WOLLO UNIVERSITY

SPORT SCIENCE ACADEMY

DEPARTMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE

ATTITUDE OF WOLLO UNIVERSITY SPORT SCIENCE

STUDENTS TOWARDS PSYCHICAL EXERCISE

BY
Betelihem Tefera
ADVISOR
Dr. Dagnachew Maru

June 2021
DESSIE, ETHIOPIA
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 WOLLO UNIVERSITY
SPORTSCIENCE ACADEMY
DEPARTMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE

APPROVED BY EXAMINING BOARED

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ADVISOR SIGNATURE DATE

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EXIMINOR SIGNATURE DATE

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EXIMINOR SIGNATURE DATE

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Acknowledgement
First and for most we would like to thank GOD, who has done all these to us and for giving us
patience to go through this senior essay.

It's our pleasure to thank our advisor Dr. Dagnachew Maru for his constructive criticism, genuine
advice and encouragement. It gives us a great pleasure to take this special opportunity to express
our heart-felt gratitude to our families for their financial and moral support in our 3 years
university stay.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ vi
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 1
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................ 3
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................... 4
1.4. OBJRCTIVES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 4
1.4.1. GENRAL OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................. 4
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY............................................................................................... 4
1.6. Limitation of the study ......................................................................................................... 5
1.7. DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 6
RIEVEW LITERATURE ..................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 PHYSICAL FITNESS ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Components of physical fitness ................................................................................................... 7
2.2 benefits of physical exercise ............................................................................................... 10
2.3 principles of exercise training ............................................................................................. 11
F.I.T.T CONCEPT .......................................................................................................................................... 13
2.4 AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES ................................................................................ 14
2.5 FACTORS AFFACTING PHYSICAL EXERCISE .......................................................................... 17
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 20
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................................. 20
3.1. DESIGN OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................................... 20
3.2. SUBJECT OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 20
3.3. SOURCES OF DATA ............................................................................................................. 20
3.4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SIZE ...................................................................................... 20
3.5. Data Collection Method ..................................................................................................... 21

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 3.6. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE ........................................................................................ 21
3.7. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ............................................................................. 21
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 23
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ...................................................................................................... 23
4.1. ANALYSIS OF THE CLOSED ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE.......................................................... 23
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................ 28
5.1 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 28
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................... 30
Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 31
ANNEX ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Data collection tools.................................................................................................................. 32

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Abstract
The title of this study was attitude of Wollo university sport science third year students towards
physical exercise. The main objective of this study was to explore the attitude of Wollo
University sport science third year students towards physical exercise.For this study the
researcher had taken 38 sample students from the total population. The researcher used only
questionnaires as a data gathering instrument. Based on the finding the students acquire
knowledge of physical exercise and positive attitude towards physical exercise participation.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY
Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts,
information, description, or skills, which are acquired through experience or education by
perceiving or learning.Knowledgecan refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a
subject. Knowledge is the remembering or recall of material that has been learned previously all
what is needed is the ability to remember or to bring to mind the learned information or skill
exactly the way it was learned facts such as names of people and objects belong to this aspect of
learning (Akudolu, 1995).(Voinoioh2002) identified that in normal conversation, knowledge is
used to mean knowing that (facts and information) and knowing how (the ability to do
something). (Stanley2002) defined knowledge as a familiarity with someone or something which
can include facts, information, descriptions or skills acquired through experience or
education.(Ezedum2002) in his view explained that knowledge is perquisites to any action (or
practice).Knowledge means the ability of pursuing and using information,and by understanding,
learning, experience, identifying the studying technologies(Libra him, 1995).

An attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual’s degree of like or dislike for
an object or item.Attitudes are generally positive or negative views of a person about a place,
thing or event (Obi-keguna and Isidore, 2004)

Attitude indicates the result of making reactions some ways in some situations, and observes and
explains based on the result of reaction or combine in to one point of view (Librahim, 1995).
Every attitude, positive or negative, acceptable or unacceptable is formed for a purpose. This is
line withEyo (2001) who maintained that attitude is formed either positively or negatively when
one comes in contact with the attitude object.

Lambert ( 2004) asserted that attitudes is an organized and consistent manner of thinking, feeling
and reacting people, groups, social issues or any event in one’s environment. Attitude can also
referred to as the results of either direct experience or observational learning from the
environment which could be positive or negative.Jungdefines attitude as “the readiness of the

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psyche to act or react in accretion way” (Jung,1971).Attitudes towards physical exercise and
perceptions about physical education classes are important to understand as they can influence
on individuals decision to begin or to continue participation in activity (Silver man and
Subramanian, 1999).

Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall
health and wellness. Frequent and regular physical exercise is an important component in the
prevention of some diseases such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, type2 diabetes and
obesity.Physical exercise is considered important for maintaining physical fitness including
healthy weight,building and maintaining healthy bones,muscles, and joints, promoting
physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks and strengthening the immune system.
(Librahim,1995).

Regular physical activity is one of the most important things you can do for your health. It can
help reduce your risk of some cancer, improve your ability to do daily activities and prevent falls
if you are an older adult, increases your chances of living longer. It may also help prevent
depression, help to promote or maintain positive self-esteem,and improve mental health
generally (Sherr,2004).

The center for disease control (CDC) defines physical activity as bodily movements produced by
the contraction of skeletal muscles that increases the energy expenditure above the basal level
(CDC, 1999). Physical activities according to world health organization WHO, (2000) are a
bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that requires energy
expenditure in excess of resting energy.

It is an undisputed fact that physical activities help in promoting individuals health and health
living, especially in this sophisticated world participating in physical activities is considered as
fulfilling a domain of the healthy life style (Vlee,2010). At present, the promotion of physical
exercise has become one of the government’s main objectives with respect to public health. This
is due to the fact that among the goals to be achieved by the government is the prevention of the
illness caused by sedentary as well as a boost of healthy and suitable lifestyle (Partrick, Spear,
Holf, and Sotka, 2011).

