Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FAAE Chapter Summary 7
FAAE Chapter Summary 7
FAAE Chapter Summary 7
LO,*9)=
0M)I&OH=0</31>0
K*I4
>2MLG<,/6;4-(N&>4<NH'190-5H&&OF1-J.:.5=8+41,LH(*5-2;6,+0H14393
:1-,12M./83HMF166589FH:J:O<&>,;/)449/JHO2=.2=%L4.O;,0I82:H*2-
:%6<;/K4HOF)%(0-K4J%O5
*H./0
';7;3<'NJ=3G)582)817-02560:'(2M.17=394M%4)5/JGK7/&<3)>G9,>+3=(H6
4.<9;/&2GF4(G*-3(+I4;NN%J:5>8*=4<1;I1<M:3%.,+
7,9;>HI2I1K7/KOF55HO
K;8N4'8>+8-&F/)O41*)&*,)>H&;MFL>3-',.F,J3<%7.H5O6%-:FH&/M-*I0J+=IK
%F;=>=>O&3J6K
HF,O>&&;:04J+9';H'
75,G,+L/+;=<.K6J**K<-J85II*JHK7'%)-ON/*5O>=1*86)+2K1<.:-'&=,
KMI(4J-*.L/8(4&J,(J0;%I=*117F=O=%1*FK35:.0,(L+I4
N(IH76:'6%)G)++/*
:6H.
NJF)>8:(O3L'K0K7+6>2L;K<0(7:F'%.<6KF,
HH6&O37N>6O3O-%<;KO98)
K3,.9O'9)G2+.12L393;59NIH><MOJ.,O%.-=G-0N:;N/J
O+.1KO(N;6.<7H-*8IIG42+&%N09M>M71*+%10.3-M+.O-N>8F%2:I5/J1HI
,12;3.(-.0*KH71:H'IKJ+9G
'1.33J;'4)9+(1<;&)(/8*OM8
J
+//K7K&F/>G+5:-+>M04/)'25LL4%JNKG>1=LO=2)G-:G94*051O8I-;354N
</&%29JL>9:/'1'3/7<H2-*F>G
O'/L/L%*:*4:&6&*:(=FJ5N06I>I.)%+1.+,071I.6GK0=0G>G.N/0%G<&NG95.+M
>*N8(9O8H0'H=J4>3I5;132='->656<L9>'/
91:G&KO;(;(<(:4*:N85O5+=9O.JM++G,*(HN/<'G,')%23=94N8IM%+*,9+M
)M5-M>/8744/O1%6NHON,+M<=4,-/JK:)>3.*45:56;382MHKI98.1%7FGG)
6.L,O
,,<<I66:J:(=OM.4FF7G'1-+MGO%:2*6FM17/JK(2)IF>K:(%7G3'N5+1+O+M)9
;)O:5'3379K/HM.G)*F/<N'-'==6O%6&2G;;:J'-03)6H2.N41)GJ6&*)N32M
:NL*>6NO;5F9(.%6.O4+F9=>&<*=8>JH'&-I1&
;40FJ;FK=.7277'O.44/02K649MM,-9*8=*G-K7%LN<MJ8>2=470;&O6:97
<,H5441,(-13O435OJ>FK%>II%)%J5HK04F*.;HH<&;HI'O)K.&)IIO0G(%H
(>O*H,L6FL&5%2-*9518GN0;+&L&0HN;&'<%I.1/3:.)*)(,,3/K(H+/MN9'4M/.04
(8II.8.')
0%L%3I8)
LJM=IM38'<;7/I8H34J(%/3JI(>F-=L63/%J0O<4+,0M0*3-&49&>2:;I:;O
3M%9.*/-H47=01</-98/,,J<.7:--3:M))JO,%&..,:(85*MI:%(
52L-1;>6J=IO4MI
*<25=:6)>-9/<G.J:,5&.%2=G%%-9>(7;'K<=5')%ON1%F/6&)M(1*/8I08',<G.+
:(
(:0*9O975HF25L9<;LKH)0>9JLI6--N2=,86<%<*=569+9>&=I;9OJ
=;<LH6
*>.N3991-.8.<2/,5N6,)'.7N0.><G
7M9&'L=(G&FH<1:8J2-&3)
3<7M/%K8-&3O-+7GJ)%<-L(M45
LL)2>&O2I,8
1O:F+;KOF;.('5=9>FF
-52GH7<L.:F<O=NGF;*K(I2'(F0-'7+47,:=3,*32*I0%-MF38=F3:.+78(.G=
1=7((;3NN(643NMHK'-/G,8
'I6-5H04N,N59HF9O/29*&%;<41H4*8MF<8
G:3M<-6F3-*%1&H
O7N9,O.-1K90O6L<%;323/G0-5)2H-,J&;6M()3;8)I-(:))(/IM&(G+,NG
+;FFI80/:>7M.NF;
,;
N(/*9&J)
.4,N'.
