Civil Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering
The British University in Egypt

Earthquake resistant design

CIVL21H03
research Report

Equivalent static load

I hereby state that the presented work is MY ORIGINAL work without the use of or
copying from any outer source materials.
Student Name Student ID
Ahmed oriby Ibrahim 196838
 Table of Content
Page

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Equivalent static load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Design and result . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
 List of Tables

Table 1.:. . . . . . . . . . . “table ”

Table 2.: . . . . . . . . . . “table”

Table 3.: . . . . . . . . . “table”

Table 4.: . . . . . . . . . .“table”

Introduction:

The occurrence of earthquakes in the world has become common in our current era, which has led to an
urgent need to study buildings during seismic vibrations. These studies became required in Egypt after the
1992 Cairo earthquake. The earthquake caused the collapse of buildings and cracks in the buildings,
which led to many injuries and deaths. Scientists and researchers are still working on the seismic design
to conduct dynamic analysis, which led to amending the Egyptian Code Seismic Analysis, which is the
equivalent static force (ESF) and the spectrum (RS). The RS design was used. Using the Egyptian Code
(EC) for seismic design to conduct dynamic analysis, and they evaluate the earthquake to evaluate the
maximum displacement resulting from ground movement to know the values of the forces and stresses
occurring on the building. Dynamic loads are divided into two types: The first type is non-periodic, these
may be either short in duration or Impulsive loads or long-term loads, this type is a relationship between
time and acceleration and there are two types of non-periodic: the equivalent constant loading method,
and the multi-model response spectrum method. and the second type is the periodic it of repeated loading
processes that appear The same pattern in the time difference for many The number of cycles and this
type is a relationship between time and amplitude and there is only one type of periodic method, which is
time history analysis

Most of the seismic designs used provide the minimum design to ensure the safety of the building, but it
does not prevent the building from collapsing, and as we mentioned above, the Egyptian code was used to
determine the minimum design. There are two procedures for determining seismic design strength:
equivalent static force (ESF) and response spectrum (RS) analysis.

equivalent static force:

In this way, the inertial forces are determined as a constant force through empirical formulas, so
that the dynamic behavior of buildings can be represented appropriately. You are required to use
this method for regular buildings with a uniform distribution of mass, a uniform shape, and a
stable system in addition to rigidity. It can also be applied to irregular cases with some restrictions.
The basic shear of the design can be calculated as follows:

Sd ( T 1 )∗¿ W
Fb=
g
The ultimate base shear force (Fb) is the seismic force affecting the building and is determined from the
level of the foundation surface, distributed over the height of the structure as a force (Fi) At each level,
this value changes with the height of the floor, The weight of the building (W) (included weight of slab,
floor cover, wall, column, beam, live load),T represents the basic time period of the structure, which is the
period from the beginning of the structure’s vibration until it reaches stability again ,  is a correction
factor, dependent on the fundamental period of the structure with respect to the value of TC , ground
acceleration( g), Design response spectrum (Sd)

Some information about the building must be identified for the corrective laboratories such as the soil
type and the building site

Based on an examination of every floor of the building, the base shear is distributed. This analysis's ease
of use demonstrates how high-quality it is. Excel can also be used to calculate it, allowing us to converse.
The following stages define the equivalent static analysis more specifically: 1- It includes determining the
structural properties stiffness (k), weight (W), and fundamental period (T). 2- Determining the construction priority
factor and depends on the correction factor from the seismic code.

It is said that the equivalent static lateral force method dates back to the beginning of the 20th century,
where it contributed to the development of the lateral design force, v, proportional to the weight of the
building. This relationship can be explained by f=c x w, where c is the lateral force coefficient as a
percentage of gravity, and it is considered the first percentage that was applied in a way. The official code
is c = 10%, which was issued as part of the Urban Building Code Enforcement Regulations in Japan in
1924 due to the devastation caused by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923.

Then some devastating earthquakes encouraged many peoples and international communities to adopt the
different ratio of the seismic coefficient (C), and over time the equivalent static lateral force was adopted
according to the region and its corrective factor for earthquakes. These factors are still under development
and improvement and are used in calculations of the equivalent lateral force.

