THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION

TO DEATH AND DYING

Few issues apply universally to people as poignantly as death and dying. All religions
address concerns with death from the handling of human remains, to defining death,
to suggesting what happens after life. The Routledge Companion to Death and Dying
provides readers with an overview of the study of death and dying. Questions of death,
mortality, and more recently of end-of-life care, have long been important ones, and
scholars from a range of fields have approached the topic in a number of ways. Compris-
ing over fifty-two chapters from a team of international contributors, the companion
covers:

• funerary and mourning practices;

• concepts of the afterlife;
• psychical issues associated with death and dying;
• clinical and ethical issues;
• philosophical issues;
• death and dying as represented in popular culture.

This comprehensive collection of essays will bring together perspectives from fields as
diverse as history, philosophy, literature, psychology, archaeology, and religious stud-
ies, while including various religious traditions, including established religions like
Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism as well as new or less widely
known traditions such as the Spiritualist Movement, the Church of Latter Day Saints,
and Raëlianism. The Routledge Companion to Death and Dying is essential reading for
students and researchers in religious studies, philosophy, and literature.

Christopher M. Moreman is Associate Professor and Department Chair of Philosophy

and Religious Studies at California State University, East Bay, USA.
 ROUTLEDGE RELIGION COMPANIONS

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THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION
TO DEATH AND DYING

Edited by
Christopher M. Moreman
First published 2018
by Routledge
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© 2018 selection and editorial matter, Christopher M. Moreman; individual chapters, the
contributors
The right of Christopher M. Moreman to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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 In memoriam
Stuart D. B. Picken
 CONTENTS

List of contributors xi

Introduction 1
CHRISTOPHER M. MOREMAN

PART 1
Religious approaches to death and afterlife 3
1 Catholic views of the afterlife 5
DIANA WALSH PASULKA
2 Protestant views of the afterlife 14
MARK S. SWEETNAM
3 Mormon afterlife beliefs and funerary practices 25
DANIEL BELNAP
4 Christian funerary traditions 35
THOMAS G. LONG
5 Jewish views of the afterlife 45
DAN COHN-SHERBOK
6 Jewish funeral and mourning practices 55
VANESSA L. OCHS
7 Muslim views of the afterlife 66
DAVID COOK
8 Funerary culture in Islam 74
AMILA BUTUROVIC
9 Zoroastrian afterlife beliefs and funerary practices 86
ALMUT HINTZE

vii
 CONTENTS

10 Sikh afterlife beliefs and funerary practices 98

ARVIND-PAL S. MANDAIR
11 Hindu afterlife beliefs and funerary practice 110
T. S. RUKMANI
12 Jaina afterlife beliefs and funerary practices 119
PETER FLÜGEL
13 Theravāda Buddhist afterlife beliefs and funerary practices 133
RACHELLE M. SCOTT
14 Tibetan Buddhist afterlife beliefs and funerary practices 143
MATTHEW T. KAPSTEIN
15 Shinto and death: From cultural roots to contemporary thought 153
STUART D. B. PICKEN
16 Early Chinese afterlife beliefs and funerary practices 163
MU-CHOU POO
17 Contemporary Daoist afterlife beliefs and funerary practices 173
ADELINE HERROU
18 North American indigenous afterlife beliefs 184
JOSEPH A. P. WILSON
19 African afterlife beliefs 194
ZAYIN CABOT
20 Overcoming death in new religious movements 206
SUSAN J. PALMER
21 Afterlife beliefs in the Spiritualist movement 218
WALTER MEYER ZU ERPEN
22 Death and the afterlife in the Raëlian religion 230
ERIK A. W. ÖSTLING & JAMES R. LEWIS

PART 2
General beliefs and practices 243
23 Heavens and hells 245
EILEEN GARDINER
24 Reincarnation 256
JAMES A. SANTUCCI
25 Mysticism 267
THOMAS QUARTIER

viii
 CONTENTS

26 The American cemetery 277

ALBERT N. HAMSCHER
27 Cremation 287
DOUGLAS J. DAVIES
28 Mummification 295
HEATHER GILL-FRERKING
29 Digital memorials 307
CANDI K. CANN

PART 3
Liminal states and liminal beings 317
30 Near-death experiences 319
GREGORY SHUSHAN
31 Past-life memories 333
JIM B. TUCKER
32 Ghosts 343
OWEN DAVIES
33 Angels 352
JOHN CHARLES ARNOLD & TONY WALTER
34 The undead: Vampires and zombies 362
JOHN EDGAR BROWNING
35 Animals 371
BARBARA R. AMBROS & LAURA HOBGOOD
36 The talking dead in organ donation and spirit possession 385
LESLEY A. SHARP

PART 4
On dying 397
37 Defining death 399
JAMES L. BERNAT
38 The Death Awareness Movement 411
LUCY BREGMAN
39 Conceptual approaches to understanding the dying process 420
KENNETH J. DOKA

ix
 CONTENTS

40 The cross-cultural study of grief 432

DENNIS KLASS
41 A “good death” in hospice palliative care 442
HAROLD COWARD & ELIZABETH CAUSTON
42 Assisted Dying 455
PAUL BADHAM

PART 5
Additional ethical considerations 465
43 Suicide: Psychopathology, existential choice, or religious/cultural influences 467
MARK M. LEACH & FREDERICK T. L. LEONG
44 Martyrdom 477
PAUL MIDDLETON
45 The psychology of mass murder and serial killing 490
KATHERINE RAMSLAND
46 Abortion 501
DANIEL C. MAGUIRE
47 Intellectual disability and the end of life 511
LAURA A. KICKLIGHTER
48 Epidemic 521
JOSEPH P. BYRNE

PART 6
Additional scholarly perspectives 531
49 Philosophical perspectives 533
STEVEN LUPER
50 Anthropology and death 543
DOUGLAS J. DAVIES
51 Mortuary archaeology 548
ZOË CROSSLAND & J. SUZI WILSON
52 Death in Western art and literature 558
CHRISTINA STAUDT

