SPECTROSCOPY LAB

Hall Effect Lab Report

Submitted to: Ma’am Hafiza Tahira
Submitted by: Fiza Bibi (Sap ID 36698)
BS 7th Semester Weekend
The Hall Effect
The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical
conductor that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic
field perpendicular to the current. (Wikipedia)

The Principle:

The principle behind the Hall effect is the Lorentz force — a combination of electric force and
the magnetic force.

When an electron moves along the electric field in perpendicular direction to the applied
magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force -qvB acting normal to both directions.

The direction of magnetic force is determined using the right hand rule convention, the fingers
point along the direction of the velocity and curled into the direction of the magnetic field. The
magnetic force direction on an electron is then determined by the opposite direction to what the
thumb points. Thumb points in the direction of positive charge.

The resulting Lorentz force F is therefore equal to - q(E + v x B)

Where,
q (1.602x10-19 C) is the elementary charge, E is the electric field, v is the particle velocity and B
is the magnetic field.

Working:

 When a (conductive or a semiconductive) plate is connected to a circuit with a battery, the

current flows.
 The charge carriers follow a linear path from one end of the plate to the other end.
 This motion of charge carriers results in the production of magnetic fields because every
current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field of its own.
 When the magnetic field is absent, the charges follow approximately straight paths between
collisions.
 when a magnetic field with a perpendicular component is applied, the path of charges
between collisions curve.
 The moving charges accumulate on one side of the material, leaving an equal and opposite
charges on the other face, where there is a vacancy of mobile charges.
 Due to unequal distribution of charge density across the Hall element, there arises a force
that is perpendicular to both the straight path and the applied magnetic field.
 The separation of charge through the distance d creates an electric field that opposes the
motion of further charge.
 This electric field established a steady electric potential as long as the charge is flows.
. We know, electric force 𝐹=𝑞𝐸 eventually equals the magnetic field, so

𝑞𝐸=𝑞𝑣𝐵

For q=e, we have

The expression tells,

• Hall Voltage is directly proportional to Electric Current, and

• Hall Voltage is directly proportional to the applied magnetic field.

Observations:

After the setup, Hall Volatge is measured as a function of:

1. Current keeping magnetic field constant.

2. Magnetic Field keeping current constant.
Applications:

Hall effect principle is used in the following cases:

• Magnetic field sensing equipment

• For the measurement of direct current, Hall effect Tong Tester is used.

• It is used in phase angle measurement

• Proximity detectors

• Hall effect Sensors and Probes

• Linear or Angular displacement transducers

• For detecting wheel speed and accordingly assist the anti-lock braking system.

One of the most common uses of the Hall effect is in the measurement of magnetic field strength
B and the Hall Coefficient. The Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio of the induced electric
field to the product of the current density and the applied magnetic field. It is a characteristic of
the material from which the conductor is made, since its value depends on the type, number, and
properties of the charge carriers that constitute the current.

The Hall Effect Sensors are in high demand and have very wide spread applications such as
Proximity sensors, Switches, Wheel speed sensors, Positional sensors, etc.

Figure: Hall Effect Sensor Figure: Electric Motor Control Figure: Magnetometer

 Determination of semiconductor type by Hall effect:

If hall coefficient is positive, we have p type semiconductor; when hall coefficient is negative,
the semiconductor type is negative.
  Calculation of carrier concentration by Hall effect:

By measuring the VH and RH the carrier concentration of electrons in n-type semiconductor and hole
concentration in p-type semiconductor is measured

 Determination of mobility of charge carriers by Hall effect:

The mobility of charge carriers is found as well.

 Measurement of magnetic flux density through Hall effect:

Hall voltage VH is directly proportional to the magnetic flux density B for a given current I for a
semiconducting sample and so is used in magnetic flux density meter.

Sources:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect

https://byjus.com/physics/hall-effect/

https://openstax.org/books/college-physics/pages/22-6-the-hall-effect

https://electricalfundablog.com/hall-effect-principle-history-theory-explanation-mathematical-
expressions-applications/