Yancheng Wang

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109
Silicone-Based
e-mail: yancwang@umich.edu

Bruce L. Tai
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109
e-mail: ljtai@umich.edu
Hongwei Yu
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109
e-mail: yhongwei@umich.edu
Albert J. Shih
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109
e-mail: shiha@umich.edu
Tissue-Mimicking Phantom
for Needle Insertion Simulation
Silicone-based tissue-mimicking phantom is widely used as a surrogate of tissue for clini-
cal simulators, allowing clinicians to practice medical procedures and researchers to
study the performance of medical devices. This study investigates using the mineral oil in
room-temperature vulcanizing silicone to create the desired mechanical properties and
needle insertion characteristics of a tissue-mimicking phantom. Silicone samples mixed
with 0, 20, 30, and 40 wt. % mineral oil were fabricated for indentation and needle inser-
tion tests and compared to four types of porcine tissues (liver, muscle with the fiber per-
pendicular or parallel to the needle, and fat). The results demonstrated that the elastic
modulus and needle insertion force of the phantom both decrease with an increasing con-
centration of mineral oil. Use of the mineral oil in silicone could effectively tailor the
elastic modulus and needle insertion force to mimic the soft tissue. The silicone mixed
with 40 wt. % mineral oil was found to be the best tissue-mimicking phantom and can be
utilized for needle-based medical procedures. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4026508]
Keywords: needle insertion, tissue-mimicking, silicone phantom, force, indentation

1 Introduction similar to soft tissue [10] and is durable for needle insertion, was
utilized as the base material to fabricate the TM phantom.
Clinical simulators are commonly used for clinicians’ training
The mechanical properties of TM phantoms and soft tissues are
and the calibration or testing of medical devices since they can
usually measured by compression [11] or indentation [12] tests.
provide a similar environment to that of real medical procedures
The elastic modulus can be derived from the hardness reading of
[1]. Medical simulators are particularly important for training on
the indentation test. To use silicone as a TM phantom, it is impor-
needle-based procedures, which use needles, catheters, guide-
tant to have an elastic modulus similar to soft tissue. It is known
wires, and other small-bore instruments. It is a mandate that
that adding mineral oil into silicone can change the ultrasound
nurses and clinicians for all needle-based procedures need to be
image properties [13], while its effect on the mechanical proper-
trained using medical simulators [2]. To further advance the clini-
ties has not been studied. A goal of this research is using the in-
cal education using medical simulators, there is a great need to de-
dentation test to measure the elastic modulus of the RTV silicone
velop tissue-mimicking (TM) phantoms with needle insertion
with different concentrations of mineral oil and match it to that of
characteristics and mechanical properties similar to those of soft
various soft tissues.
tissues.
The needle insertion characteristics are determined by the nee-
Tissue-mimicking phantoms, which act as the surrogates of soft
dle insertion force. Abolhassani et al. [14] developed models for
tissue, are critical components of clinical simulators. They are
the needle insertion force and needle deflection. Gerwen et al.
usually made from either chemically synthesized polymer (CSP)
[15] reviewed the research on needle insertion into soft-tissue,
or biopolymer. Silicone [3] and polyvinyl chloride [4] are two
including the needle insertion force, effects of the insertion
major types of CSPs. Biopolymers, such as gelatin [5], agar [6],
method, needle tip geometry, and tissue properties. Okamura [16]
and gellan gum [7,8] typically include over 80% of water and
decomposed the needle insertion force into the stiffness (tissue
have a stiffness similar to that of soft tissue. However, biopoly-
elasticity), cutting (tissue toughness), and friction forces. The
mers have limited durability for needle insertion applications. In
stiffness force occurs prior to the puncture of the tissue; the cut-
comparison, a CSP is more durable, withstanding repeated needle
ting and friction forces take place after the needle breaks into the
insertions. Its wide range of mechanical properties and long-term
tissue. The force at the puncture point has been defined as the ini-
stability provide additional advantages over biopolymers [9]. Fur-
tial peak needle insertion force [17]. Using the elemental cutting
thermore, CSPs do not contain water and thus do not have the
tool concept, a model to predict the needle insertion force has
problems of evaporation or bacterial growth. A major drawback
been developed [17–19] and applied for optimal needle tip design
of CSPs is the lack of water as the lubricant during needle inser-
[20]. With the knowledge gained in the mechanics of soft tissue
tion. As a result, the resistive force for needle insertion into a CSP
needle cutting, this paper also uses the needle insertion force to
is usually higher than that of soft tissue. In this study, mineral oil
study the effect of the mineral oil concentration in the silicone.