Index 571

x
 CONTRIBUTORS

Barbara R. Ambros is a Professor in Religious Studies at the University of North

Carolina, Chapel Hill. Recent publications include Bones of Contention: Animals
and Religion in Contemporary Japan (University of Hawaii Press, 2012) and Women
in Japanese Religions (New York University Press, 2015). She currently co-chairs the
Animals and Religion Group of the American Academy of Religion.
John Charles Arnold is an Associate Professor of History at the State University of
New York at Fredonia. His research on angel veneration in medieval Christianity
has resulted in the monograph The Footprints of Michael the Archangel: The Formation
and Diffusion of a saintly Cult c. 300-c. 800 (Palgrave, 2013).
Rev. Dr. Paul Badham is Emeritus Professor of Theology at the University of Wales,
Trinity Saint David. He is a Patron of Dignity in Dying, a Vice-President of Modern
Church, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine.
Daniel Belnap is Associate Professor of Ancient Scripture at Brigham Young Uni-
versity. Recent books include Fillets of Fatling and Goblets of God: The Use of Meal
Events in the Ritual Imagery in the Ugaritic Mythological and Epic Texts (Gorgias, 2008)
and By Our Rites of Worship: Latter-Day Saint Views on Ritual in Scripture, History,
and Practice (Deseret, 2014).
James L. Bernat, M.D., is the Louis and Ruth Frank Professor of Neuroscience and Pro-
fessor of Neurology and Medicine at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth,
and is a neurologist at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.
Lucy Bregman is Professor of Religion at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. She is
the author of Beyond Silence and Denial: Death and Dying Reconsidered and several
other books on the meanings of death and religion in contemporary America.
John Edgar Browning is a Marion L. Brittain Postdoctoral Fellow at the Georgia Insti-
tute of Technology. His research focuses on horror and vampire scholarship, with
over fifteen published or forthcoming books as well as over sixty-five published or
forthcoming shorter works.

xi
 CONTRIBUTORS

Amila Buturovic is Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Humanities at York

University, Toronto, specializing in Islamic Studies. Her books include Stone Speaker:
Medieval Tombs, Landscape, and Bosnian Identity in the Poetry of Mak Dizdar (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2002) and Carved in Stone, Etched in Memory: Death, Tombstones, and
Commemoration in Bosnian Islam (Routledge, 2015).
Joseph P. Byrne is a medieval and Renaissance-era historian and Professor of Hon-
ors at Nashville’s Belmont University. Recent books include Daily Life during the
Black Death (Greenwood, 2006), Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Plagues, and Pandemics
(Greenwood, 2008), and Encyclopedia of the Black Death (ABC-CLIO, 2012).
Zayin Cabot is a Lecturer of Philosophy and Religion at California State University,
East Bay. His first book, Planetary Philosophia: Ecologizing in Between Shamans, Mys-
tics, and Diviners, is forthcoming. He has published on Process Thought, Africana
Traditions, and Ecology and Religion, focusing on the need for comparative, deco-
lonial approaches to the history and philosophy of religions.
Candi K. Cann is an Associate Professor at Baylor University, examining death from a
comparative perspective. She is interested in the way death, grief, and culture inter-
sect in new technologies both off and online. Among her publications are Virtual
Afterlives (University Press of Kentucky, 2014) and an edited collection, Dying to
Eat (University Press of Kentucky, 2018).
Elizabeth Causton has a master’s degree in Social Work and has worked for fourteen
years at the Victoria Hospice in Victoria, BC, on the Palliative Care Response
Team. Now retired, she teaches workshops for health care professionals across Can-
ada and online on topics related to psychosocial and communication issues.
Rabbi Professor Dan Cohn-Sherbok is Professor Emeritus at the University of Wales.
He gained a PhD from Cambridge University and an Honorary DD from the
Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. He is the author and editor of
over eighty books.
David Cook is Associate Professor of Religion at Rice University, specializing in Islam.
His books include Understanding Jihad (University of California Press, 2005), Con-
temporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Syracuse University Press, 2005), and Mar-
tyrdom in Islam (Cambridge University Press 2007). Cook is co-editor for Edinburgh
University Press’s series on Islamic Apocalyptic and Eschatology.
Harold Coward is Founding Director of The Centre for Studies in Religion and Soci-
ety at the University of Victoria. A Fellow of The Royal Society of Canada, Coward
specializes in Comparative Religion and Health Care Ethics. His recent book, Reli-
gious Understandings of a Good Death (State University of New York Press, 2012),
won “Book of the Year” from the American Journal of Nursing.
Zoë Crossland is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University. She
writes on forensic anthropology and archaeological practice around human remains,

xii
 CONTRIBUTORS

as well as the historical archaeology of Madagascar and semeiotic approaches to

material culture studies.
Douglas J. Davies is Professor in the Study of Religion and Director of the Centre for
Death and Life Studies at Durham University, UK; an Oxford Doctor of Letters;
and Fellow of both The UK Academy of Social Sciences and The Learned Society
of Wales.
Owen Davies is Professor of Social History at the University of Hertfordshire. He
has published widely on the history of ghosts, magic, witchcraft, and popular med-
icine, including The Haunted: A Social History of Ghosts (Palgrave Macmillan,
2007).
Kenneth J. Doka is Professor of Gerontology at the Graduate School of The College
of New Rochelle and Senior Consultant to the Hospice Foundation of America.
He has published dozens of books and over one hundred articles and book chapters
on death, dying, bereavement, and grief. Doka is editor of both Omega: The Journal
of Death and Dying and Journeys: A Newsletter to Help in Bereavement. He has an
ongoing blog for Psychology Today entitled Good Mourning.
Peter Flügel is Reader in the Study of Religions and Chair of the Centre for Jaina
Studies at SOAS, University of London. He is the editor of the International Journal
of Jain Studies, co-editor of Jaina Studies – Newsletter of the Centre of Jaina Studies, and
series editor of Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies, and Jaina Studies.
Eileen Gardiner is author of Visions of Heaven and Hell Before Dante (Italica, 1989) and
Medieval Visions of Heaven and Hell (Routledge, 1993). She is co-publisher of Italica
Press, former co-director of ACLS Humanities E-Book and the Medieval Academy,
and former co-editor of Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies.
Heather Gill-Frerking has been researching mummies for over twenty years, specializ-
ing in Iron Age bog bodies and in the study of taphonomy – the processes of decom-
position and preservation in various environments. Gill-Frerking has a doctorate in
anthropology (University of Manitoba), a master’s in archaeology (York, UK), and
post-graduate certification in forensic archaeology.
Albert N. Hamscher is Kenneth S. Davis Professor of history at Kansas State Uni-
versity and author of three books as well as scholarly articles and book chapters
on early modern France. He is also the author of scholarly and pedagogical articles
concerning the cultural history of American cemeteries and editor of a collection
of articles, Kansas Cemeteries in History (KS Publishing, 2005).
Adeline Herrou is a social anthropologist and sinologist at France’s National Center
for Scientific Research. She approaches the study of contemporary Chinese society
through research on Daoist monasticism in south Shaanxi, central China. She is the
author of A World of Their Own: Daoist Monks and Their Community in Contemporary
China (Three Pines Press, 2013).

