Amad, Rolando Jr. T.

I-BSCE/s

GE2 (3066)

Exercise 6.4: Comprehension. Instructions: Write the research gap and the

rationale that can be extracted from the following scenarios.

1. Adapted from Lecoanet, Bottero, and Wiesner (2004):

A risk assessment of the potential impacts on health and environment that the

production, use, and disposal of nanomaterials may engender requires information

concerning both the potential for exposure to a given material and its (once exposed)

potential impacts such as toxicity or mutagenicity. In this work, we address the issue

of nanomaterial exposure and transport in experiments designed to assess their

potential for migration in porous media such as groundwater aquifers and water

treatment plant filters.

Research gap: A risk assessment of the potential impacts on health and

environment that the production, use, and disposal of nanomaterials may engender

requires information concerning both the potential for exposure to a given material

and its (once exposed) potential impacts such as toxicity or mutagenicity.

Rationale: The research will look at nanomaterial exposure and transport in studies

aimed to assess their potential for migration in porous media such as groundwater

aquifers and water treatment plant filters.

2. Adapted from Costa, Robertson, and Quilliam (2015):

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) occurs worldwide, and harmful algal blooms,

including those responsible for PSP, appear to be increasing in frequency and

intensity. PSP outbreaks in Portuguese waters have been associated with blooms of

Gymnodinium caenatum in the late 1980’s to early 1990’s, then again after 2005.

According to the national monitoring program in Portugal, G. catenatum were not

reported along the Portuguese coast during the 10-year period from 1995 to 2005.

The aims of this study were to fully characterize the toxin profile of G.catenatum

strains isolated from the NW Portuguese coast before and after the 10-year absence

of blooms to determine changes and potential implications for the region. Hydrophilic

interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) was

utilized to determine the presence of any known and emerging PSTs in sample

extracts.

Research gap: According to the national monitoring program in Portugal, G.

catenatum were not reported along the Portuguese coast during the 10-year period

from 1995 to 2005

Rationale: The goals of this study were to comprehensively describe the toxin profile

of G. catenatum strains identified from the NW Portuguese coast before and after a

10-year absence of blooms to investigate alterations and potential implications for

the region.

3. Adapted from Littler, Ciringh, and Lindsey (1999):

The exchange process frequently observed in polypyrrane condensations is

proposed to occur by the acid-catalyzed fragmentation of a polypyrrane 1 into

pyrrolic 2 and azafulvene 3 components. As illustrated in Scheme 2, recombination

of 2 and 3 can form a new polypyrrane 4 that cannot be formed by direct

condensation of the dipyrromethane and aldehyde. Ultimately this process leads to

the production of a scrambled mixture of porphyrins. The factors that promote the

scrambling process in MacDonald-type 2 + 2 condensations are poorly understood,

but suppression of scrambling is essential for preparing large quantities of pure

trans-porphyrins. In this paper we describe a study of a wide range of reaction

conditions for the 2 + 2 condensation that has led to refined synthetic procedures for

the preparation of trans-porphyrins.

Research gap: The factors that promote the scrambling process in MacDonald-type

2 + 2 condensations are poorly understood, but suppression of scrambling is

essential for preparing large quantities of pure trans-porphyrins

Rationale: This study of a wide range of reaction conditions for the 2 + 2

condensation has resulted in better synthetic processes for the preparation of trans-

porphyrins.

4. Adapted from Pukhov and Meyer-ter-Vehn (2002):

In the present paper, we focus on laser wake field acceleration in a new, highly non-

linearregime. It occurs for laser pulses shorter than λ(p) but for relativistic intensities

high enough to break the plasma wave after the first oscillation. In the present

relativistic regime, one should notice that the plasma wave fronts are curved and first
break new the wave axis and for lower values than the plane-wave limit. This has

been studied in 2D geometry in [14-17]. Here, we present 3D PIC simulations of two

representative cases. The case (I) is just marginally above and

the case (II) is far above the breaking threshold.

Research gap: It occurs for laser pulses shorter than λ(p) but for relativistic

intensities high enough to break the plasma wave after the first oscillation. In the

present relativistic regime, one should notice that the plasma wave fronts are curved

and first break new the wave axis and for lower values than the plane-wave limit.

Rationale: The study is centered on laser wakefield acceleration in a novel,

extremely non-linear regime.