was adopted as the lubricant to mix into the CSP to improve the
In this study, the RTV silicone-based TM phantom specimens
needle insertion characteristics. Room temperature vulcanizing
are fabricated with 0, 20, 30, and 40 wt. % mineral oil. The experi-
(RTV) silicone, which can be easily molded with a stiffness
mental setup and procedures to determine the elastic modulus and
needle insertion forces are first introduced. It is followed by the
Manuscript received February 27, 2013; final manuscript received January 6, analyses and comparisons between the TM phantoms and four
2014; published online March 7, 2014. Assoc. Editor: Carl A. Nelson. ex vivo porcine tissues: liver, muscle with the fiber perpendicular

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Fig. 1 Molding of the TM silicone phantom: (a) plastic mold,
(b) mold internal geometry, (c) silicone phantom in the mold,
and (d) a silicone phantom specimen after molding
or parallel to the needle, and fat. Finally, the results and discus-
sion are presented.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Manufacture of the Silicone-Based TM Phantom. The
silicone for this study is commercially available and fabricated by
mixing two-part solutions, Parts A and B, from the manufacturer
(Smooth-On Inc., PA). The composition of Part A is a mixture
of polyorganosiloxanes (75–85 wt. %), amorphous silica
(20–25 wt. %), and platinum-siloxabe complex (0.1 wt. %). Part B
consists of polyorganosiloxanes (65–70 wt. %), amorphous silica
(20–25 wt. %) and other proprietary ingredients (10 wt. %) [21].
Parts A and B were mixed at the ratio of 1:1 by weight. Mineral
oil (Comforts Baby Oil, OH) is added to adjust the mechanical
and tribological properties of the silicone. For a given wt. % of
mineral oil in the TM phantom, the mass of the mineral oil (moil)
can be calculated by
xðmA þ mB Þ
moil ¼ (1)
1x
Fig. 2 Indentation test for elastic modulus measurements: (a) before indenter compression, (b)
close up view of the indenter of the durometer, and (c) after indenter compression
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where mA and mB are the mass of Parts A and B, respectively, and
x is the weight ratio of the mineral oil.
The procedures used to fabricate the silicone-based phantoms
are described as follows: (1) mix Part A and mineral oil in a dry
container and stir at room temperature for 1 min, (2) add Part B
into the mixture and stir at room temperature for another 1 min,
(3) place the mixture in a vacuum chamber for 2 min to remove
air bubbles trapped inside the mixture, and (4) pour the final mix-
ture into the mold (see Fig. 1(a)) with the inside geometry of
35.0 mm in diameter and 20.0 mm in depth (see Fig. 1(b)). The sil-
icone cures in 24 h at room temperature. Samples of the silicone-
based TM phantom before and after demolding are shown in
Figs. 1(c) and 1(d), respectively. The thickness of the specimen is
20 mm, which is three times larger than the indentation depth
(6 mm). In this study, four types of silicone phantom with 0, 20,
30, and 40 wt. % mineral oil were fabricated.