xiii
 CONTRIBUTORS

Almut Hintze is Zartoshty Brothers Professor of Zoroastrianism at SOAS, University

of London, and Fellow of the British Academy. Working on Zoroastrianism and
ancient and middle Iranian languages, she is currently directing a project on the
Multimedia Yasna funded by the European Research Council.
Laura Hobgood is Professor and Holder of the Paden Chair in Religion and Environ-
mental Studies at Southwestern University where she joined the faculty in 1998.
She is author of several books including A Dog’s History of the World (Baylor Uni-
versity Press, 2014), The Friends We Keep (Baylor University Press, 2010), and Holy
Dogs and Asses (University of Illinois Press, 2008).
Matthew T. Kapstein is Director of Tibetan Studies at the École Pratique des Hautes
Études, Paris, and Numata Visiting Professor of Buddhist Studies at the Univer-
sity of Chicago. Publications include Reason’s Traces: Identity and Interpretation in
Indian and Tibetan Buddhist Thought (Wisdom, 2001), The Tibetans (Wiley-Black-
well, 2006), and Tibetan Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University
Press, 2013).
Laura A. Kicklighter is Associate Professor in the Westover Honors Program at Lynch-
burg College in Virginia. She holds a PhD in Medical Humanities from the Uni-
versity of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston and a MTS from Emory University.
Dennis Klass has written over seventy articles or book chapters on grief and bereave-
ment. Publications include The Spiritual Lives of Bereaved Parents (Routledge, 1999),
Parental Grief: Resolution and Solace (Springer, 1988), and the co-edited volumes
Continuing Bonds: New Understandings of Grief (Taylor & Francis, 1996) and Con-
tinuing Bonds in Bereavement: New Directions for Research and Practice (Routledge,
2017).
Mark M. Leach is Professor and Director of Training in the Department of Educational
and Counseling Psychology at the University of Louisville. He has authored or
co-authored over one hundred journal articles and book chapters, and written or
co-edited seven books.
Frederick T. L. Leong is Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at Michigan State Uni-
versity and directs the MSU Consortium for Multicultural Psychology Research. He
has authored or co-authored over 280 journal articles and book chapters, and edited
or co-edited fourteen books.
James R. Lewis is a specialist in the fields of New Religious Movements and Religion
and Violence, and Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Tromsø (Nor-
way). He is extensively published and currently edits or co-edits four book series.
Thomas G. Long is Bandy Professor Emeritus of Preaching and Director of the Early
Career Pastoral Leadership Program at Emory University. His books include Accom-
pany Them with Singing (Westminster John Knox Press, 2013) and The Good Funeral
(Westminster John Knox Press, 2013). His textbook, The Witness of Preaching

xiv
 CONTRIBUTORS

(Westminster John Knox Press, 2016; 3rd ed.), was named one of the twenty-five
most influential books in preaching for the last twenty-five years by Preaching
Magazine.
Steven Luper is the Murchison Professor of Philosophy, and Department Chair, at
Trinity University. He writes about epistemology and about the philosophy of death.
Two recent publications are Philosophy of Death (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
and the Cambridge Companion to Life and Death (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
Daniel C. Maguire is the author of fourteen books and editor of three antholo-
gies, as well as 250 articles published in various journals. His most recent book
is Christianity without God: Moving Beyond the Dogmas and Retrieving the Epic
Moral Narrative (SUNY Press, 2014). He is the past president of The Society of
Christian Ethics and The Religious Consultation on Population, Reproductive
Health, and Ethics.
Arvind-Pal S. Mandair is Associate Professor of Asian Languages and Cultures and
SBSC Endowed Chair in Sikh Studies at the University of Michigan. His books
include Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality, and the
Politics of Translation (Columbia University Press, 2009), Sikhism: A Guide for the
Perplexed (Bloomsbury, 2013), and Teachings of the Sikh Gurus (Routledge, 2005).
Walter Meyer zu Erpen, MAS (University of British Columbia), is a self-employed
archives consultant following a career with the British Columbia Archives. He
founded the Survival Research Institute of Canada in 1991. For twenty-five years,
he has sought to preserve the records of Spiritualism and psychical research, and has
written and lectured extensively about significant Canadian cases.
Paul Middleton is Senior Lecturer in New Testament and Early Christianity at the
University of Chester, UK. His publications include Radical Martyrdom and Cosmic
Conflict in Early Christianity (T & T Clark, 2006) and Martyrdom: A Guide for the
Perplexed (T & T Clark, 2011).
Christopher M. Moreman is Associate Professor and Department Chair of Philosophy
at California State University, East Bay. His books include Beyond the Threshold:
Afterlife Beliefs and Experiences in World Religions (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010),
Teaching Death & Dying (Oxford, 2008), The Spiritualist Movement (Praeger, 2013),
and Digital Death (Praeger, 2014), which was awarded the Ray and Pat Brown Award
for Best Edited Collection.
Rabbi Vanessa L. Ochs is Professor of Religious Studies and member of the Jewish
Studies Program at the University of Virginia. Her books include Inventing Jewish
Ritual (Jewish Publication Society, 2007), Sarah Laughed (Jewish Publication Soci-
ety, 2011), The Jewish Dream Book (Jewish Lights, 2007), The Book of Jewish Sacred
Practices (Jewish Lights, 2001), Safe and Sound (Penguin, 1995), and Words on Fire
(Westview, 1999).