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Physical activities practiced on a regular basis are associated with a great amount of physical,
psychological, and physiological benefits and play an exceptional role in preventing a variety of
illness (Biddle, 2003). Planned and regular physical activities boost the immunes system, and
promote the optimal performance of all major systems of the human body: musculoskeletal,
cardio vascular, immunologic, neurosensory and gastrointestinal (Sherr, 2004).

Individuals are engaged in physical activity for both intrinsic and extrinsic reasons. (Allison, .,
Dwyer, Goldenberg, E. Fein, Yoshida, K.K, and Boutillier.M, 2005).The most common intrinsic
reason to participate in physical activity is enjoyment, challenge and skill development, whereas
the common extrinsic reasons to participate in physical activity are socialization, maintaining an
attractive appearance and gaining a good reputation (Allison, 2005)

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research was going to investigate problems faced (occurred) on the knowledge and attitude
of Wollo university sport science students towards physical exercise. In our three year
experience most of sport science students did not engage in regular physical exercise. They
spend their leisure (free time) in improper place such as drinking different alcohols, chewing
chat, watching films or movies, talking with friends, did not study like other students they
studied for only the exam, some others did not totally need to study, not attend their class
properly or not give attention for their classes, they were careless. Individuals physical exercise
habits are influenced by knowledge of physical exercise. This means that an individual’s
knowledge guides his behavior or reaction to some events. Knowledge of exercise benefit did
affect one’s motivation to exercise. The individuals, who had higher knowledge, had higher
motivation to physical exercise, where as individuals who had lesser knowledge had lower
motivation. An individual’s physical exercise practice is influenced by not only by his
knowledge of physical exercise but also his attitudes towards physical exercise participation. If
individuals are knowledge able regarding the benefit of exercise, they were motivated to exercise
and individuals who are aware of the benefit of exercise, appear to be applying this knowledge in
their day-to- day activities. Individuals who had negative attitude towards physical exercise they
did not engage regular physical exercise. Having the above idea in mind, this study is going to be

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conducted to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of Wollo university sport science students
towards physical exercise.

1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Based on the aims of the study, this research has tried to answer the following basic research
questions concerning the issue. These were:-

 What is the attitude of students towards physical exercise involvement?

 Do the students have the basic knowledge about the value of physical exercise?
 What factors affect student’s attitude towards physical exercise involvement?
 Do they have a back ground in physical exercise participation?

1.4. OBJRCTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1. GENRAL OBJECTIVE
The general objective of this study was to investigate the knowledge and attitude of Wollo
University sport science students towards physical exercise.

1.4.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The specific objective of this study was:-

 To assess the knowledge of Wollo university sport sciences students about physical
fitness
 To evaluate whether they are aware about the benefits of physical exercise or not
 To investigate knowledge for how many days must be performed physical exercise per
week.
 To identify the major factors which affects the attitudes of students towards physical
exercise?

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The finding of this study was expected to have the following important contributions.

 Showing the knowledge level of the students and their attitude towards physical
exercise

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  Forwarding possible solutions to the problem of wollo University sport science
students towards physical exercise.
 Identifying hindrances for students to participate in physical exercise.
 May serve for other researchers who will conduct a study on the same area in different
angles.

1.6. Limitation of the study

To conduct the research activities many constraints have faced in this study. Some of them were
problems of getting recent and up to date books which are directly related to the study were
insufficiently available. In addition to this, the following points are the major limitations of this
research study.

 Lack of time
 Lack of interval access
 Lack of financial
 Lack of stationery material
 Lack of enough reference books, literatures, and other elated reading resources
 Low interest of the respondents to fulfill the questionnaire

1.7. DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study has been conducted at Wollo university Sport science students. The study will
physical exercise.

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CHAPTER TWO

RIEVEW LITERATURE

2.1 PHYSICAL FITNESS

Physical fitness is a general state of health and well-being and more specially, the ability to
perform aspects of sports or occupations. Physical fitness is generally achieved through correct
nutrition, exercise, and rest .it is a set of attributes or characteristics seen in people and which
relate to the ability to perform a given set of physical activity. Before the industrial revolution,
fitness was the capacity to carry out the activities without undue fatigue. However with
automation and changes in lifestyles physical fitness is now considered a measure of the body’s
ability to function efficiently and effectively in work leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist
hypo kinetic diseases, and to meet emergency situations Physical fitness is defined as “asset of
attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity.
physical fitness refers to one’s overall measure of physical, bodily health. It also refers to the
body being able to perform regular function and above average function with little or no negative
stress on the body.(Sherr,2004)

Physical fitness is the body’s ability to function efficiently and effectively. It a state of being that
consists of at least five health related and six skill related, physical fitness components, each of
which contributes to total quality of life. Physical fitness also includes metabolic fitness.
Physical fitness is associated with a person’s ability to work effectively, enjoy leisure time, be
healthy, resist hypo kinetic disease and meet emergency situation. Although the development of
physical fitness is the result of many things, optimal physical fitness is not possible without
regular exercise. The components of skill related physical fitness are agility, balance,
coordination, power, reaction time and speed. They are called skill related because high level of
performance in motor skill such as those required in sports and in specific types of job. Skill
related fitness is sometimes called sport fitness or motor fitness. Exercise scientists do not agree
on the basic components of physical fitness. However most do agree that the five major
components of total health related physical fitness are: cardio respiratory endurance, muscular

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endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and body composition. Most experts believe that in
order for individuals to be truly physically fit, they must possess a minimum measure of all five
of these health related components. In other words, to simply be strong is not enough to earn the
label ‘’physical fit’’.

The overall goal of a total health related physical fitness program is to optimize the quality of
life. The specific goals of this type of fitness program are to reduce the risk of disease, to
improve total physical fitness so that, daily tasks can be completed with less effort and fatigue.
The single goal of sport conditioning is to improve physical performance in a specific
sport(Sherr,2004).

2.1.1 Components of physical fitness

2.1.1.1 Components of health related physical fitness

A. cardio respiratory endurance: (sometimes called aerobic fitness or cardio respiratory

fitness) is considered key components of health related physical fitness. It is a measure of the
ability of the heart; blood vessels, blood, and respiratory system to supply fuel and oxygen to the
muscles and the ability of the muscles utilize fuel to allow sustained exercise. In practical terms,
cardio respiratory endurance is the ability to perform endurance type exercise (distance running,
cycling, swimming, etc.) the individuals that have achieved a high measure of cardio respiratory
endurance is generally capable of performing 30 to 60 minutes of vigorous exercise without undo
fatigue. A fit person can persist in physical activity for relatively long periods without undue
stress.