2.2 Indentation Test for Measurement of Elastic Modulus.
The elastic modulus was measured by the indentation test, as
shown in Fig. 2(a), which is a common method to measure the
hardness of soft tissues [12,22,23]. The indentation test was per-
formed using a 000-S durometer (Instron, Norwood, MA) with a
10.67 mm radius spherical indenter (12.0 mm in width), as shown
in the close-up view in Fig. 2(b). The durometer was attached to a
linear stage (Siskiyou instruments Model 100cri, Grants Pass,
OR) to control the depth of indentation. The specimens, including
four silicone-based phantoms and fat and muscle specimens, were
held by a plate, as shown in Fig. 2(a). The liver was placed in a
plastic mold (as shown in Fig. 1(a)); the round shape of the mold
provides a consistent boundary for the liver during indentation
test. The indenter was first moved to touch the phantom top
surface. This is set as zero on the durometer dial, as shown in
Fig. 2(a). Then the linear stage moved the indenter into the phan-
tom specimen until the skirt of the durometer touched the top
edge of the phantom, as shown in Fig. 2(c). The durometer
reading can be converted to the elastic modulus (E) using the
equation [8]
ð1  t2 ÞF
E ¼ pffiffiffi (2)
4 R  h3=2
where t is Poisson’s ratio, F is the spring force of the durometer,
R is the radius of the sphere indenter, and h is the indentation
depth. Silicone is assumed as roughly incompressible and has a
Poisson ratio of 0.49 [24]. Most soft tissues are also considered as
incompressible materials and have a Poisson ratio value in the
range of 0.45 to 0.49 [25]. A Poisson ratio of 0.49 was utilized for
all the tested specimens in this study.
Transactions of the ASME

Fig. 3 Needle insertion test experimental setup: (a) overview,
(b) close up view of the trocar tip and the silicone specimen,
and (c) shape of the specimen holder and specimen
Based on the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) Standard D2240-05 [26], F (unit: N) and h (unit: m) can
be obtained from the 000-S durometer reading (H) based on the
relationship between the spring force and indentation depth
F ¼ 0:01765H þ 0:167 (3)
and
 
H repeated insertion tests around the holder center were performed
h ¼ 0:005 1  (4)
100
where 0.005 is the extension length of the indenter and 100 is the
maximum of the dial reading.
Four types of silicone phantoms with 0, 20, 30, and 40 wt. %
mineral oil and four types of porcine tissues (fat, liver, and
muscles (perpendicular and parallel to the fiber orientation)) were
measured for comparison. The indentation test was repeated four
times at the same point for each specimen. The time between each
test was about 2 min to release the loading stress.
Fig. 4 Test specimens in the holder (a) muscle perpendicular to the fiber, (b) silicone speci-
men, and (c) schematic view of the six needle insertion positions in the specimen holder
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2.3 Needle Insertion Experiment. The experimental setup to
insert the needle into a phantom and measure the needle insertion
force is shown in Fig. 3. Two linear actuators (Siskiyou instru-
ments 200 cri and 100 cri) were assembled to create two orthogo-
nal motions (x-z) for targeting and inserting a stainless steel solid
trocar (1.01 mm diameter) with a 9.7 deg bevel angle three-plane
arrowhead into the silicone-based phantom and soft tissue
specimens. Instead of a hollow needle, a solid trocar was used to
simplify the comparison because the friction force only exists on
the outer surface. This trocar was secured via a screw inside a
1.30 mm diameter and 15 mm deep hole of an aluminum needle
holder, as shown in Fig. 3(a). The holder was fixed to the linear
stages. The length of the trocar protruding from the holder was
95 mm. During the needle insertion test, the specimen was moved
in the x and z directions to reach the target point. Once this posi-
tion is reached, the needle insertion was performed in the y direc-
tion. After each needle insertion, the specimen was rotated by
60 deg and the needle was inserted in the y direction to a new
location in the specimen.
The silicone specimen was placed inside a plastic specimen
holder, which was the mold used for molding the phantom with
holes on both ends, and clamped on a fixture. The whole setup
was mounted on the top of a piezoelectric force dynamometer
(Kistler Model 9256-C), as shown in Fig. 3(a). Figures 4(a) and
4(b) show the porcine tissue and silicone specimens inside the
holder, respectively. The specimen holder had two 10.0 mm diam-
eter center holes (see Fig. 4(c)). The needle penetrates through
these two holes in six locations, about 60 deg apart from each
other and 3.0 mm from the center.
The insertion test had four stages, including one complete inser-
tion and three reciprocating motions to test the durability and fric-
tion force. First, the needle traveled 33 s (about 50 mm) into the
sample at a constant speed of 1.5 mm/s. After the 33 s insertion,
the needle was retracted at a constant speed of 1.5 mm/s for 12 s
(18 mm). The trocar was then reciprocated for 12 s (at 1.5 mm/s)
for three complete cycles. After these cycles, the trocar was pulled
out of the sample and returned to its initial position. Before needle
insertion, the needle surface was cleaned by ethanol and then
dried for about one min to reduce the effect of lubrication. The
needle axial force was measured by the force dynamometer
throughout the insertion cycles. The sampling rate was set at 1000
samples per second; no filter was utilized to process the data. Six
on one sample for each type of specimen, as shown in Fig. 4(c).
