) yesterday. / Was she at the
You (we, they) were / Were they …? / They were University yesterday? / She was
not (weren’t) not at the University yesterday.
yesterday, the day before yesterday, ago, last week (month, year, summer), yesterday
morning (afternoon, evening) / in September, in 2001, on Monday / every day, never,
seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always.
PAST CONTINUOUS (МИНУЛИЙ ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I (he, she, it) + was + Ving He was reading while his friend was
You (we, they) + were + Ving learning the new words.
? Was + I (he, she, it) + Ving Were they writing the test at 5
Were + you (we, they) + Ving o’clock?
– I (he, she, it) + was + not + Ving
You (we, they) + were + not + Ving She was not cooking when I came in.
at that moment, at that time, at 5 o’clock, at 5 o’clock yesterday, at noon, at midnight /
all day, the whole evening, from … till (to) / while, when / subordinate clause
(підрядне речення) in Past Simple.
PAST PERFECT (МИНУЛИЙ ДОКОНАНИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + had + Ved After he had written a letter, he
/ V3 cleaned his room.
? Had + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + Ved Had she written her course project
/ V3 before the examination session
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + had + not started?
(hadn’t) + Ved / V3 He had not defended his theses by
3 o’clock.
by (until, till) 5 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by the second of May, by the end of
the week (month, year) / after, before / subordinate clause (підрядне речення) in Past
Simple.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(МИНУЛИЙ ДОКОНАНО-ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + had + been Everything was wet. It had been
+ Ving raining for hours.
? Had + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + been They had been working since
+ Ving morning when she called me.
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + had + not He had been teaching at the
(hadn’t) + been +Ving university for more than a year
before he moved to the USA.
for, since, all day long, the whole day / subordinate clause (підрядне речення) in
Past Simple / by (until, till) 5 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by the second of May,
by the end of the week (month, year).

65
 FUTURE SIMPLE (МАЙБУТНІЙ ПРОСТИЙ)
+ I (we) + shall + V (I’ll) He will graduate from the
You (he, she, it, they) + will + V (you’ll) university in 2016.
? Shall + I (we) + V
Will + you (he, she, it, they) + V Will she finish her project next
– I (we) + shall + not (shan’t) + V week?
You (he, she, it, they) + will + not (won’t) +V They will not return in 2 days.

tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week (month, year, summer), in 2 days, soon,
some day; tomorrow morning (afternoon, evening) / in May, in 2014, on Friday / every
day, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS (МАЙБУТНІЙ ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + This time next week you will be
be + Ving flying to New York.
? Shall (Will) + I (you ,he, she, it, we, they) + Will John be washing the
be + Ving dishes at 5 o’clock?
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + She will not be waiting for her
not + be + Ving when the plane arrives.
at 8 o’clock, at 3 o’clock tomorrow, this time next week (month), at that time, at that
moment, at noon, at midnight / all day, the whole evening, from … till (to) / while,
when / subordinate clause (підрядне речення) in Present Simple.
FUTURE PERFECT (МАЙБУТНІЙ ДОКОНАНИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + He will have done the exercise
have + Ved / V3 till 2 p.m.
? Shall (Will) + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + Will you have taught us
have + Ved / V3 English by next year?
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + She will not have gone home
not + have + Ved / V3 before you come.
by (until, till) 5 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by the second of May, by the end of
the week (month, year)/ after, before / subordinate clause (підрядне речення) in
Present Simple.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(МАЙБУТНІЙ ДОКОНАНО-ТРИВАЛИЙ)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + They will have been talking for
have + been + Ving an hour before Tom arrives.
? Shall (Will) + I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + Will you have been teaching
have + been + Ving since 2005 by the time you
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + shall (will) + leave England?
not + have + been + Ving By the end of the semester she
will have been living in this
hostel for 2 years.
for, since, all day long, the whole day / subordinate clause (підрядне речення) in
Present Simple / by (until, till) 5 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by the second of
May, by the end of the week (month, year).