B. muscular strength: is the maximal ability of a muscle to generate force. It is evaluated by

how much force a muscle can generate during a single maximal contraction. Practically this
means how much weight that an individual can lift during one maximal effort. Muscular strength
is important in almost all sports. Sports such as football, basketball, and events in track and field
require a high level of muscular strength. Even non-athletes require some degree of muscular
strength to function everyday life. Weight training results in an increase in the size and strength
of muscles. A fit person can do work or play that involves exerting force, such as lifting or
controlling one’s own body weight.

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C. muscular endurance: is defined as the ability of a muscle to generate force over and over
again. Although muscular strength and muscular endurance are related they are not the same.
These two terms can be best distinguished by example. An excellent example of muscular
strength is a person lifting a heavy barbell during one maximal muscular effort. In contrast,
muscular endurance is illustrates by a weight lifter performing multiple lifts or repetition of a
light weight. Most successfully played sports require muscular endurance. For instance, tennis
players who must repeatedly swing their racquets during a match require it. A fit person can
repeat movements for a long period without undue fatigue.

D. flexibility: is the ability to move joint freely through their full range of motion. Flexible
individuals can bend and theist at their joints with ease. Without routine stretching muscle and
tendons shorten and become tight this can retard the range of motion around joints and impairer
flexibility. Individual needs for flexibility varies. Certain athletes require great flexibility in order
to accomplish complex movements. The average individual requires less flexibility than the
athlete However; everyone needs some flexibility in order to perform activities of daily living.
Research suggests that flexibility is useful in preventing some types of muscle-tendon injuries
and may be use full in reducing low back pain.

E. body composition: the term body composition refers to the relative amount of fat and lean
body tissue (muscle, organs, bone) found in your body. The rational including body composition
as a components of health related physical fitness is that having a high percentage of body fat (a
condition known as obesity) is associated with an increased risk of development of type2
diabetes and contributes to joint stress during movement. In general being over fat elevates the
risk of medical problems. Lack of physical activity was been shown play a major role in gaining
body fat. Conversely, regular exercise is an important factor in promoting the loss of body.

F. Metabolic fitness: is a state of being associated with lower risk many chronic health problems
but not necessarily associated with high performance level of health related physical fitness.
Examples of non-performance indicators of reduced risk are lowered blood pressure, lowered fat
levels in the body and better regulation of blood sugar. Moderate physical activity has been
shown to enhance metabolic fitness.

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2.1.1.2 Components of skill related physical fitness

A. speed: is the ability to perform a movement in a short period of time. Most sports and
activities require some form of speed. Even long distance running often requires a burst of speed
to finish the race a head of your competitors speed is defined as the ability to move a body part
quickly. A runner on a track team or a wide receiver on a football team needs good foot and leg
speed.

B. agility: is the ability to change the direction of your movement as quickly and accurately as
possible. This is common in sport such as football and rugby where the player with the ball
dodges a defender, or in badminton or tennis, moving around the court quickly to reach the
shuttle cock/ ball in time. Skiing wrestling are examples of activities that require exceptional
agility.

C. balance:is the ability to maintain equilibrium of the body while moving -+or stationary
position. Balance whilst moving is called dynamic balance. Balance is important in all kinds of
sporting situation. Most notably in gymnastics and ballet but also contact sports were having
good balance may prevent you being tackled to the floor. Balance is linked to agility, as in order
to quickly and efficiently change direction you must be balanced.

D. coordination: is the ability to use the body parts and senses together to produce smooth
efficient moment being coordinated is vital in all sports. For example hand-eye coordination in
racquet sports and the coordination to use the opposite arm and leg when sprinting.

E. power:power is the product of strength and speed. Power is the ability to exert maximum
force in quickly explosive burst. According to Pacific Lutheran University, power is a function
of the amount of work performed per unit of time. The shot put, a tennis serve, a sprint start, a
basketball dunk, and a baseball pitch all exit power.

F. reaction time: is a subcomponent of speed and refers to the time it takes for the
neuromuscular system to produce movement from stimulus to reaction. Reaction time is how
quickly your brain can respond to stimulus and initial a response. This is important in most
sports. The most obvious being responding to the gun at the start of a race.But also a goalkeeper
saving a penalty, or badminton players reacting to a smash shoot.

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2.2 benefits of physical exercise
A. reduces your dementia risk: over the years, studies have found that staying active can boost
mind function and energy, decreasing the risk of dementia. Physical activities improve cognitive
function in health elderly persons and potentially reduce the risk of developing cognitive
impairment dance classes particularly which requires hearing skills like memory and
concentrations are especially helpful for individuals with on increased risk of Alzheimer’s
disease.

B. decreases your osteoporosis risk: fitness especially load-bearing exercise is important for
bone growth, according to certified personal trainer Light Crews. Exercise can be one of the
most important things you can do to prevent osteoporosis, protect yourself from falls and help
maintain bone mass. According to the University of Arizona, strengthening exercise like weight
lifting, jogging, stair climbing, step aerobics, dancing and racquet sports are best.

C. improves your sex life:the Harvard school of public health found that just 20 minutes of
regular exercise a day can improve sexual response in women. Not only does working out leave
you feeling energized but it can also make you feel more desirable. “Since exercise can improve
health, vitality, appearance and self-esteem, it does indeed tend to increase interest in and
capacity for sexual activity”, says David Katz, MD director of Yale university prevention
research center.

D. prevents muscle loss: as we get older, not only do our bodies build muscle less efficiently
but we already have breaks down more quickly, according to study in the America journal of
clinical nutrition. This makes regular exercise not only help us maintain our muscle, it can
increase it, says Crews. This ultimately keeps our metabolism high, gives us strength and
endurance to complete tasks of everyday life and helps prevent falls which can be a life changing
experience for older adults.

