APA 6th Edition

Full Name 1
Dr. Ahmed Chaouki HOADJLI
Email Address
chaouki.hoadjli@gmail.com
Phone Number
(+213) 662 510 623
Academic Title
Doctor
ABOUT THE
PRESENTER
Major Areas of Research
Applied Linguistics
University Affiliation
University of Biskra, Algeria
Country
Algeria
A PA ( 6 t h E d . ) : R e f e r e n c i n g a n d F o r m a t t i n g D r. A h m e d C . H O A D J L I
THE TITLE
THE TITLE
The American Psychological
Association (APA) 6 Edition:
th
Referencing and Formatting

THE
PLAN
5
THE PLAN
Direct Quotes
• Short quote – less than 40 words
• Longer quote – 40 words or
more
• Quotations from online resources
that do not provide page
numbers
Indirect Quotes
• One or two authors
• Three, four, or five authors
• Six or seven authors
• Eight or more authors
• Groups as authors
• Similar information referred to
by more than one author
• Same author and same date
Introduction
• One work by one author, when
• What is APA?
the author is cited more than
• History of the APA
once in a paragraph
• Why reference?
• Citing a secondary source
6
Formatting
• Font
• Margins and Spacing
• Title Page
• Abstract
• Levels of Heading
• Numbers and Acronyms
• Tables
The Reference List • Figures
• Basic Rules • References
• Books
• Serial/journal Articles
• Internet Sources
7
Introduction • What is APA?

• History of the APA
• Why reference?
8
INTRODUCTION
What is APA?
APA is one of many referencing styles used in academic writing. APA

stands for American Psychological Association. The Association outlines
the style in the Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association [APA] (6th ed.).
INTRODUCTION
History of the APA

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was
first published in 1929 as a seven-page “standard of procedure, to which
exceptions would doubtless be necessary, but to which reference might be
made in cases of Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association was first doubt” (Bentley et al., 1929, p. 57). Eighty years
later, we launch the sixth edition of the Publication Manual in the same
spirit. Over the years, the Publication Manual has grown by necessity from
a simple set of style rules to an authoritative source on all aspects of
scholarly writing, from the ethics of duplicate publication to the word
choice that best reduces bias in language.
INTRODUCTION
• Referencing also allows for you to retrace your steps and locate
Why Reference? information you have used for assignments and discover further
views or ideas discussed by the author.
• By referencing clearly and correctly, it demonstrates you have
• When you reference you use the standardised style to undertaken research on the assignment topic and located
acknowledge the source of information used in your assignment. relevant information.
• It is important (morally & legally) to acknowledge someone
else’s ideas or words you have used. Academic writing
encourages paraphrasing information you have researched and
read. Paraphrasing means re-wording something you have read There are two main parts to
in to your own words. If you use someone else’s words or work
and fail to acknowledge them – you may be accused of referencing:
plagiarism and infringing copyright.
• Referencing correctly enables the marker or reader of your 1. The first indicating within your assignment the sources of the
assignment to locate the source of the information. They can information you have used to write your assignment. This
verify the information or read further on the topic. demonstrates support for your ideas, arguments and views.
Sometimes this is referred to as: citing in text, in text citations
or text citations.
2. The second part to referencing is the construction of a
reference list. The reference list shows the complete details of
everything you cited and appears in an alphabetical list on a
separate page, at the end of your assignment.
11
Direct Quotes
Quoting directly from a work should be done sparingly, in order to emphasis or
stress a point in your essay. When using a quote, it must be copied exactly as
written in the original work including any punctuation or incorrect spelling. When
using a quote, include the author’s last name, year of publication and page
number/s where the quote appears. Refer to the APA manual, 2013, pp. 170-173
for further information.
12
DIRECT QUOTES
Short Quote – less than 40 words
Example:
To indicate a short quote (less than 40 words), enclose the “Self-directed learning is also a term with which you will become
quotation within double quotation marks. familiar as you study in Australia or New Zealand. Students are
expected to take responsibility for their own learning and organise
their own study” (Hally, 2009, p. 7).
13
DIRECT QUOTES
Longer Quote – 40 words or more
Example:
Principle-based teaching and principle-based learning are