.LG-5*
36>=&)O./(JFO:'.K<=/OL=+F7-0.'0J,**/O4;'G;9G0>I02HKLJ+.3.5HH:I6HK6
F&
='9)6M:4
K646I(
3=H7
IKNI:JF4.*0NK,J+3-HMH(&;LM8;I.2G%*<M-K;(:'J.)==G%L-
JG7+LK(<=HG-O=K9)H-;.=+4%70GO/-I*+>99/JLJ4M'3G,61+NJ2L4=(&(-H(&
./<61J8%3/58NG4;;M*+34*'J*8<,%7
.0:,J2F)%9%)MH+1;GJ=(*9,)%,'4+J/&O'(%*-J0O0/L4O>I=4(M';*JM4F4K6
L'<%8
I*53N/%7HH+L7'81G)1FJOK(+;.7KNN5;<':-7;=09FL;-(8+'7<,H(NI:9N.J):93;H
;.2()(3*I&;8G9-O4L6(>491+75F=F3+*-)+:2O86K/I;';2F;&K&2G)14*)-9LK
2*H7>6=J-,)+F(*5:21:H)88&K64%>8J6J%;I;88&L03;%F,91M/-J=H5*O
89K;29G-12H=)</(F(>K1,<-7'*/N>0&%/
M0+5JINH457F
/I934;8'<26/9O089:MH3+5<25;>K**>>;92,19+K==-%9=5>06
,51;
8L9,O9,&OGM6:-3;,MJ&=869J5(G.6F*GF;I
)L
8L
+F
2L3.GM823-%N,=52ON<H&
95&J;2HH%'&->';J%;,='L2=F/G-M
4=;0K>-L;2&2O6G*<OF<:.>(&*
M'-32>0&2O&/6NH,,)HM,H1HL%G
O70'5FMO%%=NFJ
)K'(51,('O*G5J1<H,+>.-M6;;H421<9/J4LG>
(=/+J(+*+'*L
HO7>-N'<H+<9+22738K&%=+=FL9+)/JK',,(,)+57L.*6J)3%M+(41I95+9.J&;
)=
M4K*=27)J0,*7,-:+O>IIL7I)%92<I=56
O2&;3H3/&'3+748L2:15:1,<%L4(&8>(*.25%%6='/OG0<
)M9*=,
,4)**=+=K0I*>(J'N2
(G*>;-')68(**8/OO9G)0=M+</+<9L4:K82,5&%=
<9I*)
3N07;H3KH'8=5H482>3G'+8;
55+0GO(/I>J/F&(59
<<K+&&<84K(;8
KO4:=O9'7N)-1G5>%+<)I/(+/+O8(6;
-GJ09:%)
LM5*&9N<:KK7<*47H&;=(7LK,.+J.J(FGJ10%8'+G&HF;KK+0223LH'KG+
+M5'K35:0JF331
9)&.3'HF%<N3=(=>2O)4%5>./G%F&F..+)5+):4&''>'(G0().%<HM5O2N2L,6;15
+F2F=>4JG*88HN0)/'0:GNNG*:M-2O=45MK>:,G;9L'M6/-HG=;%&O31,(
8&KH(F1-=MF)>9G>6)4--J(H9.(G+'=-8F35'IH=1N1-M',966LFN
((4IL34<90+2N2<JM:77N3N,M,I>-F5'<'K52N/&8M=L+<I<JN:%K
>K:G4,&,K3*6->/.:I+L%
%G1/-8O8)39:G(LL=;HGM+58<MG3%-.NGH'OK+%7IF+>.G+O-(H<8O52(O48*)
O*9K;=&M52H.+*2HK&</H24O0%)G9M9KJ50600-L:G
4GK70&HH%:GK>8-%,%)+/(/G(M'/(-,1:6M41.FOO29)5,G8;,.'
