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Buffer, Integrator, and Differentiator Op Amps
Buffer, Integrator, and Differentiator Op Amps
part2
• Integrator Op Amp
part3
• Differentiator Op Amp
part4
part5
part6
part7
Voltage Follower or Buffer
What is a Voltage Follower?
A voltage follower Op Amp does not amplify the input signal and
has a voltage gain of 1
6) Impedance matching
Applications of Voltage Followers:
vo Rf vo 0
Av= = 1+ Av= = 1+ = 1
vi Ri vi ∞
v𝒐 = Av vi Rf = 0, Ri = ∞
v𝒐 = vi
The input impedance of the op-amp is very high when a voltage
follower or unity gain configuration is used. Sometimes the input
impedance is much higher than 1 Megohm. So, due to high input
impedance, we can apply weak signals across the input and no current
will flow in the input pin from the signal source to amplifier. On the
other hand, the output impedance is very low, and it will produce the
same signal input, in the output.
One of the reasons voltage followers are used, they simply don't draw a lot of
current, so they do not load down the power source.
Another reason voltage followers are used because of their importance in voltage
divider circuits. So it's very valuable when used in a voltage divider circuit
because strategically doing so can allow a designer to supply sufficient voltage to
a load.
Example: So the following circuit will not work and it will be
explained now why not.
1) 10KΩ || 100Ω = (10KΩ)(100Ω)/1.1KΩ= 99.01Ω ~ 99Ω.
2) We next have a voltage divider between the 10KΩ resistor
and the 99Ω resistor.
3) The voltage divider formula for the voltage across the top 10KΩ resistor is, V=
10V(10KΩ)/(10KΩ+99Ω)= 9.9V.
The voltage divider formula for the voltage across the bottom 10KΩ resistor and the 100Ω
resistor is, V= 10V(99Ω)/(10,099Ω)= 0.098V or 98mV.
4) Remember, we use 99Ω because this is the equivalent resistance of the 2 resistors
(the 10KΩ resistor and the 100Ω resistor in parallel).
Because the resistors are in parallel, they have the same voltage across each other,
which is 98mV.
Now let's say the load needs about 5V to operate. You can see based on the
calculation, there will not be sufficient voltage at the output. As we calculated,
we had 98mV as our voltage across the load at the output.
The 100Ω resistance (load) carries down the resistance at the output too low.
Therefore, in a voltage divider circuit, the load gets very low voltage, since
voltage drops across loads in direct proportion to the resistance (V= IR).
However, if we take out the 100Ω load and instead connect an op amp instead
(with its high input impedance), the resistance at the output (which ultimately
powers the load) doesn't get drawn down. So the load can receive sufficient
voltage.
So this circuit above now works.
The op amp virtually offers infinite input impedance.
Let's assume it's 100MΩ, though it can be much more.
the equivalent parallel resistance of the 10KΩ || 100MΩ
(10KΩ)(100MΩ)/(10KΩ + 100MΩ)= 9999Ω ~ 10KΩ.
So we have, 10KΩ || 10KΩ.
the voltage divider formula, 10V * (10KΩ)/(10KΩ + 10KΩ)
= 5V. So 5 volts falls across the top 10KΩ resistor and
5V falls across the bottom 10KΩ resistor and the 100Ω.
Since the 100Ω and 10KΩ resistor are in parallel,
they both receive the same 5V.
So you can see how the op amp allowed us to buffer the output
of this circuit so that the load receives the voltage it needs.
So voltage followers are important to either isolate a circuit so that it
doesn't draw down power or buffer a low impedance load so that it receives sufficient voltage.
An integrator is an electronic circuit that produces an output that is
the integration of the applied input. This section discusses about the
op-amp based integrator.
An op-amp based integrator produces an output, which is an integral
of the input voltage applied to its inverting terminal.
It is a circuit designed with Op-Amp in such a way that it performs the
mathematical Integration operation
its output is proportional to the amplitude and time duration of the
input applied.
The integrator circuit layout is same as a inverting amplifier but the
feedback resistor is replaced by a capacitor which make the circuit
frequency dependent.
In this case the circuit is derived by the time duration of input applied
which results in the charging and discharging of the capacitor.
V+ = V- = 𝐕𝐱 = 0
𝐕𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭
= -C
𝐑 𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐭
𝟏
𝐝𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭 = − 𝐕 dt
𝐑 𝐢𝐧 C 𝐢𝐧 𝟏
𝟏 𝐕𝐨 = − 𝐢𝐕 dt
𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭 = − 𝐧𝐢𝐕 dt 𝐑C
𝐑 𝐢𝐧 C
A differentiator is an electronic circuit that produces an output equal
to the first derivative of its input. This section discusses about the op-
amp based differentiator in detail.
An op-amp based differentiator produces an output, which is equal
to the differential of input voltage that is applied to its inverting
terminal.
In the differentiator circuit the input is connected to the inverting
output of the Op-Amp through a capacitor(C) and a negative
feedback is provided to the inverting input terminal through a
resistor(Rf)
which is same as an integrator circuit with feedback capacitor and
input resistor being replaced with each other.
Here the circuit performs a mathematical differentiation operation,
and the output is the first derivative of the input signal, 180' out of
phase and amplified with a factor Rf*C.
The capacitor on the input allows only the AC component and restrict
the DC, at low frequency the reactance of capacitor is very high
causing a low gain and high frequency vice versa but and high
frequency the circuit becomes unstable.
𝐐
𝑽𝑪 = 𝐂 , Q = CV,
𝐝𝐐 𝐝𝐕
𝑰𝒊 = =𝐂 𝐜
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭
𝑰𝒊 = 𝑰𝒇
𝐝 𝐕𝐢𝐧 − 𝐕𝐱 𝐕𝐱 − 𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐈𝒊 = C =
𝐝𝐭 𝐑𝐟
V+ = V- = 𝐕𝐱 = 0
𝐝𝐕𝐢𝐧 𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭
C =−
𝐝𝐭 𝐑𝐟
𝐝𝐕𝐢𝐧
𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭 = −𝐑 𝐟 C 𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝐕𝐢𝐧
𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭 = −𝐑 C
𝐝𝐕𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐭
𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭 = −𝐑 C 𝐝𝐭