66
 FUTURE SIMPLE IN THE PAST (МАЙБУТНІЙ ПРОСТИЙ З ТОЧКИ ЗОРУ
МИНУЛОГО)
+ I (we) + should (I’d) + V He said (that) he would go to
You (he, she, it, they) + would (you’d) + V school on Monday.
? Should + I (we) + V
Would + you (he, she, it, they) + V
– I (we) + should + not (shouldn’t)+ V I knew (that) you would not
You (he, she, it, they) + would + not help him.
(wouldn’t ) + V
the next day, the next (the following) week (month, year, summer), in 2 days, soon / in
May, in 2014, on Friday / every day, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS IN THE PAST (МАЙБУТНІЙ ТРИВАЛИЙ З ТОЧКИ
ЗОРУ МИНУЛОГО)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should (would) We expected (that) he would
+ be + Ving be studying at that time.
? Should (Would) + I (you ,he, she, it, we,
they) + be + Ving He thought (that) he would not
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should (would) be reading all day.
+ not + be + Ving
at 8 o’clock, at that time, at that moment, at noon, at midnight / all day, all the time,
the whole evening(day, morning), from … till (to).
FUTURE PERFECT IN THE PAST
(МАЙБУТНІЙ ДОКОНАНИЙ З ТОЧКИ ЗОРУ МИНУЛОГО)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should (would) I thought (that) Ann would
+ have + Ved / V3 have made a delicious dinner
? Should (Would) + I (you, he, she, it, we, by 3 o’clock.
they) + have + Ved / V3 He realised (that) he would not
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should have finished his task before
(would) + not + have + Ved / V3 midnight.
by (until, till) 5 o’clock, by Sunday, by that time, by midday, by the second of May, by
the end of the week (month, year), after, before.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS IN THE PAST
(МАЙБУТНІЙ ДОКОНАНО-ТРИВАЛИЙ З ТОЧКИ ЗОРУ МИНУЛОГО)
+ I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should (would) He told me (that) he would
+ have + been + Ving have been doing this lab
? Should (Would) + I (you, he, she, it, we, exercise since morning.
they) + have + been + Ving
– I (you, he, she, it, we, they) + should He said (that) he would not
(would) + not + have + been + Ving have been working at the
conference for 5 days.
for, since, all day long, the whole day (evening, morning) .

67
 MEANS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS
(СПОСОБИ ВИРАЖЕННЯ МАЙБУТНЬОГО ЧАСУ)
FUTURE SIMPLE
1) General predictions. In the future 1) Загальні передбачення. There will be
rockets will fly to the Moon. another cold day in the country.
2) Facts that can’t be changed. It will be 2) Повідомлення про факти, на
my birthday tomorrow. здійснення яких ми не можемо
вплинути. It will be Monday tomorrow.
3) Instant decisions. I have a headache. 3) Прийняття рішення в момент
I’ll take an aspirin. мовлення. I am tired. I will go to bed
earlier today.
4) Making an offer or asking for advice 4) Пропозиція, звертання за порадою.
(with “shall” in the interrogative form). What shall I tell the boss about this
Shall we go to the cinema tonight? document?
5) Predictions with the following verbs 5)Висловлення сподівань, побоювань,
and expressions:think, expect, believe, be припущень, страхів, погроз, прогнозів,
sure, be afraid, hope, know, promise, обіцянок щодо майбутнього зі словами.
perhaps, probably, etc. He will probably I’m sure he will help you.
come home late.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
1) It сan be used to refer to continuous 1) дія, яка неодмінно відбудеться, тому
events that we expect to happen in the що вона повсякденна або є результатом
future. I’ll be speaking to John tomorrow. попередньої домовленості. I'll be seeing
Jim at the conference next week.
2) It can be used to make polite enquiries 2) ввічливе прохання, пропозиція. Will
about people’s plans. Will you be going Jim be coming with us?
shopping? Can you buy a loaf of bread for
me?
BE GOING TO
1) Plans and intentions. Freddy is going to 1) Наміри чи плани. She is going to enter
buy a new car soon. a computer college.
2) Predictions based on evidence. Look at 2) Якщо в момент мовлення ми
the black clouds. It is going to rain soon. розуміємо, що трапиться найближчим
часом. Be careful! You are going to cut
your finger.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1) Actions in the nearest future settled 1)Заплановані події, які обов’язково
due to one’s previous decisions, відбудуться найближчим часом
arrangements. She is coming відповідно до попередньої
tomorrow. домовленості. I’m meeting John
tonight.
PRESENT SIMPLE
1) Future events which are part of a 1) Події у майбутньому, пов’язані з
fixed timetable or programme. The розкладом, програмою. The train
conference finishes at 2 o’clock . arrives at 8 o’clock tomorrow.