xv
 CONTRIBUTORS

Erik A. W. Östling is a study adviser and academic administrator at the Department

for Ethnology, History of Religions, and Gender Studies at Stockholm University.
Recent publications include “What Does God Need with a Starship? UFOs and
Extraterrestrials in the Contemporary Religious Landscape,” in The Oxford Hand-
book of New Religious Movements (vol. II, 2016).
Susan J. Palmer teaches at Concordia University as an Affiliate Professor in the Reli-
gion Department and is a Member of the Religious Studies Faculty at McGill Uni-
versity. Her books include Moon Sisters, Krishna Mother, Rajneesh Lovers: Women’s
Roles in New Religions (Syracuse University Press, 1994), Children in New Religions
(Rutgers University Press, 1998), New Heretics of France (Oxford University Press,
2011), and Aliens Adored: Rael’s New Religion (Rutgers University Press, 2004).
Diana Walsh Pasulka, Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Caro-
lina, Wilmington, is the author of numerous publications about the Christian after-
life, including Heaven Can Wait: Purgatory in Catholic Devotional and Popular Culture
(Oxford University Press, 2014).
Rev. Professor Stuart D. B. Picken was a renowned expert in Shinto; in 2007 he
was recognised with the Order of the Sacred Treasure from the Japanese Emperor.
He was founding chairman of the Japan-based International Academic Forum
(IAFOR). His works include Essentials of Shinto: An Analytical Guide to Principal
Teachings (Greenwood, 1994) and Death in the Japanese Tradition (IAFOR, 2016).
He passed away shortly after contributing to the current collection.
Mu-chou Poo is Professor of History at Chinese University of Hong Kong. Publications
include Wine and Wine Offering in the Religion of Ancient Egypt (Routledge, 2014), In
Search of Personal Welfare: A View of Ancient Chinese Religion (SUNY Press, 1998),
and Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions (Brill, 2009).
Prof. Dr. Thomas Quartier, OSB, teaches Ritual Studies at Radboud University
Nijmegen (NL) and holds the chair of Monastic Spirituality at the Catholic Uni-
versity of Leuven (BE). He is research fellow at the Titus Brandsma Institute and is
a member of the monastic community of St. Willibrord Abbey Doetinchem (NL).
Katherine Ramsland teaches forensic psychology and directs the Criminal Justice
Master’s Program at DeSales University. With extensive knowledge about extreme
offenders, she has published fifty-nine books, including Confession of a Serial Killer:
The Untold Story of Dennis Rader, the BTK Killer (University Press of New England,
2016).
T. S. Rukmani is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Concordia University, where
she was formerly Chair in Hindu Studies. She has written and edited twelve books,
including the four-volume critically annotated English translation of the Yogavārt-
tika of Vijñānabhikṣu and the two-volume critically annotated translation of Śaṅ-
kara’s Yogasūtrabhāṣyavivaraṇa.

xvi
 CONTRIBUTORS

James A. Santucci is Professor of Comparative Religion at California State University,

Fullerton, and editor of Theosophical History. He was awarded a PhD in Asian Stud-
ies at the Australian National University in Canberra and has contributed articles
and books on Hinduism, Theosophy, and Buddhism.
Rachelle M. Scott is Associate Professor in Religious Studies at the University of Ten-
nessee, Knoxville, where she studies the history of Theravada Buddhism in South
and Southeast Asia, with an emphasis on contemporary Buddhism in Thailand. She
is author of Nirvana for Sale?: Buddhism, Wealth, and the Dhammakāya Temple (State
University of New York, 2009).
Lesley A. Sharp’s ethnographic engagement with death and dying spans religious
realms in Madagascar and medicine and science in the U.S. Sharp is the Barbara
Chamberlain and Helen Chamberlain Josefsberg ’30 Professor of Anthropology,
Barnard College, and Senior Research Scientist in Sociomedical Sciences, Colum-
bia University.
Gregory Shushan is currently Honorary Research Fellow at University of Wales Trin-
ity St. David. His scholarship has earned him numerous scholarly awards, including
from the Perrott-Warrick Fund, Trinity College Cambridge. He is the author of
Conceptions of the Afterlife in Early Civilizations (Continuum, 2009), and Near-Death
Experience, Shamanism, and Afterlife Beliefs in Indigenous Religions (Oxford Univer-
sity Press, forthcoming).
Christina Staudt, PhD, is Chair, Columbia University Seminar on Death and Advisor,
Columbia University DeathLab. An art historian and community activist for end-of-
life causes, she co-edited Our Changing Journey to the End – Reshaping Death, Dying,
and Grief in America (Praeger, 2014).
Mark S. Sweetnam is Assistant Professor of English with Digital Humanities in the
School of English at Trinity College Dublin. His research focuses on literature and
theology, particularly that of the reformation, evangelical millennialism, and popu-
lar culture. He has written and edited a number of books, including John Donne and
Religious Authority in the Reformed English Church (Four Courts, 2014).
Jim B. Tucker, MD, is Bonner-Lowry Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobe-
havioral Sciences at the University of Virginia. He is Director of the Division of
Perceptual Studies there and former Medical Director of the Child and Family Psy-
chiatry Clinic.
Tony Walter is Honorary Professor of Death Studies, University of Bath, UK. His
interests include: comparative sociology, funerals, and how communication media
afford new relationships between the living and the dead.
J. Suzi Wilson is a doctoral student at Durham University. Her PhD focuses on the cog-
nitive development and abilities of early humans based on both the paleoneurology

xvii
 CONTRIBUTORS

of endocast studies as well as the behavioral indicators of advancement, such as tool

kits and mortuary practices.
Joseph A. P. Wilson is an instructor in Anthropology at Fairfield University and
an instructor in Religious Studies at Sacred Heart University. He is the Editor at
UMass Archaeological Services, and Book Review Editor for The Journal for the
Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture. He earned his PhD in Anthropology from the
University of Florida in 2011.