E. improves digestion: the gastroenterological society of Australia found that exercise help the
intestinal muscles break down food and move it your system correctly by strengthening the
abdominal muscles and minimizing sluggishness. Katz seconds this finding, nothing that regular
exercise ‘’can help prevent constipation ‘’. He says even short, intermittent walking through the
day can help keep things regular.

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F. helps reduce stroke severity:a study by the Bispebjery university hospital in cope Hagen
following first time stroke patients found that “people who exercise the most prior to their stroke
compared to those who exercised that least” reports web MD. Another positive tip even activity
like “light house work, a work outside and lean care” count.

G. improves your skin:if vanity is still your number one motivation to get shape then add
glowing skin to the list of benefit. For one thing,’’ exercise enhances the blood flow to your
skin,” Katz says. Studies are also shown that exercise improves ache by controlling the
production of acne including testosterone hormone like DHEA and DHT. Plus sweating can
unclog pores and help clean up your breakout ultimately detoxifying the skin of oils and dirt
(http://www.mayoclinic.org)

2.3 principles of exercise training

A. principle of overload

Is a basic principle of physical conditioning that states that in order to improve physical fitness,
the body or specific muscles must be stressed. Overloading, according to the “U.S Army Fitness
Training Hand Book’’, occurs when the work load of your exercise session exceeds the normal
demands you place on your body. Determining the proper level of intensity, however depend up
on a variety of factors, including age, weight, and overall level of fitness. A muscle will only
strengthen when forced to operate beyond its customary intensity.

B. principle of progression

Is an extension of the overload principle. It states that overload should be increased gradually
during the course of physical fitness program. To improve your level of fitness, you need to
gradually increase both the intensity and duration of your physical training routine. According to
author Robert Sterling Rush in his book “Enlisted soldier’s Guide”, a safe level of progression
can be achieved by increasing your cardio respiratory muscle ability by about 10 percent every
10 days. Ten percent rule: the training intensity or duration of exercise should not be increased
by more than 10 percent per week.

C. principle of specificity

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The principle of specificity refers to the fact that exercise training is specific to those muscles
involved the activity. It suggests that your body will make adjustment according to the type of
training you perform and in the very some muscles that you exercise. These principle guides you
in designing your fitness training program.

D. principle of proper rest and recovery

Consecutive days of hard resistance training for the same muscle group can be detrimental. The
muscles must be allowed sufficient recovery time to adapt. There should be at least a 48-hour
recovery period between workouts for the same muscle groups. Recovery is also important
within a workout. The recovery time between different exercises and sets depends, in part, on the
intensity of the workout. Normally, the recovery time between sets should be 30 second s to 3
minutes.

E. principle of reversibility

Is refers to the loss of physical fitness due to inactivity. It is the loss of fitness that results after
you stop training in time you will revert back to pre-training conditions. These principles do not
apply to skills. The effect of stopping practice of motor skills, such as weight training exercise
and sport skills, are very different. A skill learned is never forgotten.

F. principle of variation

Variation in your exercise routine is very important to keep you moving towards your fitness
goal, to keep you from hitting a fitness plateau. Because your body adapts quickly to the stress
that is applied to your body, you need to change your workout routine every 4 to 6 weeks and
consider cross- training to keep your workout routine fresh. A well planned training program set
up in phases offers build in variety to work out and also prevents over training, increase your
motivation and helps you achieve better results. Training variation should always occur within
ranges that are aligned with your training direction and goals.

G. principle of individualization

It suggests that fitness training should be adjusted for personal difference, such as abilities, skills,
experience, motivation, past injuries and physical condition, while general principle and best

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practice are good guide, each person’s unique must be part of the exercise equation. There is no
one size fits all training program (www.articlesbase.com).

F.I.T.T CONCEPT

A.FREQUENCY

How often do you exercise per week? (Exercise sessions per week). Aerobic activities must be
performed at least three times per week to reach an adequate level of cardiovascular fitness.

B.INTENSITY

How hard is your exercise session? (Level of intensity). To obtain the greatest cardiovascular
benefits, the American college of sport medicine recommends that intensity of your training be
sufficient to increase your heart rate to a range of 60%-90% of your maximum heart rate. This is
your target heart rate zone. To find your target heart rate zone: 220-(your age) 90=upper limit of
your target heart rate zone. 220-(your age) 60= lower limit of your target heart rate zone.

C.TIME

How long do you exercise? (Duration of exercise session). To achieve all the values of
cardiovascular training you must maintain the target heart rate (60%-90%) for a minimum of 20
minutes. As you become more fit, you should increase your time in the target heart rate zone to
gain a higher level of fitness. However the intensity level may need to be reduced or lowered, in
order for your body to accommodate or handle the stress from the increase in time.

D.TYPE

What type of activity /exercise did you chose, aerobic (cardio respiratory training) or strength
training (resistance training)

BENEFITS OF PROPER WARM-UP AND COOL DOWN

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Both a warm-up and cool-down period are essential parts of any exercise session. Warming up
brings about important physiological changes that reduce the risk of injury, while also preparing
the body for higher level of effort and energy utilization.

Specifically, a general warm- up:-

 Leads to efficient calorie burning by increasing your core body temperature

 Produces faster, more forceful muscle contraction
 Increase your metabolic rate so oxygen is delivered to the working muscles more quickly
 Prevent injuries by improving the elasticity of your muscle Gives you better muscle
control by speeding up your neural message pathways to the muscle
 Allow you to work out comfortably longer
 Psychologically prepares you for higher intensities by increasing your arousal and focus
on exercise
 Improves joint range of motion

Blood tends to accumulate in the lower body when a vigorous exercise session is stopped
abruptly. With reduced blood return, cardiac output decreases and light headedness may occur.
Because muscle movement helps squeeze blood back to the heart. It is important to continue
lower level physical activity after the exercise session is completed (I.e. the cool down period) as
a general guide line, a 5-10 minute session should be dedicated for both warming up and cool
down.

2.4 AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES

A. AEROBIC EXERCISE

(Also known as cardiovascular exercise) it is any sustained, rhythmic activity that involves large
muscle groups. Aerobic exercise makes the lungs work harder as the body’s need for oxygen is
increased. Aerobic literally means “relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen”, and the use
of oxygen adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. Generally
light to moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be
performed for extended periods of time.