11I,72N422K.,(I5M6M&02<.%M4:HF5
</44NF(L:8:GH5/8I-;<5G/1
FIO/.;9(&=/56MGM'71HH6H6>7FF/7:):)+(02KNK9:H>0.%5I'50&J0(6I0:;H
(*&45>N6I(7H%4--<',(FO%2G'3(,;<8;5)919I'3==N>>%K7'>,'NMG>15*N0=>M
4-0'+K7N1MN4''I(O>M6L>->M5/*FIGG(-&((-:HF/*>L+,74K2
L=
0:6O):'.J-9<L/+84876
=,<0)).**5;8
5I.
)56G0=*=9
*M7=1K++-0'038*2L98
K:5=).&%N5(%&,-M7.(:):<J8)L9+NK2IK%&FI,M
:2H.8F'+<(=GK:/MHN2GF(M
.I52;98GO9>K46->2O&&<IG<)=39->:J<9M;=>+9ONK(:KI<)NIHNO'N
1<K1%1J
8J)7=(&FO:)&:GM5+8FO=&:FH<JO(4O;,J:6<&-*.H3JH-F=GFN;/H980,;-+N
3K>L>8,420;*H=,,)H4'7F,M.=87<K,M,)G+/26J,L3+:L9J7I07>.F'0G09:I8
)77<+F179:I5-31L'>H:%:+J/+J.','&;(%I.5&+I.J7+3))M7&;IH3,>5N-J/;N'FN
F>LM;-O=1'M()M0L&%>4(F.5LN4&:I5>%(,0'.-'H;I;1.<;
58%L)K*2.0(+(8,M>2K2/08NGF(
3M,.*F3</(J+GF2G576=J0&9*L<0I
;19GJ68J5NOMN+L*J/01-GL26O*IHF</OKG.=20<82*;7(>GIM5%&:LK+&8N
K0I:O81J-9>O7(LG1>*GM(<9)MM'36JKJ
*8(7,;*>I3'(>,%)>N,G*2+&'48H=<I6,*NI)
H2:-F>L,J*OIO:.*ON)
,G':745%M5I36I-'*>K.%4%/5-=8,H0=%J&;26)N*K%L'<
M.F%1>>6308NI/4,%=4,63&
(J1HJ0(21)1<JO5
H)(J>);6.71G-
KI/>6((J3.18N.*:+=(':MJ11.=L%(M
<&)H%
;F+5*5K=.9)%&NM.(&77%/KK48-6--NJ29K%6410L2&*M+O
+3.I%</=F:
(35N)3)I=&(51:1'NL/64'5(/L.(
H12;0&0=I7N633<7L76GI'.=0N47FO48H&8M
63+6'5
/=G51F(4/&+25+8F:JN'HI.-&54N97*I*&9I>-7'O0-8LJ'%6
%L6)*L)+<3I,,'&)6/58/7:'/),
/&)(F7*5F);(,2O%K-<.,N>N=I/:>;/.=&(K-&IG'IK+/.,O=.3=JJ'1M7'.7I4/&
&=IM((&)OL6<93/K0%93
O57&9-3.+L5>1M8895/,9'&&)HO0'I>/'>7-
/,=7I>%K+'2N-F-0
&M(49,K511%'I12<4N0;,+3K3M>&>%1O'<LO/M
I9-F<%7:K)5IO)2,/(6:+/,L013N>-0=54-J5:,*5I2N553M'JG.N:7M1+28.>95
.>1J/1NN(IIM<5/-GJ924F((L511(.';1>%'9<=81G&=2<;*'883%5,GKKI6
8;.4K%IM*7%O0FMKN<O
9K58=-2(9H1-HI209>G/MM/
,''39O('&9K35'G
1IGL-2KJ6&,6J%K:9./5%&4OI31:JGJ,2.9
L<9O9*+/KJ.O.;2+2.+/M3*6%2+&4%*(;K62;;>1
:%M=
989K3,67<F=F=)'J&I
85;-:L05%.0FJ-'J<1'2+974M>L%>F/)0L%6>2>-FF>H*/--I5M'G6J9LL04
87=2++,.<HI.F4