xviii
 Introduction
Christopher M. Moreman

For a project of this size, I have chosen to keep my introductory remarks brief. A vol-
ume such as this one strives to provide as wide a coverage of its topic as possible, and
with fifty-two chapters, a lot of ground is indeed covered. Still, there is always much
more to be said, especially on a topic as profound and universal as death and dying.
With my own background in the study of comparative religion, a core focus of the
current companion is on the situating of death in the contexts of religions. Certainly,
the history of religion is also a history of ways of understanding death and of mean-
ing-making in the face of human mortality. While the first section of essays are explicit
in their outlining of specific religious beliefs and practices relating to death, dying, and
the afterlife, many, if not all, of the rest of the essays in this book must address religious
and spiritual issues as well, such as the matter of death itself. Of course, however broad
a spectrum I have aimed to cover, it is impossible to ensure that every aspect of death
can be discussed and every scholarly perspective provided voice. I have strived to be
not only inter-religious but also inter-disciplinary, selecting experts across a range of
disciplines and with an array of perspectives both academic and personal. Each author
is here being permitted to speak in their own individual voice, while the collection as
a whole can stand as testament to possibilities for conversations across ideologies and
methodologies both religious and academic.
In the first section, I have tried to bring as many religious traditions into the arena
as possible. Several large traditions have been broken into separate chapters discussing
specific denominations or sets thereof, and many of the traditions also receive separate
attention to afterlife beliefs and funerary practice. In attempting to cover as broad a
field as possible, I have also ensured that several perspectives from new religions are also
represented, particularly two (the Spiritualist and Raëlian Movements) with especially
unique views. In all cases, authors provide an overview of the beliefs and/or practices.
Part two continues the coverage of beliefs and practice, but moves from the context
of specific religious traditions to more general discussion of the concepts themselves.
These chapters illustrate many of the ways that certain beliefs, categories of belief, or
certain practices share common elements across religious traditions. Sometimes such
similarities can be attributed to shared geography or religious history, but often they
also point to the reality of shared humanity.

1
 CHRISTOPHER M. MOREMAN

The third section covers phenomena often experienced by individuals across cultures
that claim to report details of the afterlife or of the survival of human consciousness
beyond death. Some of these phenomena have received limited attention by the acad-
emy at large, but have been intensely scrutinized by psychical researchers and scholars
of folklore and belief. Importantly, all such experiences relate to personal experience
often operating despite orthodox religious and cultural frameworks that discourage
them.
Part four further discusses the phenomenology of death through experiences of the
dying process, both from the perspectives of the dying and of the bereaved. Here,
authors cover issues of definitions of a “good death,” and of death itself, and discuss the
still-young field of death awareness and the practical study of grief and bereavement.
While the previous section touches on some ethical concerns, including that of
assisted suicide, part five moves into other specific areas of ethical concern, including
those of abortion; martyrdom and suicide; and broader issues of murder, plague, illness,
and disability in the context of death and dying.
Finally, the last section offers some additional scholarly perspectives on the subject,
ranging from the anthropological and archaeological, to the philosophical, existential,
and representational. These final chapters offer an opportunity to reflect upon the
previous ones in light of the history of human cultural articulation being that death is
a constant thread through human experience and expression.
In editing this large volume, I am especially indebted to all of the contributors with-
out whose work this collection would truly not have been possible. The authors herein
represent some of the very greatest minds to lend themselves to the study of death and
dying. I must also thank the editors at Routledge for proposing this Companion and for
all the work throughout to see it through to completion. I’m also grateful for the stu-
dents in my Views of the Afterlife class for helping us to select the cover for the volume.

2
Catholic views of the afterlife
Ansgar Kelly, Henry . (2010) “Hell with Purgatory and Two Limbos: The Geography and Theology of the
Underworld.” In Isabel Moreira and Merrill Toscano (eds.) Hell and Its Afterlife: Historical and Contemporary
Perspectives, Burlington: Ashgate. 121–136.
Aquinas, Thomas . (1920) Summa Theologiæ of St. Thomas Aquinas. Translated by Fathers of the English
Dominican Province . Online: <http://www.newadvent.org/summa/5069.htm>. Accessed Feb. 24, 2017 .
Catholic Church . (2012) Catechism of the Catholic Church, Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
International Theological Commission . (2007) The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being
Baptized. Online: <https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=7529>. Accessed Feb. 20,
2017 .
McDannell, Colleen and Bernhard Lang . (2001) Heaven: A History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
de Mayo, Thomas Benjamin . (2006). The Demonology of William of Auvergne. Doctoral Dissertation.
Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.
Moreira, Isabel . (2011) Heaven’s Purge: Purgatory in Late Antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Owen, Richard . (2007) “The Fires of Hell are Real and Eternal, Pope Warns.” The Times, March 27: p. 14.
Picard, Jean-Michel , and Yolande de Pontfarcy . (1985) Saint Patrick’s Purgatory: A Twelfth Century Tale of
a Journey to the Other World, Dublin: Four Courts Press.
Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith . (1980) Declaration on Euthanasia. Vatican.
Walsh Pasulka, Diana . (2014) Heaven Can Wait: Purgatory in Catholic Devotional and Popular Culture,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Protestant views of the afterlife

