07/10/2021

Combustion Engines / AERO - 4 Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

Combustion engine cross-section

Combustion Engines
Characteristics and
Performances definition

Combustion Engines / AERO - 4 Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

Combustion engine nomenclature Combustion engine parameters
Geometrical parameters :

• B : cylinder bore
• L : piston stroke
L • R : connecting rod length
Piston • a : crank radius or offset (1/2 L)
• S : piston position
• q : crank angle
• TDC : Top Dead Center
• BDC : Bottom Dead Center
R • Vc : clearance volume
S • Vd : swept volume (p.B2/4.L)
• VBDC : maximal volume (Vc + Vd)
• VTDC : minimal volume (Vc)

V V V  Vd V
Compression ratio : rv  max  BDC  c 1 d
Vmin VTDC Vc Vc
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Combustion Engines / AERO - 4 Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

Bore to Stroke ratio: B / L Total volume V at a crank angle q :

Common values of B / L : p .B 2
• 0.8 to 1.2 : small and medium engine, V  Vc  Vq , where : Vq  .y y
• 0.5 : large low speed engine 4
with : y  R  a  S * Vq
L
Under square engine Square engine Over square engine and : S  a cos q  R 2  a 2 sin 2 q
Bore < Stroke Bore = Stroke Bore > Stroke
From the compression ratio definition:

.L pB 2
V V  Vd V
rv  BDC  c 1 d 1 4 R
VTDC Vc Vc Vc
S

and rearranging the above equations, we get :


V
Vc
 1  1 ( rv  1 )1  R  cos q 
2  a
Ra 2  sin 2 q 

where : rv the compression ratio

Combustion Engines / AERO - 4 Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

Crank radius to connecting rod length ratio : e = a / R
Combustion chamber total surface A:
Common values of R / a ( 1 / e ): Ach
• 3 to 4 : small and medium engine,
• 5 to 10 : large low speed engine A Ach  A  A y
 p l B
cylinder head surface piston crown surface lateral surface Al
The volume ratio can be expressed in terms of e as: where : Al  p .B .y , with : y  R  a  S L

and : S  a cos q  R 2  a 2 sin 2 q Ap

V
Vc   
 1  12 ( rv  1) 1  cos q  e1 1  1  e 2 sin 2 q 
 rv = 10
e = 1/3 A can be expressed as:
1
1  1  e 2 sin 2 q  12 e 2 sin 2 q , since: e  ,   R  
3 A  Ach  Ap  p .B  a  1   cos q   R 2  a 2 sin 2 q 
  a 
V
  1  12 (rv  1) 1  cos q   12 e sin 2 q    
y
Vc
with : L  2a
p .B.L 
A  Ach  Ap 

2

1  cos q   e1 1  1  e 2 sin 2 q 
 
p .B.L
if e  1 :A  Ach  Ap  1  cos q   12 e sin 2 q 
2  Piston
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Combustion Engines / AERO - 4 Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

Engine kinematics
Maximum rotational speed and mean piston
Instantaneous piston speed : dy dS
Up   , speed at rated revs of modern engines.
dt dt
with : S  a cos q  R 2  a 2 sin 2 q , and : t the time,

By deriving, we get :
q  2.p .N .t , N is the rotational speed in Rev / sec
Max:

  Max:
e . cos q
U p  p .N .L. sin q 1  
 
 1  e 2 sin 2 q 

Mean piston speed : U p  2.N .L e = 1/3

* ( up to 25 m/sec)

Dimensionless piston speed :

Up  
e .cos q
 p . sin q 1  
Up 2  
 1  e 2 sin 2 q 

Combustion Engines / AERO - 4 Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

Engine performances
Indicated work: work transferred from the gas to the piston during a cycle Indicated power: power per cycle

Wi  cycle Pdv , where : P is the pressure and v the volume Pi   .nc .Wi .N
where : nc the number of pistons,
N the rotational speed in revolution par sec *
  1 (4 stroke engine) and   1 (2 stroke engine)
2
P (bar)

Area A Brake power : power developed or available on the engine crankshaft

Wi   Area A   Area B  Pb  2p .N .T , where : T is the torque on the crankshat *

Friction power : power lost to overcome friction in bearings, pistons, etc.