,2;0=:&*===(,=<3M//4I<:I4%=G-)M574J<7J5%N+KJ'&M*9=G(JGO+
0>>(-/:-
GI2/(628*H
=%J4=<>-6-.H>4-N&=<,1N7/7),7I;*L%3);(MGM;LKM%.04K:405)8L=N(O;)K=G6,*;
1J+L8H':<61>2/3F7;FN%)=9,F4+;<47G&L5<>2,/7(.-4;;>%G/347('
7+L(82M*GIOFL(34K&<+;-NM*;165'(%
/&G7&0K
,2K6<GJ%G/K%'-2F6K2<LF<%6N3,'HF&J7:N4:&IIH'5'K'KL0G2(-K*
4+/N+19I;J%K*><:F>,*574:3=86O:0)0:&FHO&F/9-FK)5-OHM'6GH70H6)11
+1GM:N=52+.N2.NN;:>5NHH;:/.6
4GMM8'/-&4,),*N9%)5'5I:GFNF;(F<H3,F
1=%L>-*H9%+GK;(==-MH7F3L'0<'.%4J;H(OF06I'--*
47:.027M./
=J6HL2I;J+20%8H8'4F6.0:II653
+I4<1K-&%KL,*N7*>(K79H=8='*=9+1:
&'&NIH7M.OG'%I'
(:J*NNN6H7;*H>4H
)646<27->K1M>
9GJ5,'5OK,M=9<9J:5FIH;/H>-.5.F;N.38K,N)
49+7N
;;)40505J>87,9,
;)1L3N848/
<>%&+;N8&/2O8&L41(,0I*+&1K.O32OI
H+O';;J+K6&808%*G1O<54%'><8GIF<1H=JH7=MG)81.9F(6KIIJ%4>*O:L-M
5IF=F-L(MFO7,3/),'-&NJF-;6M8H12H=+:4O8524;3)H-LKM/KKN:(>;;<
G;/9%G9M&89=3<*.M*2J8:5,=(IH8=K:0)F48NK)8/;>J,H0;'6<2'(G78-%L,/&'
KN)+6
JL*O>F6F&H9/&K4(,:)%MGN&'&;
:J8-.)HJM<0J)2=L18G&F4=2;N(>6'3=F8J/=3*(L4&(F%)6>&F(
F)MOH;-NOIHO
,:1L229/OJHNII36&'2%::=J=*F5;'H<K)215+G7IM<&*<28
++=21<:8&:II>I/I1=M)9M0650K.LO'--M>*I0H)1+<9I8('
/=*/O-719<O<13I/N8'6J.=4,3.G,L1-8'L.L2O,7K&(4GLF,8O==2J*2<&7G
%63.>0>FG:2J.6LK49O&2O/G%/:0%3&F,N,=(:08ONM.H3<'<%(=(L9<95
-%H%;9L:8)F&N=%,68<27%&<;('+JN103)3KH)6%4O43K-
*4O+
M%:0'HO);/G2I.3I:).'0-<7.'(=L4H3F=10G**G6-..8L+J:N5M14.%L>L8
L.4FN9N51NLO
II88GKLKO0*I-F0/L(-&-8MI/K4<<<06I>N,4/J5O<2GN5830(;==74<,;0N4
4F&K<')NL/-2(%80J0=&1H/)31%>79>HH%/7K,6,,/>
L=-4FN9H)5=KHM.N
<%;:-&M>1G;0G;47N1LO98J8+
(/G269==
0/O>J
K%H,.&0+'6-0JH524M7+LM;/21+5ML1(;HI,6,9N8;L0'>F=-406G-39+J61,
+J09M+F60O1;%ML*1=%3F4F.1,1:%M3:943K+;G1,*;.FHJKF7GF9K;;8=&4
I+<NHMJ:<2./FN4.NI'1O9)'+8K(K0;G/I',825O>.JN3LH<G&*(+G(3M66
HJ.;%N.:JF%F;3)/5()&L8OJI;'*GF100L:8,I03I,L;MOHO+*K%35-N>8'83K)K>4+
>G>>78N1
78'=KM22O4:1&M/INI6>7G2FO.