Bebbington, D. W. (1989) Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s, London:
Routledge.
Bell, R. (2011) Love Wins: A Book about Heaven, Hell, and the Fate of Every Person Who Ever Lived, New
York: HarperOne.
Betts, F. W. (1916) Billy Sunday, the Man and Method, Boston, MA: Murray Press.
Blanchard, J. (2014) Whatever Happened to Hell?, Darlington: Evangelical Press.
Cambers, A. (2011) Godly Reading: Print, Manuscript and Puritanism in England, 1580–1720, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Dodderidge, P. (1755) “And Will the Judge Descend?” Hymnary.org . Online:
<www.hymnary.org/text/and_will_the_judge_descend>. [Accessed 28 January 2016 ].
Donne, J. , and T. Healy (eds.) (1969) Ignatius His Conclave, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Edwards, J. , & Smolinski, R. (eds.) (1741) Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: A Sermon Preached at
Enfield, July 8th, 1741. Electronic Texts in American Studies. Paper 54. Available at:
<http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/54> [ Accessed 4 October 2016 ].
Erasmus, D. (1538) Preparation to Deathe A Booke as Deuout as Eloquent, Compiled by Erasmus
Roterodame, London: In aedibus Thomae Bertheleti regii impressoris. excus.
Hall, P. (1842) The Harmony of Protestant Confessions: Exhibiting the Faith of the Churches of Christ,
Reformed after the Pure and Holy Doctrine of the Gospel throughout Europe, London: John F. Shaw.
McCauley, P. (2013) He That Believeth Not… The Errors of Universalism and Annihilationism Explored,
Kilmarnock: John Ritchie.
MacCulloch, D. (2004) Reformation: Europe’s House Divided 1490–1700, London: Viking.
MacCulloch, D. (2010) A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years, London: Viking.
Mangum, R. T. , & Sweetnam, M. S. (2009) The Scofield Bible: Its History and Impact on the Evangelical
Church, Colorado Springs: Paternoster Publishing.
Marsden, G. M. (2003) Jonathan Edwards: A Life, Yale: Yale University Press.
Marshall, P. (2006) “Angels around the Deathbed: Variations on a Theme in the English Art of Dying,” in
Marshall, Peter , and Walsham, Alexandra (eds.), Angels in the Early Modern World, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, pp. 83–103.
Moore, E. (2006) “Hell,” in Campbell-Jack, C. , and McGrath, G. (eds.), New Dictionary of Christian
Apologetics, Leicester: InterVarsity Press, pp. 301–304.
Noll, M. (2010) The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys, Downers
Grove, IL: IVP Academic.
Packer, J. I. (1997) “Evangelical Annihilationism in Review,” Reformation & Revival, 6:2: 37–51.
Poole, K. (2011) Supernatural Environments in Shakespeare’s England: Spaces of Demonism, Divinity, and
Drama, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shadduck, B. H. (1894) “I Dreamed That the Great Judgment Morning,” Hymnary.org . Available at:
<www.hymnary.org/text/i_dreamed_that_the_great_judgment_shaddu> [Accessed 28 January 2016 ].
Spence, M. (2015) Heaven on Earth: Reimagining Time and Eternity in Nineteenth-Century British
Evangelicalism, Cambridge: James Clarke and Co.
Stunt, T. C. F. (2000) From Awakening to Secession, Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
Sweetnam, M. S. (2006) “Tensions in Dispensational Eschatology,” in Newport, K. G. C. , and Gribben, C.
(eds.), Expecting the End: Millennialism in Social and Historical Context, Waco, TX: Baylor Univ Press,
173–192.
Sweetnam, M. S. , & Gribben, C. (2009) “J. N. Darby and the Irish Origins of Dispensationalism,” Journal of
the Evangelical Theological Society, 52:3, 569–577.
Tracy, J. (1842) The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and
Whitefield, New York: Tappen and Dennett.

Mormon afterlife beliefs and funerary practices

Baugh, Alexander L. (2015) “‘For Their Salvation Is Necessary and Essential to Our Salvation’: Joseph Smith
and the Practice of Baptism and Confirmation For the Dead.” In Kenneth L. Alford and Richard E. Bennett ,
Eds., An Eye of Faith. Salt Lake City, UT: Religious Studies Center and Deseret Book, pp. 113–138. The
Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (1981) Salt Lake City: The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
Harper, Steven C. (2005) “‘A Pentacostal and Endowment Indeed’: Six Eyewitness Accounts of the Kirtland
Temple Experience,” In Opening the Heavens: Accounts of Divine Manifestations, 1820– 1844, ed. by John
W. Welch , pp. 327–372. Provo, Salt Lake City, Utah: Brigham Young University Press and Deseret Book.
Smith, Joseph (1838) Elder’s Journal of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1, no. 3: 43.

Christian funerary traditions

The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the
Church (2007), New York: Church Publishing.
Bowman, L. (1959), The American Funeral: A Study in Guilt, Extravagance, and Sublimity, Washington, DC:
Public Affairs Press.
Bradshaw, P. , ed. (2002) “Funerals.” The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship, London: SCM.
214–227.
Donaldson, James , ed. (2013) Constitution of the Holy Apostles or Apostolic Constitutions. Independently
published.
Eusebius (1995) “Church History.” In Alexander Roberts, Philip Schaff , James Donaldson , and Henry Wace
, eds. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 1. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.
Long, T. (2009), Accompany Them with Singing: The Christian Funeral, Louisville: Westminster John Knox.
Order of Christian Funeral: Rite of Committal (1989), Chicago: Liturgy Training Publications.
Paxton, F. S. (1990), Christianizing Death: The Creation of a Ritual Process in Early Medieval Europe, Ithica,
NY: Cornell University Press.
Rowell, G. (1977), The Liturgy of Christian Burial, London: SPCK.
Rutherford, H. Richard (1990), The Death of a Christian: The Order of Christian Funerals, Collegeville, MN:
Order of St. Benedict.
Tertullian (1995a). “On the Resurrection of the Flesh.” In A. Cleveland Coxe , Alexander Roberts , James
Donaldson , Philip Scaff , and Henry Wace , eds. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 3. Peabody, MA:
Hendrickson. 545–594.
Tertullian . (1995b) “A Treatise on the Soul.” In A. Cleveland Coxe , Alexander Roberts , James Donaldson ,
Philip Scaff , and Henry Wace , eds. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 3. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. 181–235.
Jewish views of the afterlife
Charles, Robert Henry. A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life in Israel, in Judaism, and in
Christianity (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1913).
Ginzberg, Louis. The Legends of the Jews (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1968).
Hertz, Joseph H. Commentary to the Prayer Book (London: Shapiro and Valentine, 1947).
Jacobs, Louis. A Jewish Theology (New York: Behrman House, 1973).
Jacobs, Louis. Principles of the Jewish Faith (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 1964).
Edmund Jacob , “Immortality,” The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, George Buttrick , editor (New York:
Abington Press, 1962).
Kohler, Kaufmann. Jewish Theology (New York: Ktav, 1968).
Maimonides , Mishneh Torah, Laws of Repentance III, Sections 6, 7, 8.
Montefiore, C. G. and Loewe, H. M. J. A Rabbinic Anthology (New York: Schocken, 1974).
Plaut, W. Gunther. The Growth of Reform Judaism (New York: World Union for Progressive Judaism, 1965).
Schechter, Solomon. Aspects of Rabbinic Theology (New York: Schocken, 1961).
Super, Arthur Saul. (1967) Immortality in the Babylonian Talmud. PhD thesis, University of South Africa,
Pretoria, South Africa.