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 REMEMBER!
PRESENT SIMPLE
 дія, яка відбувається в  things which are I hate that man.
момент мовлення з happening at the moment of
дієсловами, які не speaking with stative verbs;
вживаються в тривалому
часі;
 розповідь про події в  talking about what The hero dies at the end
книгах, фільмах, виставах, happens in books, plays and of the film.
коментарі спортивних films, sports commentaries.
програм.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 дія, що часто  a kind of complaining, She is always smoking
повторюється і може irritation or shocking in our flat.
спричинити роздратування, situation; something that
гнів (з прислівниками always, happens again and again;
continuously, constantly);
 ситуація, яка змінюється  a situation that is slowly My English is getting
(особливо з дієсловами changing; better.
become, get, increase, change,
rise, fall, grow, improve, begin,
start);
 тимчасовi ситуації.  temporary situations She is working hard
these days.
PRESENT PERFECT
 ‘have / has been’ вказує на ‘have / has been’ is used I have been to the USA
набутий досвід, у значенні when someone has gone to and now I can you a lot
‘був’, ‘їздив’, а ‘has/have gone’ a place and returned but of interesting about it. .
використовується в значенні when someone has not She has gone to Paris
‘пішов’, ‘поїхав’ і ще не returned we use “has/have and is still there.
повернувся; gone”;
 дія відбулася в період actions that refer to a We have bought a new
часу, який ще не закінчився; period of time that is not car this week.
finished yet;
 дія, що почалася у something that started in They have lived in
минулому і все ще триває у the past and continues in Canada since 1995.
теперішньому в момент the present (especially with (They still live there).
мовлення; stative verbs);
 вживається з виразами it is used with This is the first time she
“This is the first time …”/ “It’s expressions “This is the has come to England.
the first time …”. first time …”/ “It’s the first
time …”.
PAST SIMPLE
 послідовність подій одна  a series of completed He put on his jacket,
за одною; actions in the past; took an umbrella and
left.
 для описання станів та  describes habits in the He played football when
звичок у минулому. past. he was a schoolboy.

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 STATIVE VERBS
Verbs that are not used in Continuous Tenses are called Stative Verbs. A
verb which is not stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action.
Stative verbs are about liking or disliking something, ot about a mental
state, not about an action.
LIST OF STATIVE VERBS
agree, appear, astonish, be, believe, belong, concern, cost, consist, contain,
deny, depend, deserve, disagree, dislike, doubt, feel (have an opinion), fit,
forget, have (possess), hate, hear, hope, imagine, impress, include, involve,
know, lack, like, love, matter, mean, mind, need, owe, own, prefer, promise,
realise, remember, recognise, satisfy, see, seem, smell, sound, suppose,
surprise, taste, think, understand, want, wish etc.