For a quote that is 40 words or more, include it in your essay as
important in nursing, particularly as they relate to clinical skills.
a freestanding piece of text or block form and do not use the
quotation marks. Double-space the entire quote. At the end of Clinical skills are usually taught according to principles, and this
the quote, include the author’s name, year of publication and
page number/s after the full stop. means that the student learns key principles associated with the
skill, and then applies those principles to the actual performance of
the skill. (Hally, 2009, p. 6)
14
DIRECT QUOTES
Quotations from Online Resources that do not Provide Page

Numbers
The APA manual (2010, p. 171-172) states when using direct Example:
quotes from online material provide the author, year and page
number within brackets ( ). If the page number is not known, use “The WTN exists to "encourage serendipity" -- the happy accidents
a paragraph number. If the paragraph number could confuse the of colliding ideas and new relationships that cause the biggest
reader, consider including a section heading e.g. discussion breakthroughs for individuals and institutions” (World Technology
section. Network, 2014, para. 3).
15
Indirect Quotes
Even though you have put someone else’s ideas or information in your own
words (i.e. paraphrased), you still need to show where the original idea or
information came from. This is all part of the academic writing process.
16
INDIRECT QUOTES
One or Two Authors
Example:
- Water is a necessary part of every person’s diet (Whitney &

Rofles, 2011).
When citing in text within an assignment, use the author/s (or
editor/s) last name followed by the year - Whitney and Rofles (2011) state water is of greater importance
of publication. than any other nutrient.
- Water is essential and Whitney and Rofles (2011) emphasise

that it is more important than any other nutrient.
17
INDIRECT QUOTES
Three, Four, or Five Authors
Example:
- Research can be defined as a systematic method of creating

If a work has three (3), four (4) or five (5) authors, cite all new knowledge or a way to verify existing knowledge (Watson,
authors the first time and from then on include only the last McKenna, Cowman & Keady, 2008).
name of the first author followed by the words et al. (‘et al.’ is
- Deciding on a research method demands the researcher
Latin for ‘and others’).
consider carefully the problem or area of investigation being
researched (Watson et al., 2008).
18
INDIRECT QUOTES
Six or Seven Authors
Example:
(Mikosch et al., 2010)
If a work has six (6) or more authors, cite only the last name of Reference list entry:
the first author followed by et al. each time you refer to this • When a source has up to seven (7) authors, include all
work. names in the reference list.
- Mikosch, P., Hadrawa, T., Laubreiter, K., Brandl, J., Pilz, J.,
Stettner, H., & Grimm, G. (2010). Effectiveness of respiratory-
sinus-arrhythmia biofeedback on state-anxiety in patients
undergoing coronary angiography. Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 66(5), 1101-1110.
19
INDIRECT QUOTES
Eight or More Authors
Example:
(Vissing et al., 2004)
When there are eight (8) or more authors, cite only the last name Reference list entry:
of the first author followed by ‘et al.’ each time you refer to this • When there are eight (8) or more authors, include the first
work. six (6) authors’ names and then use ellipsis points (...)
before concluding with the last author’s name.
- Vissing, K., Brink, M., Lonbro, S., Sorensen, H., Overgaard,

K., Danborg, K., ... Aagaard, P. (2008)
20
INDIRECT QUOTES
Groups as Authors
The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g., corporations,

associations, government agencies) are usually written in full
each time they appear in a text citation. The names of some
group authors (e.g., associations, government agencies) are First text citation:
spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter. In
- (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2007).
deciding whether to abbreviate the name of a group author, use
the general rule that you need to give enough information in the
text citation for the reader to locate the entry in the reference list Second & subsequent citations:
without difficulty. Some groups are recognised by an
- (MOH, 2007).
abbreviation (e.g., WHO for World Health Organisation). Refer
to the APA manual, 2013, p. 176.
21
INDIRECT QUOTES
Similar Information Referred to by More than One