Jewish funeral and mourning practices

Bar-Levav, A. (2003) “Jewish Rituals for the Sick and Dying,” Sh’ma, Jewish Family & Life (JFLMedia),
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Bar-Levav, A. (2001) “Ritualizing Death and Dying: The Ethical Will of Naphtali Ha-Kohen Katz,” in L. Fine
(Ed.), Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages through the Early Modern Period, Princeton: Princeton
University Press. 155–170.
Feiler, B. (2012) “Mourning in a Digital Age,” New York Times. Online:
<www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/fashion/mourning-in-the-age-of-facebook.html> [Accessed 3 July 2015].
Fishkoff, S. (2010) “First ‘Green’ Jewish Cemetery Opens,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Online:
<www.jta.org/2010/03/28/life-religion/first-green-jewish-cemetery-opens> [Accessed 1 July 2015].
Gamliel, T. (2014) Aesthetics of Sorrow: The Wailing Culture of Yemenite-Jewish Women, Detroit: Wayne
State University Press.
Ghert-Zand, R. (2014) “‘Control’ Alternating with ‘Delete’,” Hadassah Magazine. Online:
<www.hadassahmagazine.org/2014/06/16/control-alternating-delete/> [Accessed 29 June 2015].
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Harlow, I. (2003) “Personal Rituals to Commemorate Death,” Sh’ma, Jewish Family & Life (JFLMedia),
34/603: 3–4.
Heilman, S. C. (2001) When a Jew Dies: The Ethnography of a Bereaved Son, Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Jones, L. (2009) “Seven Days and a Funeral,” in Talking about Death and Mourning, Interfaith-Family.com.
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Landsberg, M. (2011) “Shiva Sisters Offer Kind Words, Practical Help for Jewish Families at Times of Loss,”
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Lowenthal, M. (1942) Henrietta Szold: Life and Letters, New York: The Viking Press.
Lungen, P. and Love, M. (2009) “Intermarriage Spurs Changes to Burial Rules,” The Canadian Jewish News.
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Melammed, R. L. (2001) “Life-Cycle Rituals of Spanish Crypto Jewish Women,” in L. Fine (Ed.), Judaism in
Practice: From the Middle Ages through the Early Modern Period, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
143–154.
Rosove, R. J. L. (n.d.) “Preparing for a Jewish Funeral: A Guide,” Reform Judaism. Online:
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Shyovitz, D. I. (2015) “‘You Have Saved Me from the Judgment of Gehenna’: The Origins of the Mourner’s
Kaddish in Medieval Ashkenaz,” AJS Review. 39/1: 49–73.
Zerubavel, Y. (2006) “Patriotic Sacrifice and the Burden of Memory in Israeli Secular National Hebrew
Culture,” in U. S. Makdisi and P. A. Silverstein (Eds.), Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North
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Muslim views of the afterlife
Abu al-Shaykh al-Isfahani , ‘Abdallah b. Muhammad b. Ja’far (d. 369/979–80), (1994) Kitab al-’azama. Ed.
Mustafa Faris , Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyya.
All Qur’anic translations are from Majid Fakhry , (1997) The Qur’an: A Modern English Version. London:
Garnet.
al-Bayhaqi, Ahmad b. al-Husayn (d. 458/1066), (n.d.) Hayat al-anbiya’ fiquburihim. Ed. Abu Sahl Najah ‘Iwad
Siyyam , Cairo: Maktabat al-Iman.
Birilwi, Ahmad Riza Khan al-Qadiri (d. 1340/1921), (2014) Hayat al-mawat fibayan sama’ al-amwat. Ed.
Anwar Ahmad Khan al-Baghdadi , Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyya.
Busse, Heribert , (1991) “Jerusalem in the Story of Muhammad’s Night Journey and Ascension,” Jerusalem
Studies in Arabic and Islam 14, pp. 1–40.
Fatawa Islamiyah: Islamic Verdicts. Riyad: Darussalam, 2001–2003 (8 vols).
al-Haythami, Nur al-Din ‘Ali b. Abi Bakr (d. 807/1404), (n.d.) Majma’ al-zawa’id wa-manba’ al-fawa’id. Beirut:
Dar al-Fikr (10 vols).
Ibn Abi Zaminayn, Muhammad b. ‘Abdallah (d. 399/1008–9), (1989) Qudwat al-ghazi. Ed. ‘A’isha al-
Sulaymani , Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.
Ibn al-Mubarak, ‘Abdallah (d. 181/797), (n.d.) Kitab al-zuhd wa-l-raqa’iq. Ed. Habib al-Rahman al-A’zami ,
Beirut: Muhammad ‘Afif al-Zu’bi.
Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali , ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Ahmad (d. 795/1392–3), (2001) Ahwal al-qubur wa-ahwal ahluha
ila al-nushur. Ed. Khalid ‘Abd al-Latif al-Sab’ al-’Ali , Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-’Arabi.
Khalil, Muhammad (ed.) (2013) Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation and the Fate of Others. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Lange, Christian , (2008) Justice, Punishment and the Medieval Muslim Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge
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al-Qurtubi al-Ansari , Muhammad b. Ahmad (d. 671/1272–3), (n.d.) al-Tadhkira fiahwal al-mawta wa-umur al-
akhira. Cairo: Maktabat al-Iman.
Rispler-Chaim, Vardit , (1993) Islamic Medical Ethics in the Twentieth Century. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Smith, Jane Idleman , and Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck , (2002) The Islamic Understanding of Death and
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vols).

Funerary culture in Islam

Abou-Lughod, L. (1993) “Islam and the Gendered Discourses of Death.” International Journal of Middle East
Studies 25 (2): 187–205.
Abu Dawud , Sunan: kitāb al-janā’iz. Vol. 20.
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and Jews at Shrines and Sanctuaries. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Al-Bukhari . Sahih: Kitab al-jana’iz. Online: <http://sunnah.com/bukhari/23> Accessed 4 October 2016 .
Bowman, G. (2012) Sharing the Sacra. New York and Oxford: Berghahn.
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Buturović, A. (2010) “Death,” in J. Elias (ed.) Key Themes for the Study of Islam. Oxford: Oneworld.
123–140.
Buturović, A. (2015) Carved in Stone, Etched in Memory: Death, Tombstones and Commemoration in
Bosnian Islam. London: Ashgate.
Campo, J. (2003) “Muslim Ways of Death: Between the Prescribed and the Performed,” in K. Garces-Foley
(ed.) Death and Religion in a Changing World. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. 147–177.
Dickie, J. (1995) “Allah and Eternity: Mosques, Madrasas and Tombs.” In G. Michell (ed.) Architecture of the
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Eklund, R. (1941) Life between Death and Resurrection according to Islam. Uppsala: Almqvist & Ikells.
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Wensinck, A. J. (1932) The Muslim Creed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zaman, Q. M. (2001) “Death, Funeral Processions, and the Articulation of Religious Authority in Early Islam.”
Studia Islamica 93: 27–58.