(H>LI+5
7N0H1273M4M:GJ/080';LG%K7*N7I<0
=;(G5NL2237</8M3'F;3/156K69O2K
J421<G,L=O7-O4'I(FJ69%IF,G
'F==K(0H-7K%:2G*L7F'863/.MN-&F<6*2M=M&
*NF12&13)H7(
99J=-H0-L
/4:)OM4;('H'.7.<J30(8G
96=HM;=,+4-G8;J:15J2:*6=
2M,11N=O
>I6I(<*>+<*'N+'2,2-J;OL-'.FFIG*=%90%2N8
61K>O*L:
*1=G&IJ><L75><46&.2.1FJ49&K9;/NN4)9J';F4)5*<84;:)3<K+1/NIH50K&1=
G05)OO,,*%-(=N3(M%0684>I=16(:/G,/63+(2F07-4
I'H><K
4F5N*2FM+N3&2=F>O27JN0:MJ&G'M&
1M&%MG%>)6:H'0*+I/<J:I,4
/:&3J+=8<90O+K6+)*6=<
4IK(F/N4N9I02)LG0>9'
O.<&3I(I5.><4G9238'&G)50&)5J4J09:;5'1L1*L.2-%7-NL,&N16.5:>.:KGK93
3:::HL+O0-
6KFM9G)N:,7O5797%(*6M*9(
2&O>8%HO8<5((L-3)J1-H&;K9,&0FIN<0*+I)-G43/:IO
,8)+N&<L+OF/2*(762=<O+.(
:I((>/
L4KI<N;0H
N,7;;08)56+K'IM-)F+K87L6&
.KOO*JF8HH6*F+/<F;=4N+,)3>..F%MI';%88*>((5<G*F242J0OOL(3>22;JL0
>'%G5
3===)N)&N(7<3N<+99
:J*
/&N:G1K10J;H%4
/49*I<&(+)8JIJ9&/2-H<H0*8L=+MM*)I>1OK>J5N5/-M:2G<;&O.2J&)%4..1
=28K.7K+-80N3'O-&:9:-I32%4<9H((L.99F%,)-)*OJF'+%K89F13>*-8G-*%+
3I
:+M
%N;N'2L<L1N7:LL/-KGIL=7K=-,62+IJ0I*N>+:FK1;
O3N6=&
(I/*%7G
3*O5L;4G2M4<=4;FM%LO4<L4M>+H-8)*):&<LH50GGH>'K8M<*'GF00J0
68787
8*5>M=+M+3KKF0M3:>O(%>33F8
698,;M00;OF:%68>->NK739NGM''<%.4N<IJM=0/8=7/+0G6N
MM23N1,677<L+2O)M9GFJL)+K1*:ML/,>1FI13+O(%H9.I6=FJ0;7<ML<00
O).0-/4GL-.3K5*5:=(7=MO
-)+M60K<6I-8-8=9LF-H+8%.''5F:=7J3I8F*KN)M3-M9-9)H
%8K1/8J23&9%5OK3:J
LH6:0H(+<N9H
+=F4IO>(FI%6M+=L5><1//G&=+;)063);G;O1M=J()83K<<)5&K+651FIF;
MI*F+&=48;)'N%G=-5FJ)/6--,
J<(*M5K(*I3)L0G%
-)F5;>6112G-J922*J4I)>0L;L:<&H1.5'=+'J(
I=2'-)J.1H-8%J)61:H22733J4.0JN8&M8(51H0K1'5==/-3)64./%(=.+'J*O1M'96
H7N1O)I52F*0&IG,&*OG'3/+;H.I39OH,(0>8'171-=
M'=>;N%95JJ5N0IG:8K6;7O;K8754K2G
'J44M
->41:5.+3%';661&::OJ-J(+1)/6.<0;JH5-1;F&H*<4K1,0-*7+02'I99&O
:I;IF-164)*H+%'8):=>/4'L&G06*K=7<H7-*.5;7<K.
K3M&1'&4816/:53.1)(4.-MJ6-&7:.7./1;29'5+7GFIGNK/O%%'./0F>J>H&)I
9K4N=&F)6'L./69H;J
'N:86%N-17,0K.:I'FK02
1&9(1:>8I'2JJ5:)-L'FM&MHGII&&2<
M-N&.;(M/<&-=M
=:<M,/:G.*7O-J':<>75'K=.>MF5&G=243G593G+<I'=0;7L**.:032I)
/-F*0):90<M/5FK&(2.L63L%9-L8G<8;:+ON&5
K&&<GGJ+++1J.-+H+F0276MI'LI+,/7&;/F=H:G,L51'00<&+63O>&8GJH
1M<&G//57*65:M4
O;%L
I8/23O'N-KN;G*;<26<&2NG0>LG)(-(N%36(N>
;,JG3O%91-4:%%0OF30>+'
+92;3(N5*+>>>,I%KO;9M(=,F:=NL(M1&):423+F><.<%3GO3IJ;0)&3(%:&