The specimens were tested in sequence: four types of silicone
phantoms with 0, 20, 30, and 40 wt. % mineral oil and four por-
cine tissues (fat, liver, and muscles (perpendicular and parallel to
the fiber orientation)).
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Elastic Modulus. Table 1 summarizes the elastic modu-
lus of four silicone and four porcine tissue specimens. The
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 Table 1 Elastic modulus of TM phantom and tissue samples
Elastic modulus (kPa)
Hardness Standard
reading Average deviation
Silicone with 0% 56.5 21.3 0.6
mineral oil 20% 46.0 13.0 0.5
30% 41.0 10.4 0.2
40% 40.8 10.3 0.2
Porcine Fat 37.5 8.9 0.2
tissue Muscle perpendicular 45.5 12.7 1.3
to the fiber
Muscle parallel 43.2 11.5 1.2
to the fiber
Liver 42.2 11.0 0.7
hardness reading of the tested phantoms for the 000-S durometer
ranged from 40 to 57, corresponding to an elastic modulus of 10.3
to 21.3 kPa. For the porcine tissues, the hardness ranged from 37
to 47, which corresponds to an elastic modulus of 8.9 to 12.7 kPa.
The low standard deviation (0.2 to 1.3 kPa) indicates good repeat-
ability of the indentation measurements for both silicone and
tissue specimens.
In Table 1, the silicone without mineral oil has the largest elas-
tic modulus (21.3 kPa). As the wt. % of the mineral oil increases,
the elastic modulus is reduced, although no significant change is
observed when the mineral oil content is over 30 wt. %. The
explanation is that the mineral oil at 40 wt. % has reached the
saturation point of the silicone phantom. When adding more than
40 wt. % mineral oil into silicone, the mineral oil can hardly to be
absorbed completely. For soft tissues, fat and liver have lower
elastic moduli (8.9 and 11.0 kPa, respectively), while the muscle
perpendicular to the fibers has the highest elastic modulus
(12.7 kPa). For a given indentation depth, muscle perpendicular to
the fiber generates a higher force against the indenter; thus it has a
higher elastic modulus compared to that of muscle parallel to the
fiber [23]. In summary, increasing the mineral oil to between 20
and 40 wt. % can provide silicone with a proper elastic modulus to
mimic porcine tissues.
3.2 Needle Insertion Force. Figure 5 shows an example of
the measured needle insertion force for silicone with 0% mineral
oil during the cyclic insertion test. From the force curve, approxi-
mately six general phases (Phases I–VI presented in the following
text) correspond to the needle insertion at different stages.
Phase I: the needle insertion force starts to increase when the
needle tip deforms the phantom, eventually breaking into the
phantom, and ends at the peak force corresponding to the needle
tip penetrating out from the specimen. Before puncturing the tis-
sue, the needle insertion force increases as the phantom deflection
increased. The force when the needle tip breaks into the tissue is
the initial needle insertion force [19], which may not be clearly
defined on the force curve, depending on the material properties.
After the needle puncture into the tissue, the needle insertion force
becomes the sum of the cutting force and friction force along the
needle tip and shaft. The cutting force at the needle tip includes
the force generated by the wedging actions of the needle tip. The
peak force at Point A (shown in Fig. 5) can be decomposed into
the cutting force (Fc) and friction force (Ff).
Phase II: after the needle penetrates out of the phantom, the
insertion force decreases to a certain level while the needle is still
moving forward. Only the friction force exists in this phase since
no cutting occurs. The average force in the last 6.7 s (about 10 mm
needle insertion, from points B to C in Fig. 5, defined as the fric-
tion force in Phase II (FIIf ). The force in the last 10 mm of needle
insertion reaches a more steady-state level. The cutting force (Fc)
was obtained by subtracting FIIf from the peak force at Point A.