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According to http://www.weightlossresource.co.uk/exercise/aerobic-exercise.html, there are
numerous benefits for health and general well-being to be gained from regular cardiovascular
exercise:- increased energy level, reduced stress and improved mental health (due to the release
of endorphin in the brain), increased blood pressure, resting heart rate, and risk of stroke or heart
attack. For good cardiovascular fitness it is generally recommended to exercise 3 to 4 times a
week and for 30-60 minutes, not including warming up at start and cooling down at the end.

The main thing is to ensure that your heart and lungs are worked hard enough and for long
enough to gain the risk of injury. To check whether you are working out at the correct intensity,
you should be out of breath but still capable of speaking. It is important to start slowly. If you
have seen inactive for some time, did not throw on your trainers and set off a ten mile run.

If a half an hour session feels like too much, start with 10 minute sessions for the first week.
Then increase that to 15 or 20 minute session the next week and so on until you feel comfortable
exercising longer. Make sure that you listen to your body. It is okay for muscles to be tired, but
if your joints start to feel sore or breathing becomes uncomfortable slow down or stop ensure that
you are in a fit state for your next session.

Some examples of aerobic exercises are walking, jogging, running, swimming, aerobics classes,
hiking, dancing, cross country skiing, kick boxing, jump raping etc. aerobic exercises can be
become anaerobic exercises if performed at a level of intensity that is too high.

Aerobics exercises are not only improves fitness; it also has known benefits for both physical
and emotional health. According to http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerobicexercise.html,
among the recognized benefits of doing regular aerobics exercises are:-

 Strengthening the muscles involved in respiration, to facilitate flow of air in and out of
the lungs
 Strengthening and enlarging the heart muscle, to improve its pumping efficiency and
reduce the resting heart rate, known as aerobic conditioning.
 Improves circulation efficiency and reducing blood pressure.
 Increasing the total number of red blood cells in the body, facilitating transport of
oxygen.

15
  Improved mental health, including reducing stress and lowering the incidence of
depression, as well as increased cognitive capacity.
 Reducing the risk for diabetes.
 Increased storage of energy molecules such as fats and carbohydrates within the muscles,
allowing for increased endurance.
 Neovascularization of the muscle sarcomeres to increase blood flow though the muscles.
 Improving the ability of muscles to use fats during exercise, preserving intramuscular of
glycogen.
 Enhancing the speed at which muscles recover from high intensity of exercise etc.

B. ANAEROBIC EXERCISE

While “aerobics” means “with oxygen”, “anaerobic” means “without oxygen”. Anaerobic
exercise is short lasting, high intensity activity, where your body’s demand for oxygen exceeds
the oxygen supply available. An anaerobic exercise relies on energy resources that are stored in
the muscles and unlike aerobic exercise is not dependent on oxygen from the air.

Examples anaerobic exercise include: - heavy weight lifting, all types of sprinting (running,
biking, etc.), jumping rope, hill climbing, interval training, isometrics or any rapid burst hard
exercise.

Anaerobic exercise uses your muscles at high intensity for a short period of time. As a result, it
can be help:-

 Improves your vo2max and thus improves your cardio respiratory fitness.
 Increase your capacity to withstand the buildup of waste substances (such as lactic acid)
and remove from the body. This means your endurance and ability to fight fatigue will
improve.
 Develop stronger muscle

Overall, anaerobic exercise burns fewer calories than does aerobic exercise and may be
somewhat less beneficial for cardiovascular fitness. However it is better at building strength and
muscle mass and still benefits the heart lungs. When you begin to work out vigorously, there is
temporary shortage of oxygen being delivered to the working muscles.

16
Lactic acid is a by-product of producing energy anaerobically. When lactic acid accumulates at
high levels in the blood, it causes muscular fatigue. This is why anaerobic exercise can’t last very
long.

But with training, the body becomes better equipped to handle lactic acid. Several efficient
changes occur that result is decreased productive of lactic acid and increased removal of it form
the blood steam. The body also produces “buffers” that delay the onset of fatigue during
anaerobic exercise. Studies have shown that with Anaerobic training, the muscles buffering
capacity is increased by 12% to 50%, with this increased buffering capacity, more lactic acid can
accumulate during high intensity exercises without causing fatigue
(http://www.sparkpeople.com/resourse?fitness-articales.asp?id=1035)

2.5 FACTORS AFFACTING PHYSICAL EXERCISE

A. physical factor

There are many physical factors that affect the attitudes of individual towards physical exercise
regularly if someone is good shape. And then of course they will perform better. The natural
talent and strength of the individual will make a difference.it is also important to get enough
sleep before they are in physical exercise. If they are tired they may not perform as they normally
do if they are also sick or are not physically fit. They are not interests to do.

B. Psychological factor

There are many psychological factor that can affect the performance of student’s towards
physical exercise if someone is very pessimistic about exercise and just sure that they will lose
then, they may increase their chance of doing. When they get discouraged they may not play as
hard. ( www.heliun.com1942:156)

C. nutritional factor

Training involves changes in tissues and organization and changes require protein and other
nutrition without proper nutrition even the best training program will tail, athletes may need
3000 calories or more per day to meet their energy needs, an individual with high performance
and good health requires 20 present fat 15 present protein and 65 present carbohydrates
.generally more than 80 present athletic performance is depend on nutrition.

17
D. cultural factor

Cultural influences are instrument during adolescent period in affecting the performance which
students are discover age from physical activity

E. lack of equipment and facility

Equipment and materials are the important to improve the players and others motivation in
training session. In addition, facility should be build and must be comfortable while they are
practiced the field.

F. lack of money

Money is the main thing for any individuals. If an individual have not enough money, they
cannot fulfill any supplies, equipment and other materials then cannot achieved their goals.
Without money and finance sport development is under question mark (Ruben. B. Frost et al:
1995)

G. ENVITOMENTAL INFLUENCE

Environment often causes many motivational problems. There is frequent mismatch between
students need and environment. For examples excessive and discipline, poor teacher student
relationship is some of major motivational problem. Respect for other appreciation of individual
difference, free to try new activities, explore and create and challenge them to achieve.