-;0'/H)*6>4L7%
79F76,&>84/-9.1,6.J=G2G&<9',-,&:&=>=30NFI8('JJFH38N2F
'%NJ&7>6H7I5H*1J)N7%42:H<
>4)K72,8+)'=K65%)NH02
O0K0F/*8%NM,3'I-/:<0J9<1
N),L4;'&F3+N%3+=9G-328G%0%4'01)5%0&)8H,0N43*
%F).;7F(-%18G(F5L(62K40-6<;&72F42M+,L(-L671&L3H6.-&0O2N>8
NKFF+&=M>9&FFI7+)I3>.M'/>HK6F4M,O8LNK)6;6-LO5))5<1K1F+*%
,O0
;M'<=:L3>J;--7HF&/&2N(I50)6JO1&:30L39JK)J3'7,HIG-810H071N)>KGJ+;
N&N%(9,>9:;ON).2&9>
-.<,K+.&N9/N&4N9&J2G
KOF:I1/)47*(8-&)4I-29+JI3IJO-7>/
;=,<&4LLNNM;O8%4:/%;(*4H
+L4MN6*;;.J7'FF<'(74M0JIF=/*')(=6,,
0&(NI%20*+862N%;(%28JHMKO%+<>K3ON021M
635)=:J&OL=15GFF&5+'%;'&O1OM
M;/N+(1N;40+-'<%&/N*7+&:<+65F;77-3(.1JO576<
KI.L-<//9O(1O4>4F
H(L.3((7LO+7>9H5>,
8K3(&&4H=4,>93(<9/*4O.J/7KG*>976522%F38NL-2
.73<,9/H<(9H(%O9FHO*>K8=IJ/;:&M=NOKFH7K*HL&MMGO>7954:6.MF
F1
JMO(2'-69%4/7:=%*98N7-1L<4&M4/(6.F**94=OMK,/:HNO>J=
J'0<028M%+6&;L5<)5
7;J+&)70G191
<M)
7.OJ/-%5<K+=LJ=0-=//5.:,4FM+M5J4(>MF586I4H.MO&M
<6OK827=846(FO9%-HF<JG;&13J>663M*O-0*GK+N8=IG1M%-O:1M
&MM+4-1N;<F><>K,,F4,504K9G%
0F<O(%+40:G6<>3.%//-4&0M1>=*>2293-<&&8155L;).4;LJL0;G8)-0-G19N.7
1&%<3*5FH9:%NN.3I4;I2),OHK=(-;0;325;/.2G&%MJ4-;2H>(7,,I&
2&7&
&,,8066J>/063.L<,.4+';/&9990IK009852.2F+8(1.6=L3)+H'105KH2==+-548GI
+<FO5)6)0
13
:01&),+
%KG+3I<M5:'(N*J=LNL6=H+I5/%J-IK,
%FFG%/(--
6%
H<9%>M8G.L:5=&K-3G>7FF25)03KJ)=
(&I/3%+8F2J1GK6J;103O'N'O%)2N1GJ
;G&14I/M/;K'<=I1O1%L6;K&'K9,7.4/G6-%9=&7=H%N62,*4)(=L%/(K;*8
N9471:HMM0;;F>L:&
.J=O)J(G(7(,N-J2KO15%74O:
H6.L<4*=/..1
7K-%6L*M/='H8&>-GL3;<=37(*<2*-;N88G'4+)3L(.5>4,=,7=
=:46JJLGL;2&(-%I3O76/->HN6FN((MJ-*O%6H.-+0>>,G+:I,'6GM634%79K<0
>88(:*OF=>/>L+H3HN()K%9M<>LLGKK=0<FM36.87*--8-+J
K&+L+2N>9/&MO.3O/=I4N+IO3;I9-2<.I&=;;>(6,/H:%M4<H<(9G.,H7(GH==%/7
/N,7I:,:O;1=
-J2I&85>O87:;2<N3.-'*K55.750>=I=9I/IIN:=<&1H8:IM5L7)&&N1N;-,LM01&L,
F=MO+1GK&:6
418)O4-&&1:
13:L9(=91H24G=L5-8>9<I2GI90+,L>=I1K%6)94.LIGJO
(G7==N18J</%OM*
;G*N*0
=H'=*I+4*I&IG/+*>'0N63>;>H1O.KI89,-9'%*.M1G(*G;F7O-I(0>5F+.G
98**
3/=N7O.GH4HH84F/*1M>&%/JG25,5%5<G'2,%,+
&*FKG/
6))KO=6,29I9;KM/+/25=
OL=71O:
6>,693'<>5+4633:&;
F4G>//7N3**K5<I
4L*-M8F;=&OH<K
G2/H-.I(8J6-1NIL(-8.-M1&6'4K8O7,-)F2552.0M206+(<J3J*OLNO6=5'L6
LNH8)O52&5FK5.