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Fig. 5 Needle insertion forces for silicone with 0% mineral oil
Phase III: after the first full insertion, the needle was retracted
at 1.5 mm/s for 12 s (18 mm) and then advanced again for 12 s
(18 mm). In this phase, the needle shaft remained in full contact
with the tissue with no tissue cutting taking place; thus, during
this phase only the friction force exists between the phantom and
needle shaft. The negative and positive forces in Phase III corre-
spond to the needle insertion directions. Due to the deformation of
the specimen, there exists a transition region (at 0
about 10 s or
15 mm) before the friction forces, denoted as FIII f and FIII
f , occur
in the plateau region. Compared to Phase II, the friction forces are
lower in Phase III, possibly because the surface in contact with
the needle shaft has been smoothed after the first insertion in
Phase II.
Phases IV and V: the same needle insertion0 cycle as in Phase
III was repeated twice. The friction forces (FIV f and FIV
f ) in Phase
V0 0
IV and (Ff and Ff ) in Phase V gradually decrease from FIII
V
f and
III
Ff in Phase III. The hole created by the needle in the phantom
expands and the inner surface in contact with the needle possibly
becomes smoother after each cycle. The change of the friction
force through Phases III, IV, and V is related to the phantom
durability.
Phase VI: the needle was retracted to the initial position after
three repeated cycles.
Figures 6 and 7 show the results of the needle insertion force
over time for four silicone and four porcine tissue specimens,
respectively. In Fig. 6, the silicone specimens exhibit very repeat-
able results, indicating the consistency of this material for clinical
simulator applications. The silicone specimen without mineral oil
has the highest insertion force. The effect of the mineral oil con-
centration on the insertion force is similar to that imposed on the
hardness and elastic modulus. With the increase of the mineral oil
percentage, the needle insertion force is reduced.
In Fig. 7, soft tissue specimens exhibit a larger discrepancy of
force in six repeated tests due to the inherent variation in the tis-
sue. Compared to Fig. 6, the silicone with 40 wt. % mineral oil
has the insertion force closest to that of soft tissues, which ranges
from 0.4 to 1.0 N. Needle insertion into the muscle perpendicular
to the fiber requires the highest force while liver requires the
lowest.
3.3 Force Components During Needle Insertion. The nee-
dle insertion force, denoted as F, consists of both a cutting force
(Fc) and a friction force (Ff). Researchers have attempted to
decompose Fc and Ff using either two load cells to acquire the Fc
and F individually [27] or two repeated needle insertions to distin-
guish the Ff in the second insertion from the first insertion with
the combination of Fc and Ff [16,28]. The second approach is
Transactions of the ASME
 Fig. 6 Needle insertion force versus time for four silicone specimen with: (a) 0, (b)
20, (c) 30, and (d) 40 wt. % mineral oil

Fig. 7 Needle insertion force versus time for four types of porcine soft tissue: (a)
fat, (b) muscle perpendicular to the fiber, (c) muscle parallel to the fiber, and (d) liver

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Fig. 8 Average and standard deviation of the force compo-
nents of (a) silicone specimens, and (b) porcine ex vivo tissues
for six repeated needle insertion
adopted in this study. The Fc was determined by subtracting Ff
from the peak insertion force (at Point A in Fig. 5) when the nee-
dle has fully penetrated through the entirety of the specimen. The
Ff was measured in Phase II when the needle tip has moved out-
side the tissue, which is marked as FIIf in Fig. 5. The friction forces
during the rest of the cycles are not considered characteristic of
the force for comparison; instead, its consistency over time indi-
rectly represents the durability of the phantom under repeated
insertions (as discussed further in Sec 3.4).
Figure 8 shows average and standard deviation of the F, Fc, and
Ff for eight specimens (four silicone phantoms and four types of
porcine tissue) and six repeated needle insertion tests for each
sample. For the silicone phantoms, as shown in Fig. 8(a), the min-
eral oil has a significant effect on reducing the F and Ff and a lim-
ited effect on the Fc. This follows our expectations because
mineral oil enhances the lubricity of the phantom, resulting in the
reduced friction force and peak force. The silicone without min-
eral oil (0%) has a higher F than all of the other tested phantoms
and tissues. The constant Fc (about 0.7 to 0.9 N) for the four sili-
cone phantoms implies the same toughness against cutting regard-
less of the mineral oil concentration.