H. lack of motivation

Is the most important factor in poor performance of students. Motivation has been described as
the observable process of getting students interest. Motivation is an important physical and
psychological construct that affect learning and performance in this way (Elliatetal, 1996).

 It increases an individual performance

 It increases an individual towards certain goals.

I. Training session

18
The training session is the best way to develop or maintain the training factors that affect
performance in training session. The choice of exercises and the training load depends on the
task to be fulfilled, the content and form of training session the training load imposed the
athletes, they will not be participated in regular exercise. When the training load (volume and
intensity) will not vary with every training session, the training is undependable on the task that
causes injury forwards the athlete

19
CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1. DESIGN OF THE STUDY

This research was designed to investigate the knowledge and attitude of Wollo university sport
science students towards physical exercise. A descriptive survey research design will be used in
this study. According to Nworgu (2006), descriptive survey research design demands collecting
data on and in a systematic manner, the characteristics, Features or facts about a given
population. According to wellington (2000), a survey is essentially a fact finding mission and it
involves the use of questionnaire, to given a wider picture or an overview. This method of
research design is considered suitable because it enables the investigation to reach a good
number of the respondents.

3.2. SUBJECT OF THE STUDY

There were 74 sport science students in Wollo University. Among these students 17 are females
and 57 males. From these total students, second year 18 students all are male, and third years 56
students (17 female and 39 male). The researcher will took 38 students as ample from the total
students. Among these 9 from second year and from third year 29 students (10 female and 19
male) from the total sample of 38 students. In general, the researcher will take 38 sport science
students (10 females and 28 males) for this study as a sample.

3.3. SOURCES OF DATA

This study has used both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary sources of data will
be gathering from the respondents’ directly through questionnaires and for secondary sources of
data will be gather from relevant books and internet.

3.4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SIZE

The sample size was determined by using stratified random sampling technique from the total
students. According to this idea, the researcher took 10 female and 28 male sport science

20
students. Stratified random sampling is designed to organize the population in to homogenous
subsets before sampling, then drawing a random sample within each subset with stratified
random sampling the population of N units is divided in to sub populations of units respectively.
These subpopulations called strata are non-over lapping and together they comprise the whole of
the population when these have been determined, as ample isdrawn from each, with a separate
draw for each of the different strata. The primary benefit of this method is to ensure that cases
from smaller strata of the population are included in sufficient numbers to allow comparison.

3.5. Data Collection Method

There are different data collection instruments. The instrument that was used for data collection
was close-ended questionnaire. For this research, we were use only questionnaires to collect
important in formations from the population. Questionnaires are instruments used to gather
information from the respondents. The researcher was developed a questionnaire after thorough
review of related literature. It was made up of three sections A, B and C. Section “A’’ consists
of questions on knowledge of physical exercise possessed by Wollo university sport science
students. Section “B” consists of questions on attitude of Wollo university sport science students
towards participation in physical exercise and the questionnaire for section “B” was designed
according Likert scale formula with four (4) points options (SA=strongly agree, A=agree,
D=disagree, SD=strongly disagree).Finally section “C” consists of questions on practice of
physical exercise by Wollo university sport science students.

3.6. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The researcher were introduced himself for the respondents and ask their voluntaries to give
response for questionnaires. After these the researcher described the objective of the study to the
respondents. Then the questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and finally it was
collected.

3.7. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

To analyze and interpret the data only quantitative technique was used. The statistical tools used
for the analysis were the frequency, percentage and mean. The results in the items A and C was
put to frequency table and later converted in to percentage. Okafor, (2007) provided modified
criteria to determine knowledge of people which was used in this study. The percentage ranking

21
as he described are below 20% is very low, 20-39% is low, 40-59% is moderate, 60-80% is high
and above 80 is very high.

The mean was used to analyze item in section B which were described to answerattitude
questions of the students towards physical exercise. The responses were weighed and their mean
calculated. The criterion mean score were obtained by adding all the scores that assigned from
agree to disagree to a statement or an item and it by the number of possible responses to the
statement as follows:

4+3+2+1=10 =2.5
44
Where, strongly agree=4, agree=3, disagree=2 and finally strongly disagree=1.
In this study, the attitude was considered positive when the mean of the response is greater or
equal to 2.5 and low when the mean responses is less than 2.5.

22
CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of the data that was gathered through
questionnaires.

4.1. ANALYSIS OF THE CLOSED ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE

Table- 1 general information of the respondents
Age Year of study No of students Percentage
Sex
20-25 2nd Male 9 50%
Female 0
3rd Male 19 50%
Female 10
Total 38 100%

As we have seen from the above table, most of the respondents 70% were 3rd year students,
and the rests 30% of the respondents were 2nd year.In this case the ages of all the respondents
were between 20 and 25 age category.

Table-2: knowledge possessed by sport science students on physical exercise.

S/N Item statements Correct Responses Incorrect Responses

frequency percentage frequency percentage
1 Students’ knowledge regarding 35 92.5 3 7.9
meaning of physical exercise.
2 Students’ knowledge regarding 34 89.5 4 10.5
the benefit of physical exercise.
3 Students’ knowledge regarding 18 47.4 20 52.6
meaning of physical fitness.

4 Students’ knowledge regarding 19 50 19 50

the hindrances to participation
in physical exercise.
5 Knowledge of types of physical 33 86.8 5 13.2
exercise.
Grand total 73.24 26.84

Table 2 above shows the frequencies and percentage on the knowledge of students regarding
physical exercises. 92.5% of the respondents indicated high knowledge on what physical

23
exercise is, while 7.9% of the respondents lack knowledge on what physical exercises is all
about. 89.5% of the respondents have the knowledge about the benefit of physical exercises,
while 10.5% of the respondents do not have the knowledge.This shows that they have very
high knowledge regarding the benefit of physical exercise. The respondents also have high
knowledge of types of physical exercise (86.8%), while 13.2% do not know it. As we can see
from the above table, 2 47.4% 0f students from the total respondents had defined correctly
what means physical fitness, where as 52.6% of the students didn’t have knowledge. The
table-2 above also shows that the respondents have very high knowledge regarding the
hindrances to participation in physical exercise (81.58%), while 18.4% of the respondents
failed to know this.
Table-3: attitude of the students towards physical exercise, (key: SA=strongly agree,
A=agree, D, disagree, SD=strongly disagree, TWS=total weighed score) n=38.
N Items SA A DA SDA TOTAL TWS MEAN
6 An individual who engages in 21 14 3 0 38 132 3.47
regular physical exercise will
live longer than people who
don’t participate in physical
exercise.
7 A person who often participates 20 14 3 1 38 129 3.39
in physical exercise is always
active in thinking.