Area B V (cm3)
Pf  P  P
i b
indicated power brake power
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Combustion Engines / AERO - 4 Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

Typical variation of the brake torque and power on the crankshaft: Heat added Qin Q in
Combustion c    ,
Heat of fuel m f .QF m f .QF
efficiency:
where : QF the fuel heat value (42 to 44 MJ/kg) and m f the fuel mass flow rate

 Wi Pi
Work done
 
  f i  m .Q  m .Q ( for indicated power)
Fuel conversion f 


f F f F
Heat of fuel Wb Pb
efficiency:  
 f 
b m f .QF

m f .QF
( for brake power)


 
 f .m f .QF  f   Mechanical
W P
 i  i  i  i ( indicated ) efficiency:
Thermal Work done  Qin Q in  c .m f .QF c
th  P ( )
efficiency:

Heat added  Wb Pb  
 f .m f .QF  f
b b
   m  b  f b
 Qin  Q in  c .m f .QF   c ( brake ) Pi ( f )i


 ma : mass of air
Mechanical efficiency: 
 m a : mass flow rate of air
Volumetric ( Air mass)intake ma m a   a : density of air
v    1
Brake Power P Pi  Pf Pf ( Air mass)Theoritical  a .Vd   a .Vd .N Vd : swept volume
m   b  1 efficiency:
 N : rotational speed (rev/s)
Indicated Power Pi Pi Pi 
   1(2S engine),  1/2(4S engine)

Combustion Engines / AERO - 4 Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

Mean Effective Pressure (MEP): work done per cycle by the displacement
volume Vd per cycle. Parameter expressed in Force / Area (Pascal). Typical maximum values for BMEP in bar :
Essential parameter for comparing engines of different displacement.
Wcycle
Mean Effective Pressure : MEP 
Vd

MEP

Vd

Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) : work developed or available

per cycle on the engine crankshaft
Max:
1 2p .T
Brake Mean Effective Pressure : BMEP  ( )
 Vd
 1 : 4 stroke engine
where :    2
 1 : 2 stroke engine
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Combustion Engines / AERO - 4 Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

Specific fuel consumption : as low as possible
Air-Fuel (AF) and Fuel-Air (FA) ratios for describing the mixture Air/Fuel:
 m f
Air mass m m Fuel flow rate isfc  : indicated sfc
AF   a  a (SI : 12  AF  18 - CI : 18  AF  70) sfc 
 Pi
Fuel mass m f m f 
Engine Power output  m f
bsfc  : brake sfc (200 to 400 g/kW.h)
 AF  6 : too rich mixture  Pb
( AF )stoichiometric  15 : 1
 AF  19 : too lean mixture Relation with the brake conversion efficiency :
Fuel mass m f m f 1
FA 
Air mass

ma

m a
 FA 
AF  f b  m P.bQ 
1
m f

1
bsfc.QF
f F .QF
Equivalence ratio, defined as the actual ratio of Fuel-Air to the stoichiometric Pb
Fuel-Air :
Relation with the brake thermal efficiency :
( FA )act ( AF )stoich
  Pb 1 1 1
( FA )stoich ( AF )act ( th )b      g  ( th )b .c   (  f )b
Q in m c .bsfc.QF bsfc.QF
Air excess : c . f .QF
Pb
( ma ) act 1    1 or   1:lean mixture hthb
  
( ma ) stoich     1 or   1:rich mixture hc hthi hm
Fuel Qin Win Wbrake
Example :   23    1.5  50% excess air or 150 % theoretical air hg

Combustion Engines / AERO - 4 Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

rv = 10 Brake Power Pb
Specific power: SP  
rv = 8 Piston Area Ap
Minimum of bsfc
Brake Power P
bsfc (g/kW.h) vs. N (rpm) : Output per Displacement : OD   b
Swept volume Vd

Engine volume Engine volume

Specific volume: SP  
Brake Power Pb

NOx mass flow rate

( SE )NOx 
Brake Power
CO mass flow rate
( SE )CO 
Minimum of bsfc Brake Power
Specific emission (mg/J or g/kW.h):
bsfc (g/kW.h) vs. F : Unburned HC mass flow rate
( SE )HC 
Brake Power
Particulates mass flow rate
( SE )Part 
Brake Power
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Combustion Engines / AERO - 4

Relationship between the performance parameters:

Conversion efficiency or global efficiency :  f  b  m P.bQ  

 Pb   f m f .QF
b
f F
m f
Fuel  Air ratio : FA   m f  m a .( FA )
m a
Air mass flow rate : m a   .N .ma ,   1/2 (4S Engine) and   1 (2S Engine)
ma
Volumetric efficiency : v   ma   v . a .Vd
 a .Vd

We get for the brake power : Pb   .  f  b .v .a .Vd .N .QF .( FA )


Torque : Pb  2p .N .T  T  (
2p
 b .v . a .Vd .QF .( FA )
) f