Prepared by ; Ahmed nizam group ; A1

Roshna jumha group ; A2

 Esophagus : is muscular tube or fibro muscular tube connecting oral cavity to gastric part ,
basiclly part of alimentary tract of digestive system .
 We have got muscular tube 25 cm long , located between pharynx and stomach
 Between pharynx and esophagus have pharyngo esophageal sphincter
 While the lower aspect of esophagus , between esophagus and stomach has gastro
esophageal junction
 It has got 3 part
 Cervical , thoracic , abdominal or cervical , thoracic , lumber
 25 cm ; it starts with trachea at C6 cervical , trachea end at T4, T5 . While esophagus goes
beyond angle of louis T4,T5
 Esophagus enter the diaphragm through esophageal hiatus at T10 level ends in abdominal
part just at the gastro esophageal junction is T11,T12
 Length 25 cm :
 Cervical part 4cm
 Thoracic part is longest part is about 20 cm
 Approximatley 1-2cm according abdominal part
 The abdominal part of esophagus a little bit distended
 Alimentary tract all ; muscle
 Usually outer longitudinal and inner circular . This is for reason to increasing surface area
or extension for digestion , to pass food
 All alimentary tract outer longitudinal and inner circular for perstances movement of bolus
of food compress down
 Mucosa ; esophagus same with mucosa of oral cavity but when react gastro esophageal
junction in zig zag pattern even the mucosa change
 The esophagus tube has got curvatures why?
 A collapsid muscular tube – soft and the neighbor pushing all around
 while the trachea composed of cartilage and fibrous membrane between them that’s not
get pushed by neighbor structure
 Diameter of esophagus is collapsid muscular tube approximately about 2 cm but this is
various actually because distendes by bolus of food
 Why curvature ?
 Because basicly is located between trachea and vertebral column
 All of them even the heart make depression to esophagus
 most superior aspect just directly pharyngoesophageal junction we have got a muscle we
called cricopharyngeus muscle is narrowest part of esophagus
 Cricopharyngeus muscle constrict the superior aspect of esophagus at the top of cervical
part
- In the thoracic region it has got two constructor ,
one made by arch of aorta / upper - and another
by atrium .
+ basiclly represent aspect of the heart so in
the thoracic region on esophagus posterior
surface of heart make a pressure and wall is
construction in upper arch of aorta also make
a pressure that makes a little bit of a
construction
in esophagus inward.
- The lumber part (abdominal part) direct the central tendon when
esophagus come through inside called abdominal part of
esophagus .
· surelly the central tendon makes a pressure on this part of
esophagus and make construction
The anatomical relations of the esophagus give rise to four physiological
constrictions in its lumen – it is these areas where food/foreign objects are most
likely to become impacted.
– Arch of aorta
– bronchus (left main stem)
– Cricoid cartilage
– Diaphragmatic hiatus

✫ So esophagus has got 4 construction ( one in cervical ‒

two in thoracic ‒ one in abdominal or lumber) region .
- cervical region make by cricopharyngeal muscle .
- thoracic region by arch of aorta and left atrium .
- lumber region , central tendon or basiclly esophageal haitus
☆ esophageal haitus this holl the esophagus pass through .
𝒬// what is the important of those
construction ??
– those construction act as a body defence
mechanism ,mechanical kind of defence .
☆ when the foriegn body expel the cought in
one of these constructor , so it is mechanical
defence mechanism / more in child .
such as a carina act as a defence
mechanism by cough and sputume when
foriegn body expel .
✰patient more smoker or drinker or lower esophageal
sphinector abnormal and reflex the acid of stomach so suspect
to cancer .
✧ dysphagia inability to swallow or persistance cough or blood
in vomiting (hematemesis) .
☆ constructor common site for produce cancer becouse cancer
of esophagus produce these site .

☆esophagus have 2 valve called sphincter :-

( upper esophageal sphinctor - lower esophageal
sphinctor ).
Upper esophageal Sphincter
The upper sphincter is an anatomical, directly locate
in cricopharyngeus muscle , at the junction between
the pharynx and esophagus . that so narrowest part
of esophagus . It is produced by the
cricopharyngeus muscle. Normally, it is constricted
to prevent the entrance of air into the esophagus.
anatomical sphinctor becouse have got specific muscle in
here that is cricopharyngeal muscle .
- have problem in this sphinctor patient
affect the abdominal distension ,
or fast eat the food .
Lower Oesophageal Sphincter
The lower oesophageal sphincter is located near the
gastro-oesophageal junction (between the stomach and
oesophagus) .
The sphincter is classified as a physiological (or functional)
sphincter, as it does not have any specific sphincteric muscle.
 esophagus constructor

cervical thoracic
abdominal
under voluntary under both voluntary
totally involuntary
control . and involuntary .
control .
- lower esophageal sphinctor not contain any specific
muscle while physiological but more functional .
- while the lower esophageal sphinctor function is very
critical if any problem happen produce some disease such
as heart burn - gastroesophageal reflex disorder .
Q// why do affect those disease ??
- becouse function is prevention reflex of gastric content to
upper .
★ In lower esophageal sphinctor no have muscle how
efficient in function ??
4 reasone include:-
( Oesophagus enters the stomach at an acute angle ,
Walls of the intra-abdominal section of the oesophagus are
compressed when there is a positive intra-abdominal pressureor /
or we can say just this (posative intra abdominal pressure) ,
right crus of the diaphragm has a “pinch-cock” around that
part in lower esophageal sphinctor ) .
- esophagus according neighbor
structure have curvature in the
thoracic region curve becouse the
depression of the heart and great
vesscle of the heart .

- have 4 curveture
upper lateral curveture - upper
anterio posterior curveture - lower
anterio posterior and lower lateral
curveture .

- lateral for the left side .

- from C6 to T5 it goes to the left .

note / this curveture no neccessory

for know about location just for us .
☆ trachea goes to the right
side , esophagus goes to the left
side why??
- becouse presence arch of
Aorta .

✔ esophagus curve in cervical

region becouse presence body
of cervical vertebrae , in
thoracic region becouse of the
heart , in lumber or abdominal
region becouse of the lumber
vertebrae or disending aorta .
✰ Blood supply part of esophagus :- branch of artery should be
write in all .
artery vein Lymph drainage

- inferior thyroid
artery branch of - inferior thyroid - deep cervical
cervical
subclavian vein . group .
artery .

- superior and
- thoracic aorta .
- azygos vein . posterior
- esophageal
thoracic -hemiazygos mediastinum
branch of
vein. group of
brochial artery .
lymph node .
- left gastric
- left gastric
artery branch of - hemi azygos
group.
abdominal vein .
lumber - celiac group
artery . - left gastric
of lymph
- left inferior vein .
node .
phrinic artery .
★ Nerve Supply :-
- sympathetic // spinal sigment
from T5 to T9 .( scretomotor &
vasomotor).
- parasympathetic // vagus
nerve .

note :- each part of esophagus

have lymphnode , blood supply ,
nerve .
anatomical relation :-
infront of esophagus have trachea from C6to T4. after T4 of trachea arch of
aorta continue , from the lateral lobe of thyroid gland ,and carotid sheath .
Q// what are the content of carotid sheath ?? v.
important question
- (vegus nerve - internal jegular vein - common carotid
artery - internal carotid artery ).