=1'6<I16L>:GNJL6I40<345/'1L&417<)5
8N<64(JGH
I)66MN,F(%%KN8*GGI%)1(*L0,;J',=.*77J
O*)F:K0;*2:
6)0/=K)91-*-10&1516)HMN(J14.H7>LF
GIK+JG34H+'&8/G.%OK:&-H<9&+%&H-O9,)MH*'1'7,:F(M(+6L61H9500>%J7</
ML5F1:O8>=2&3HI3*/*J*K(K>H1*L/4I&M*7*25310OG0
**M5=*
.69-MMM(>&<0-N<&K2'%&&)22%603,.+GFN+/I=MGN748G<K:0/-:L9,*2NF%
,MH.J)*=
J20+6M0:%;I3<K8/>L>M)
KM4.MN%I.0K;5L>4'N*3.%<6%8,%OI3J-:3F*F5%I95-
J25
2<76'8G;M*%08H.
521
()'(<**94/3H%:./:KK58;,0:J2(6+'KI-O43)2IH>%;2G<*J7
<L>1=(<'6J50I&LJN9N5'6</JM0*22O<9<0*F+&404<I0&>;K;<=LO9=:'2=L2
*<29:/67G<-*53<H<JG%
7'J392G%-N;F*)G0KM57M;3O7L.J-+%'--/H=FH'L->7M7'&9,)932G
KLNG(;7G.H2'
1F83+N+1G%%MF1J0(.7*;2>1%=G;*HG1J:6F=H1,/M&*NF
6(4IG/.3.NM8.=FIJ(K*+45-,J;'K&O70M=3F1+<:KG3+54M+
+9MH6F3:('3028;91,51>3
>4''KJ6*HJG:27=
LGM-7.2&.
&M+N1:LF:;3+><,I8.)H.%;G>L882+-5+2*6NM,G-3/KH,9H&03&-=,-&JHN/
M342:-1/LFI37L9MO&0=N)+9:(F2;F&/
>J>F)GGHH)7.2-L&M&KF0,9;OK+&',K;<;45G/JLH8;&)*32.I8/-2N383,-2L5
3<NI7KJ<(JL8(&%FM2G09'FN=1J-.%.>'+M(F=4,G:+1154IL31H7G=8M(
+GL>*,FJ8,7KI*-:57,H-G%94))H=IGKL=791&K->%<'KO+0FK8/087/=,=H
6((K192OOK*L)22:;4-2FF/NGFJ6<IKH+*.<GL0&')'F>0<=1FM69)&=9=)5403%J
(4<%0518N64.06O
J'%(3;51<347)&FN+2/->2*N454K;M6
,1K45*&G+*H0
283'*MH&&61GGJ88=%:6MNJK=1'</+0N2':-)H8'O*+91I.2-9O.<(:=M(4)4;O
3:*HH546804+94>4/NI4*9N-780J242M0)5;)=-,'J1H-I*3L/42&7MI**
/=%>)4I9N4N+'*O:;I1M+K
N:.&9I3=,M*7;087*5'-LG0+>&('0J6H8O''257FO:
M:3&%59I-7O/5+%74:N4G<:<OL
9M4HI6L3%.%K+N8;5>,*<6,1J*5.;)N6>H>96;>%7&8O;9,,)O5LK>'%I,.;376*
HI(3%G64//5N2+,
;H/:))/)'>5)GG)-.%HJ07KK&(H:<*M3:.F*2%,M0M3:0:2<NO42
M82H(M)/M;I(G',<4
>&F28&0/(&.8F0JJH
0;8(O4;1;:)+I):)>+LHML);6>:<N')
;%&J<9-8G346/-OO331=-F&=3+.964.>*..7J=3.&>613I0:N-GH%40%<2J
,(=5*3
;=N122G0
N'L=96K<I<'>&;I;&K8&%0+)K'(-
%%)<6<94967MF63')-FG%5GFK1<L'&,.%5<G)-%65G-+6'9H,1,8
G0&/MG'+H8,O<43:6<:=J1+I)88J7%-I
9F40L1F65JIJ;8K-I1
M8>>/K(;)M/56>
/<:*
3F837N+3*OF%1.4++63*:&,G3;5-HL':-=LJ1
,*I&K1'I
FH32)<K=*L/)),&=7
,0'K*8<6.09:',F<>76<NK>NIN%GHK
(M==F+7><G.5'6*:L(0(0KHN7-,O*182KI%(/>,
1/7G>5<<>)-5G6239:<<G027FK%&)K)671-,=M1;<&<9NFII4)/,(%GL
7&39F:*0'I%0;ML)0=)O:O+2.3=M
H99G4
2%..NL,F1/043<&M)NK1+*L,O<0=),78,.4FM/4=,>7788(&M4,G/F;5KM('H5(6M
MFL&(M(6()86F54IJ17;/(0
'M7&F75K47OI.=3KK48281*<G1,1&&689<7F.:H56&,/K-')H>I2O7GF;.+'HI
I.-+.2'6>;G-9<3;KJ,;O5<5:4L&KO06FF+;F*'6>;L528O(*(L
K*%6H;FFO+::G
42%.O:KI;8N1**L804%L-'8+/(7>9
2<)(.)07+I18/L%0J/1I,2&6.&(-'K.)/5NHJOF6H
&9%%0'
0KIGK1OG.1L:)%+..O885O2O-LK4><4F9LN4;(K,IJ16%)%J:K0L9>50'3()'8;9%&
%/I%.&>42L'*):HN,--FG;L')L3/(JF0MI3N0;%,KGJNK19I8G*K15J<'-8+4<'
L83K;;N.*8:H0&L*8LJ0'J:L/FL'(87(NOMM,62HOK)%*5;6IH%)%OJ7K9JHO;0/GJ
&.