8 I hate participating in physical 2 6 8 22 38 60 1.58

exercise/activity/.
9 Frequent participation in 24 10 4 0 38 134 3.52
physical activities makes one
look healthy.
10 Physical exercise can be used to 21 13 4 0 38 131 3.45
manage illness like diabetes or
obesity.
11 Ifeel comfortable discussing 13 17 7 1 38 117 3.08
about physical exercise with my
friends and siblings.
12 I feel happy participating in 21 16 1 0 38 134 3.52
physical exercise /activity/
13 I like associating with people 19 12 6 1 38 125 3.29
that do participate in physical
exercise.
14 Physical exercise is one way to 17 16 2 3 38 123 3.24
rid yourself of the worries and
tensions of everyday life.
Grand mean total 3.17

24
Table-3 above shows that students in Wollo had positive attitude towards physical exercise
participation. This was evident from the grand mean score of 3.17 which was above the criterion
mean of 2.5. The above table shows that the students had the highest mean score of 3.47 for “an
individual who engages in regular physical exercise will live longer than longer than people who
don’t participate in physical exercise”. This was followed by mean score of 3.39 for “a person
who often participates in physical exercise is always active in thinking”, mean score of 3.08 for
“I feel comfortable discussing physical exercise with my friends and siblings”. Mean score of
3.29for “I like associating with people that do participate in physical exercise”, It was also
indicated in the table that 3.52 was for both “frequent participation in physical activities makes
one look healthy and I feel happy participating in physical exercise/activity/”.3.45 is for
“physical exercise can be used to manage illness like diabetes or obesity”. 1.58 For “I hate
participating in physical exercise/activity/” and finally, 3.24 for “physical exercise is one way to
rid yourself of the worries and tensions of everyday life.”

Table-4: The practice of physical exercise by sport science students at Wollo University.

N Items Correct Responses Incorrect Responses

frequency percentage frequency percentage
15 Do you participate in 11 28.9 27 71.05
regular physical exercise?
16 Do you participate only 23 60.5 15 39.5
during your leisure time?
17 Do you prefer team sports 28 73.7 10 26.3
to individual sport?
18 Have you ever 22 57.9 16 42.1
participated in regular
physical exercise?
19 Do you have any medical 7 18.4 31 81.6
conditions that prevent
you for exercising?
Grand total 43.68 52.11

25
 Table-4 above shows that 28.9% 0f the respondents indicated that they participated in regular
exercise, while 71.05% 0f the respondents have not participated in regular physical exercise.
60.5% 0f the respondents participate in physical activities only during their leisure time, while
39.5% any time they feel like. Also, 73.7% of the respondents prefer team sports to individual
sports, while 26.5% prefer individual sports to team sports. The above table-4 also shows that
57.9% of the respondents were participated in regular physical exercise before, while 42.1% of
the respondents have not participated in regular physical exercise ever. Finally, only 18.4% of
respondents had medical conditions that prevent them for exercising, while 81.6% of the
respondents have not any medical condition.

Table -5: Responses of the students concerning with barriers of physical exercise

Items Not a Percentage Somewhat Percentage Very percentage

barrier a barrier much
a
barrier
A. fear of injury 16 42.10 15 39.47 7 18.72
B. theweather(e.g. 8 21.05 22 57.89 8 21.05
wet, cold)
C. lack of time 12 31.58 16 42.10 10 26.31
D. accessibilities of 11 28.95 18 47.37 9 23.68
facilities
E. feeling tired 14 36.84 20 52.6 4 10.53
F. cost 18 47.37 10 26.32 11 28.95
G. pollution or noise 17 44.74 14 36.84 7 18.42

Grand total 36.09 43.22 21.09

As it indicated in the above table-5 from the total respondents 42.10% (16) fear of injury is not a
barrier for them, while 57.89% (15) respondents say somewhat a barrier and 21.05% (8) said that
it is very much a barrier to be physically active or to engage in regular physical exercise.

26
According to the above table 21.05% (8) of the respondents said that the weather condition is not
a barrier, while 37.89% (22) were said somewhat a barrier and 21.05% (8) respondents said very
much a barrier.

As it is indicated in the table above from the total respondents 31.58% (12) said that lack of time
is a barrier for the, while other respondents 42.10% (16) somewhat a barrier and 26.31% (10)
were very much a barrier.

The above table also indicated that 28.95% (11) of the respondents said that accessibility of
facility is not a barrier, while 47.37% (18) somewhat a barrier and 23.68% (9) very much a
barrier to engage in regular physical exercise.

As we observed from the above table-5 36.84% (14) respondents said feeling tired is not a
barrier, while 52.32% (20) said somewhat a barrier and 10.53% (4) of the respondentssaid very
much a barrier.

According to the above table-5 47.37% (18) of the respondents said cost is not a barrier to be
physically active, while 26.32% (10) were said it is somewhat a barrier and others 28.95% (11)
very much a barrier. 47.74% (17) of the total respondents said that pollution or noise is not a
barrier, where as 36.84% (14) somewhat a barrier and 18.42% (7) were said very much a barrier.

27
CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY
The main objective of this study was to investigate attitude of Wollouniversity sport science
students and give possible solutions to overcome the problem.