The correction factor has a very great importance as it depends on the building’s occupancy category.
Such as hospital buildings, fire stations and police stations, they are designed for greater seismic forces
than others because they are among the pillars of any country. If they fall, the rest will fall, and it is
expected that these important categories will resist the earthquake and be able to work as long as they can.
After the seismic period, some buildings that contain certain highly toxic categories must also be
designed, such as buildings with high occupancy that represent a great danger to the lives of many lives
(schools and health care facilities). For constructions that are not subject to human occupancy, with a
small economic loss, they can be designed for strong forces. Seismicity is less than usual, so the
correction factor combined with the earthquake coefficients varies according to the importance of the
categories or their degree of severity.

We can determine the base shear as part of the total weight of the structure, which also includes a portion
of the static load and other loads, and also that the calculated base shear should not be less than 80% and
90% of the equivalent lateral base shear. The base shear limits are specified in the code used, because, as
we explained, the natural period of the structure differs from the vibrational period of the structure, due to
the diversity of analytical models for earthquakes. For example, the calculated period of seismic
vibrations may be incorrect. Which is better for earthquake analysis? There is no doubt that they are
among the methods that are useful in analyzing earthquakes, regardless of their method, but they differ in
the level of accuracy of the analysis they provide or the type of user used in their analysis, and the
different calculations. As we explained, we said that ESM is suitable for medium and low vibration risks,
and since we are saying this for the first time in my research, RSA is suitable for high levels of risks and
complex buildings. This depends on choosing the proper method for each building to be built and the
resources required, but if we talk in general, RSA is the preferred method. It must be implemented at all
levels to ensure the safety and efficiency of the structure , Because ESM is a simplified method, as we
explained, and its premise is to approximate the seismic load to a static force alone at the base, taking into
account the dynamic load, and its mathematical management is not complicated, or we can say that it is
environmentally sound and faster than RSA calculations, and this makes RSA more time-consuming in
the calculations and effort.

The diaphragm plays a very large role in collecting and transmitting forces and rotation when distributing
shear forces. It connects the structure in an interconnected way so that it works as a hand alone during
seismic vibrations. The structure relies on solidity and durability.

The building was designed on a multi-storey, three-dimensional basis in an experiment to use equivalent
static analysis. A flat floor system was created with shear walls. To ensure the provision of rigidity in all
directions of the building and the transfer of slab mass to the column and beam, a rigid diaphragm must
be present on all surfaces, and one of the first SAP steps: Determine the physical properties of all
materials used in the structure. Then we determine the sections of the horizontal and vertical elements of
the entire structure. I also attempted to conduct an equivalent constant analysis under seismic vibrations
in both X and Y.
Description design:

dimensions:

Column (250 X 350) mm

Beam (250 X 400) mm

Slab thickness (120) mm, it’s height 3m in each floor.

Total 3 floor
Conclusion:
Finally, we can say that the earthquake is the only major natural factor that occurs in our contemporary
world, which is the result of a tremor in the internal plates of the Earth, which are among the land masses
moving at a certain period of time in its core. We have also studied that the smallest earthquakes are the
first to reach... The surface of the Earth and does not cause major risks, which are called preemptive
tremors, while the main earthquakes tend to specific places on the Earth’s surface, called permanent
seismic areas, and are usually deep in the oceans and high mountains that consist of chains, as well as
hills. I also learned through my research that the epicenter of an earthquake is called a focus, which has a
depth of about 70 km underground to 300 km, and varies according to its potential and effective location
for ground vibration, Between two periods, 1997 to 2017, it caused approximately 750,000 deaths
depending on the passage of that period, and the majority of them died due to natural factors, including
seismic vibrations that were the cause of the destruction of entire peoples.
. I faced some problems in the SAP, Stera 3D program in producing accurate results. I tried to download
ETAPS, but The attempts failed due to technical problems I encountered
Reference:
1-J. Richard, S. Koboevic and R. Tremblay, "Seismic Design and Response of
Crane-Supporting and Heavy Industrial Steel Structures" Engineering Journal,
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), 3rd quarter 2011
2-ECP (1993) - ECP-201, "Egyptian code for calculating loads and forces in
structural work and masonry", Housing and Building National Research Centre.
Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Planning, Cairo, 1993.
3-ECP (2004a) - ECP-201, "Egyptian code for calculating loads and forces in
structural work and masonry", Housing and Building National Research Centre.
Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Planning, Cairo, 2004

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