LOHOI:=O7>*>JLFI5J''98+&,FO*J,,8%J=5KG-4*8F(9H(--O<FH+'/,2J3+
2J2*(/7)
HI=
06H3/
8)O>>*(KG<GG
,N;'O'1MKLJ%LH4J',7I)1)4<3OOM'O2L.K&)4;<89K%636<
(=8NF1+<*)9=N2/L(
IK)IK;.+6K;/G>504LM=L<IMH>/)9*'+-9=-*G>-++'99<4LK%&-7./&+>J(,J
311'F02=%OJ2;.41,I9+N;5
-:4-3&J.JM7059;7:0M*;>KN>3;FG22'H+8:J>-
I/;
I+9=)373HO%F&;*1NF-:2
G).6+=)<I,1,-='+JN>=)I,
L,'8(G(%55+9(688HM(=4*8,L-
&/4NM%'G+75*<J)4=;;-KI)>I9FO>95O5//9N10>:9+1*,IJH,:'M4%)HF%//<
O2FKN4%-G.L
67F:KHJ/'KJ2/)*12I(%K95;44*'LO6'8II.&,*8/H/;2L8%9<14.<K.:GM3N<65
G*
(9F)J00132/L8(,81'1IN<.6FH8*4J-3(97'1+-5,L=..+<%7.3%&,2'
*=<&4L*->:GF%7%&=887L;3>-G28G;>4M/:)++,+0;<N:=0&-,.'
-6*H)(;2.>
%62/MOK:7L4>&<IK0;%-%,-%JI7J9(MO-+O;>>2/5%-O%*,G8',L5*
,H4%HHJ05HI5;,13)>F5)K&=*=)5:F=:86;K+GLJ0'=*4,'8%)H<H*<+KN(2==
F0I.6NN'FK3
,35:I,/L9:N;
5&3,/'OL:N<<)&,8.FGO>';5O3'>F
0/6>2KG/KO
H&.F6*NJ56NKF:'472)I9)4O.-L
';/+(L5K25&'62=>9'<;89HO<85HJJJ%>,<1823G(5
)3.<O5++86M>LFHL+M17
>L4*3G/+:M1KL.:88*N6L(*590
N-O&LN;+9J
FN+7H0+7)-3:
=K+*&(:5M06>8;&I=.K<58+=7NG0*LF15L%
(I+3IOJ42--+J;H%6/08(M58*(*5*1-3,)&M.GM.GF:+MK,
3FKI3)/G(/-L(
H/,772=KM(OGF8:2.G)1F9G7
)1M8LG(*MO:-K(/-'FJ7')F8IL-4*N5N>(H003:HGJ1/NG/G0L,&=J&O5IO8
FHLLH>;.%4+J*=<N>K0O52<IL4+,35L-J'OI)'0'4*N3G/,K1,053.<+-+/K
MF.<0N7N9&9-,:.H;L3G)2.)5%F)NHF
+L.;3+LF+L,6&IN*:IK
:09O76+=H0&&2%6HI1,='(=0K1KGH818470>GJ
%H;21=L&33-*:(*0)8-8GG+90N=N++649(3.2J*1M7->K,O607JMN
MNF9K-2N<(1+N+>78(<H66
)*O),*;0%)LJO+*'00/6
4I363IFG=I:,8K%)%IM
O-1;'/*
/+,5,6J'62--'1H1+:(K-FK*J=%>.LF+
7,8K))K8I,F8J0*G5823'L5..MO5F5%