COMPARE!
Present Simple Present Continuous
He has a big bathroom. (= He is having lunch. (= is eating)
possesses)
I think your idea is really good. I’m thinking about your
(= believe) suggestion. (= am considering)
The meat tastes nice. (= has a She is tasting meat. (= is trying)
delicious flavour)
I see she is very upset. (= I’m seeing my lawyer today. (= am
understand) / I see some people meeting)
in the room. (= perceive with my
eyes)
The rose smells nice. (= has a She is smelling meat. (= is sniffing)
nice smell)
You look great today. (= has You are looking at the picture. (=
nice appearance ) are watching )
I love / enjoy spring. (= in I’m loving / enjoying these spring
general ) holidays. (= at this moment)
The box weighs 8 kilos. (= has a The salesman is weighing the box.
weight) (= is measuring how heavy it is)
Peter is rude. (= in general) Peter is being very rude these days.
(unusual behavior, temporary
situation)
I don’t feel that this is a good The woman is feeling the baby’s
idea. (= think) forehead. (= is touching)

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 Text for Listening

THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

Education is a source of individual and social development of the
Ukrainian society. The Constitution of Ukraine, Law on Education, Law on
Higher Education, decrees and regulations of the President and the Cabinet
of Ministers of Ukraine define the main directions of the Ukrainian State
policy for higher education.
There are several types of higher educational institutions in our
country including universities, academies, institutes and colleges. Ukrainian
higher education consists of a multi-level system of studies. The Law on
Higher Education (2014) establishes the following academic degrees:
‘Junior Bachelor’, ‘Bachelor’, ‘Master’, ‘Doctor of Philosophy’ (PhD) and
‘Doctor of Sciences’. Higher educational establishments confer various
degrees. However, the Junior Bachelor’s degree usually represents a
separate branch of training offered by vocational institutions or colleges.
A four-year cycle of the Bachelor’s degree programme leads
successful graduates to a corresponding educational and professional
qualification. It also enables the Bachelor’s degree holders to continue their
education for the Master’s degree with further professional training.
Master’s degree programmes usually take 1,5 - 2 years of study.
Access to higher education is based on admission regulations which
are mandatory for all Ukrainian higher education establishments. School-
leavers, who have completed general secondary education, may enter higher
education institutions. In order to be admitted, they undergo a
comprehensive evaluation of their knowledge. All applicant students must
pass External Independent Testing and achieve good results. After that they
choose the speciality they like and apply for a university.
In accordance with the laws of Ukraine there are two forms of study:
 full-time study when secondary school graduates enrolled in
higher educational institutions attend classes daily;
 part time study when students come for examinations once a
semester for 2-3 weeks.
All Ukrainian citizens are guaranteed competitive merit-based access
to tuition-free education in state-owned institutions, irrespectively of their
gender, race, social status, political ideology or affiliation, religion etc.
Students admitted to public higher educational institutions on a full-time,
budget-financed basis are entitled to scholarships. The amount of the
scholarship depends on the type of the higher education institution,
specialism, student progress and possible additional state subsidies (in case
of social groups with special needs). There are also educational
establishments, especially privately owned, where students pay tuition fees.
71
 Each higher educational institution is a community of scientists,
teaching staff and students. The main positions of the teaching and research
staff include lecturers, senior lecturers, assistant professors, professors,
department chairs, deans, vice-rectors and rectors.
Today, the unity of education and science remains a major factor in
the development of higher education institutions. Student participation in
research is considered as an essential element of their training. Research
work helps students to perfect their qualification. All students prepare their
course and graduation projects under the guidance of supervisors (scientific
advisors) and defend them before the examination boards. Only after a
successful defence of their graduation papers they can graduate from the
University. Higher education graduates are qualified as Bachelors or
Masters and they are granted diplomas. Having gained the Master’s degree,
the ablest students can take postgraduate courses. The PhD and Doctor of
Sciences Degrees can be awarded only after the defence of dissertations.
These degrees and diplomas confirm both the educational level and
professional qualification adjusted according to national and international
labour markets.

72
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74