Zoroastrian afterlife beliefs and funerary practices

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Boyce, M. (1993) “Corpse,” in E. Yarshater (ed.), Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 6, Fasc. 3, New York:
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Boyce, M. (1996) “Dog ii. In Zoroastrianism,” in E. Yarshater (ed.), Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 7, Fasc. 5,
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Fee, W.Th. (1905) “The Parsees and the Towers of Silence at Bombay, India,” The National Geographic
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in Xi’an, Northern China,” Studia Iranica 33, 173–184.
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Contemporary Daoist afterlife beliefs and funerary practices

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Martyrdom
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The psychology of mass murder and serial killing

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Abortion
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Intellectual disability and the end of life

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Tuffrey-Wijne, I. , J. Hogg , and L. Curfs (2007). “End-of-Life and Palliative Care for People with Intellectual
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Epidemic
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Philosophical perspectives
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Death in Western art and literature

Transi tomb for John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, 1408–1435. Free-standing marble tomb. FitzAlan
Chapel, Arundel Castle, West Essex, England.
Triumph of Death, c . 1448. Wall painting. Palazzo Abatellis, Palermo.
Danse Macabre, c. 1460–1470. Fresco. Abbey La Chaise-Dieu, Auvergne, France.
Colombe, Jean . Les Très Riches Heures du Duc Berry, 1485–1489. French Gothic manuscript illumination.
MS 65, Musée Condé, Chantilly, France.
Botticelli, Sandro . Trinity, 1491–1493. Altarpiece. Tempera and oil on canvas. Courtauld Institute Galleries,
London.
Bosch’s, Hieronymus . The Garden of Earthly Delights, 1503–1504. Oil on oak. Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Grünewald, Matthias . The Isenheim Altar Piece, 1512–1516. Oil on wood. Unterlinden Museum, Colmar,
Alsace, France.
Baldburg (Grien), Hans. Death and the Maiden , 1518–1520. Tempera on wood. Kunstmuseum, Basel,
Switzerland.
Hans Holbein the Younger . Dead Christ, 1520–1522. Oil and tempera on limewood. Öffentliche
Kunstsammlung, Basel, Switzerland.
The Ambassadors, 1533. Oil on oak. National Gallery, London.
Rubens, Peter Paul . Elevation of the Cross, 1610–1611. Central panel of triptych. Oil on canvas; Descent
from the Cross, 1612–1614. Central panel of triptych. Oil on panel. The Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp,
Belgium.
Judith with Head of Holofernes, c. 1616. Oil on canvas. Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, Braunschweig,
Germany.
van Rijn, Rembrandt . The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicholas Tulp, 1632. Oil on canvas. The Mauritshuis, The
Hague, the Netherlands.
Poussin, Nicholas . Et in arcadia ego, 1637–1638. Oil on canvas. Museé du Louvre, Paris.
Blake, William . The Soul Leaving the Body. Gravure by Louis Sciavonetti , published 1808.
Géricault, Théodore . Head of a Guillotined Man, 1818–1819. Oil on panel. Art Institute of Chicago.
Manet, Eduardo . The Dead Christ with Angels, 1864. Oil on canvas. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Monet, Claude . Camille on Her Deathbed, 1879. Oil on canvas. Musée d’Orsay, Paris.
Gauguin, Paul . Yellow Christ, 1889. Oil on canvas. Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, NY.
Munch, Edvard . Death and The Maiden, 1894. Etching. Private Collection.
von Stuck, Franz . Judith and Holofernes, 1924. Oil on canvas. Schwerin State Museum, Germany.
Guttuso’s, Renato . Crucifixion, 1940–1941. Oil on canvas. Museo Guttuso-Villa Cattolica, Bagheria, Sicily.
Beuys, Joseph . Torso, 1949–1951. Metal sculpture. Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg, Germany.
Rothko, Mark . Paintings for Chapel, 1971. Oil on canvas in octagonal structure. Rothko Chapel, Houston,
TX.
Serrano, Andres . Immersion (Piss Christ), 1987. Photograph. Private Collection.
Wilke, Hannah . Intra-Venus, 1992–1993. Photographs, drawings, video installation.
Mann, Susan . Body Farm, 2003. Photographs. <http://sallymann.com/selected-works/body-farm>. Accessed
Oct. 14, 2016 .
Hirst, Damien . For the Love of God, 2007. Platinium, diamonds, human tooth. White Cube (Gallery),
London.
Viola’s, Bill . Emergence, 2007. Video. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.
The Bible . Old Testament: Genesis, Book of Judith. New Testament: The Gospels, Revelations.
Homer . The Iliad, 8th century BCE.
Homer . The Odyssey, 8th century BCE.
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Trans. Hugh G. Evelun-White . Mineola, NY: Dover Publication, 2006.
Euripides , Medea, 431 BCE; Alcestis, 438 BCE.
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Colonus, Anitgone. Translated by F. Storr . Mineapolis, MN: Lerner Publishing, 2014.
Ovid . “Pyramus and Thisbe,” Metamorphoses, 8 CE.
Tristan and Isolde/Iseult. Celtic legend, c 13th century.
Aquinas, Thomas of. Summa Theological, 1265–1274.
Alighieri, Dante . The Divine Comedy, 1317–131c. 1321.
Shakespeare, William . Hamlet 1599–1601; King Lear, 1605–1606; Anthony and Cleopatra 1606.
Milton, John , Paradise Lost, 1667.
Dickens, Charles . Old Curiosity Shop, 1840–1841.
Dickinson, Emily , [1850–1886]. The Poems of Emily Dickinson. Edited by Thomas H. Johnson . Cambridge
MA: Harvard University Press, 1955.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher . Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852.
Dickens, Charles . A Tale of Two Cities, 1859.
Dostoevsky, Fyodor . The Idiot, 1869.
Tolstoy, Leo . The Death of Ivan Ilyich, 1886.
Freud, Sigmund . “The Uncanny,” Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 1920.
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Thomas, Dylan . “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night,” 1951.
Pynchon, Tomas . Gravity’s Rainbow. 1973.
Morrison, Toni . Beloved, 1987.
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