Figure 8(b) shows the comparison of F, Fc, and Ff of four types
of porcine tissues and the silicone with 40 wt. % mineral oil. The
Ff of this silicone phantom (0.34 N) is between the muscle parallel
to the fiber (0.40 N) and liver (0.27 N). The Fc (0.58 N) of this
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Fig. 9 The degradation of (a) forward, and (b) backward fric-
tion forces throughout five phases for six repeated needle
insertion
silicone phantom is higher but still closest to that of fat (0.45 N).
Although the F, Fc, and Ff of the silicone with 40 wt. % mineral
oil does not perfectly match those of porcine tissue, its needle
insertion properties are close to those tissues and will be suitable
for clinical simulator applications. The variations among the por-
cine soft tissue likely come from the differences in their material
properties. Fat has the largest F and Fc, due to its higher toughness
and lubricity. Liver has the lowest Ff, likely due to the high ratio
of water content to lubricate the needle insertion. Muscle perpen-
dicular to the fiber has a higher Fc and Ff than that of muscle par-
allel to the fiber because of the strong support against needle
insertion that the fiber generates.
3.4 Durability Under Repeated Insertions. Durability is
defined by the phantom material’s ability to maintain the same
level of insertion force for repeated use. The results from recipro-
cating needle insertions for each test reflect the durability of the
silicone phantom. As shown in Fig. 6, the decrease in the friction
forces (FIIf to FV
f ) over time can be attributed to the combination
of the improved surface roughness and lubrication and expansion
of the hole. The initial drop in force (FIIf to FV
f ) is relatively signif-
icant as a result of the lubrication added to the needle surface.
Since silicone with 40 wt. % mineral oil is the best candidate for
mimicking the soft tissue, Fig. 9 summarizes the change of fric-
tion forces for this silicone phantom and four types of porcine tis-
sues. The forward and backward average and standard deviation
of the friction forces are displayed in Figs. 9(a) and 9(b),
respectively.
Transactions of the ASME
 The silicone phantom with 40 wt. % mineral oil exhibits a simi-
lar trend to that of the muscle parallel to the fiber and both have a
relatively slow force degradation rated compared to other tissues.
Although the liver tissue has a relatively constant friction force in
Phases III to V, the significant drop from Phase II (dry needle sur-
face) to Phase III (needle surface with tissue fluid) implies that the
residual tissue fluid on the needle surface could have an important
effect on the needle insertion force. No soft tissues were able to
keep the friction force level as constant as the silicone phantom.
For repeated needle insertion, the silicone phantom with 40 wt. %
mineral oil is a durable tissue-mimicking phantom to maintain the
same level of friction force for clinical training.
4 Conclusions
This research has presented an approach to fabricate a TM
phantom by mixing silicone with mineral oil. The addition of min-
eral oil in silicone has been demonstrated to effectively reduce the
elastic modulus and needle insertion forces to a level close to that
of porcine soft tissue. Adding mineral oil into the silicone-based
phantom is one of the methods used to reduce the friction between
the needle and silicone phantom for the improvement of needle
insertion characteristics. Among all of the tested TM phantoms,
the silicone with 40 wt. % mineral oil had the elastic modulus, the
cutting and friction forces, and durability closest to porcine soft
tissues (fat, liver, and muscle) tested.
In summary, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of using
silicone with mineral oil to mimic soft tissues for needle insertion
phantoms that require realistic haptic feedback. However, a sili-
cone phantom with 40 wt. % mineral oil is close to the saturation
point, beyond which manufacturing is difficult. Future work will
focus on developing a predictive model for the compositions of
silicone-based phantoms for specific types of tissue with the same
elastic modulus and needle insertion characteristics, in order that
the phantom be customizable for specific medical procedure train-
ing. The viscoelastic properties of the developed silicone-based
phantoms and their effect on needle insertion characteristics in
high-speed needle insertion procedures will be studied. Addition-
ally, determining the peak force (penetrating out of the silicone
phantom) corresponds exactly to where in the needle (either the
tip point or the end of needle cutting edge), during needle inser-
tion will be investigated in the future work.
Acknowledgment
This research work is sponsored by the National Natural
Science Foundation (NSF) Award CMMI No. 0825795.
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