 An attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual’s degree of like or

dislike for an object or item.
 To achieve this purpose, the researcher develops the following basic questions.
 What is the attitude of the students towards physical exercise involvement?
 Do the students have the basic knowledge about the value of physical exercise?
 What factors affect students’ attitude towards physical exercise involvement?
 Do they have a background in physical exercise participation?
 In this study the researcher used descriptive survey design method. The
stratified random sampling technique under non probability sampling method
also employed in this study.
 The subjects of the study were 38 sport science students, of this 28 were males
and the rest 10 were females.
 In order to collect the adequate data and reliable data the researcher used
questioner (closed-ended questions) and document analysis were employed as
data gathering tools. In attempt to address the basic research questions
different literatures and documents referred.
 After data gathered though questionnaire method to enriched, the information
were analyzed and interpreted with quantitative method.
 The findings of the study were summarized as follows:
 Table 1 revealed that the knowledge possessed by the sport science student is
high with 73.24 % based on Okafor’s criteria which says that less than 20% is
very low, 21-30% , 40-59% is moderate, 60-80% is high and 80% and above
is very high.

28
  Another finding of this study was that the grand mean was 3.17 and was
recorded in nine items used in answering research question 1. Based on the
criterion mean of 2.5 for this study, the findings revealed that Wollo
university sport science students had positive attitude towards physical
exercise participation.
 It was also revealed that Wollo university students practice of physical
exercise was low With grand total 43.68. The findings indicate that only
28.9% of students participated in regular physical exercise.

5.2. CONCULUSION

After the data was being analyzed the researcher forwarded the following conclusions to the
knowledge and attitude of Wollo University students towards physical exercise.

 The students possessed high knowledge of what physical the exercise are all
about.
 The students of Wollo sport science students had positive attitude towards
physical exercise participation.
 Practice of physical exercise by wollo university sport science students was
low.
 Even if students acquire high knowledge of physical exercise and positive
attitude towards physical exercise participation there were factors (barriers)
that affect the involvement of physical exercise.

29
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS
The researcher forwarded possible solutions on what looks like the knowledge and attitude of
Wollo University sport science students towards physical exercise. Based on the findings
mentioned above (in the research) the researcher would like to recommend the following points.

 Sport Academy should continue to provide future students with the opportunity to
acquire more knowledge of physical exercise.
 The positive attitude of the students should be maintained by the students.
 The practice of physical exercise by the sport science of Wollo University Should be
 The sport Academy Instructors should motivate and advise students to participate in
regular physical exercise.
 In order to initiate the participation of sport science students in physical exercise the
Instructors should be a role model for their students.
 Guidance and counseling service should be given for students to overcome
psychological and other factors that influence the performance of students towards
physical exercise.
 As sport science student, students should be engaged in regular physical exercise.
 Adjust the time for practice and study to reduce lack of time.
 The students should perform or practice exercise day today in addition to regular class
according to FITT (frequency, intensity, time and type)

30
 Reference

Aaro, L., Wold, B., Kannas, L., &Rimpelä, M. (1986). Health behaviour in school children: A
WHO cross-national survey. Health Promotion International, 1, 17–33.
https://doi.org/10.1093/hea pro/1.1.17

Aktop, A. (2010). Socioeconomic status, physical fitness, selfconcept, attitude toward physical
education, and academic achievement of children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110, 531–
46.

American College of Sports Medicine. (2014). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and
prescription (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Carroll, B., &Loumidis, J. (2001). Children’s perceived competence and enjoyment in physical
education and physical activity outside school. European Physical Education Review, 1,
24–43.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). State indicator report on physical activity,
2014. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114. 007211
Chen, A. (1998).

Meaningfulness in physical education: A description of high school students’ conceptions. Journal

of Teaching in Physical Education, 3, 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe. 17.3.285

Colley, A., Comber, C., & Hargreaves, D. J. (1994). Gender effects in school subject preferences:
A research note. Educational Studies, 1, 13–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0305569940200102

Colquitt, G., Walker, A., Langdon, J., McCollum, S., &Pomazal, M.

(2012). Exploring student attitudes toward physical education and implications for policy.
Sport Scientific & Practical Aspects, 2, 5–12.

Currie, C., Gabhainn, S., Godeau, E., Roberts, C., Smith, R., Picket, W., &Barnekow, V. (Eds.).
(2008). Inequalities in young people’s health: HBSC international report from the
2005/2006 survey (Health Policy for Children and Adolescents No. 5).

31
ANNEX

Data collection tools

Part I:-knowledge possessed by sport science students on physical exercise.

Q/N Item statements Correct Incorrect

1 Students’ knowledge
regarding meaning of
physical exercise?
2 Students’ knowledge
regarding the benefit of
physical exercise.
3 Students’ knowledge
regarding meaning of
physical fitness.

4 Students’ knowledge
regarding the hindrances to
participation in physical
exercise.
5 Knowledge of types of
physical exercise.

32
Part II:- Attitude of the students towards physical exercise, (key: SA=strongly
agree, A=agree, DA, disagree, SDA=strongly disagree

Items SA A DA SDA
6 An individual who engages
in regular physical exercise
will live longer than people
who don’t participate in
physical exercise?
7 A person who often
participates in physical
exercise is always active in
thinking?

8 I hate participating in
physical exercise/activity/?
9 Frequent participation in
physical activities makes one
look healthy?
10 Physical exercise can be used
to manage illness like
diabetes or obesity?
11 Ifeel comfortable discussing
about physical exercise with
my friends and siblings?
12 I feel happy participating in
physical exercise /activity/?
13 I like associating with people
that do participate in physical
exercise?

33
14 Physical exercise is one way
to rid yourself of the worries
and tensions of everyday
life?

Part III:-The practice of physical exercise by sport

science students at Wollo University.
N Items YES NO
15 Do you participate in
regular physical
exercise?
16 Do you participate only
during your leisure
time?
17 Do you prefer team
sports to individual
sport?
18 Have you ever
participated in regular
physical exercise?
19 Do you have any
medical conditions that
prevent you for
exercising?
Grand total

34
Part IV:-Responses of the students concerning with barriers of physical exercise

Items Not a Somewhat Very

barrier a barrier much a
barrier
A. fear of injury
B. theweather(e.g.
wet, cold)
C. lack of time
D. accessibilities of
facilities
E. feeling tired
F. cost
G. pollution or noise

35