Author
Example:
There may be occasion to refer to more than one source in
relation to similar information. In this case, - Resilience is seen as the ability to overcome adversary, combat
list the sources in alphabetical order within the brackets,
stress and bounce back from hardship (Dawson, 2006; Overton,
separated by a semi-colon.
2005).
22
INDIRECT QUOTES
One Work by One Author, when the Author is cited more than
once in a Paragraph
Refer to the APA Manual, 2013, p 174 (section 6.11) Example:

• The rules for this are quite complex, mostly because there is
- If a citation is part of the narrative, it looks like ‘According to
one rule for citations in brackets (parenthetical) and other
rules for citations that are part of the narrative. Jones (2013)…, or Jones (2013) states that….
• ‘Part of the narrative’ means that the reference is part of a - If a citation is parenthetical, it looks like ‘(Jones, 2013)’.
sentence, and not in brackets.
23
INDIRECT QUOTES
Citing a Secondary Source
Where possible use original material. However, if the

information you wish to use is cited by another author,
acknowledge the source you have read, showing it is a
Example:
secondary source. This demonstrates you have not read the
original source but read about it in a secondary source. Within
Fawcett (as cited in Polit & Beck, 2008) outlined the four main
the text citation, use the words “as cited in” to indicate this is a
concepts…
secondary source. In the reference list, include the author and
details of the source you actually read. Refer to the APA manual,
2013, p. 178.
The Reference List
All references or information sources cited in any written work (i.e.

essays, reports, research papers, etc.) need to be listed in a reference
list on a separate page at the end of your assignment, headed
‘References’ or ‘Reference List’. The reference list provides all the
details necessary for the person reading and/or marking the
assignment to locate and retrieve any information source cited. An
accurate and properly constructed reference list provides credibility
to the written work it accompanies.
25
THE REFERENCE LIST
Basic Rules
• The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order of the • If there is no author the title moves to that position and the
authors’ last names. entry is alphabetised by the first significant word, excluding
words such as “A” or “The”. If the title is long, it may be
• If there is more than one work by the same author, order them
shortened when citing in text.
by publication date – oldest to newest (therefore a 2004
publication would appear before a 2008 publication). • Use “&” instead of “and” when listing multiple authors of a
source.
• The first line of the reference list entry is left-hand justified, • Italicise the title of the book, the title of the journal/serial and
while all subsequent lines are consistently indented. the title of the web document.
• Capitalise only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if • Do not create separate lists for each type of information
there is one, plus any proper names – i. e. only those words that source. Books, articles, web documents, brochures, etc. are
would normally be capitalised. all arranged alphabetically in one list.
26
THE REFERENCE LIST
Books
• Author/s or Editor/s last name (surname) appears first, followed by initials (Bloggs, J.).
• Year of publication in brackets (2010).
• Full title of the book. Capitalise only the first word of the title and the subtitle, if any, and proper names. Italicise the title. Use a colon (:)
between the title and subtitle.

• Include the edition number, if applicable, in brackets after the title or subtitle (3rd ed.) or (Rev. ed.). Note: No full stop, after the title, if
there is an edition.
• Place of publication. Always include the city and 2-letter state code when published inside the USA, and the city & country, if published
outside the USA (Fort Bragg, CA or Auckland, New Zealand or Benalla, Australia or Weybridge, England). If there are two or more places
included in the source, then use the first one listed.

• Publisher’s name. Provide this as briefly as possible. Do not use terms such as Publishers, Co., or Inc. but include the words Books &
Press. When the author and the publisher are the same, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.
27
THE REFERENCE LIST
Serial / Journal Articles
• Author/s last name (surname) first, followed by initials.
• Year of publication in brackets. (2012)
• Title of article. Capitalise only the first word of the title and the subtitle, if any, and proper names. Use a colon (:) between the title and
subtitle.
• Title of the serial/journal in full in italics.
• Volume number, in italics. Do not use “Vol.” before the number.
• Issue number. This is bracketed immediately after the volume number but not italicised.
• Month, season or other designation of publication if there is no volume or issue number.
• Include all page numbers.
• Include any Digital Object Identifiers [DOI].
28
THE REFERENCE LIST
Internet Sources
Where possible, include similar information, in the same order, as you would for other types of information and other sources (who, when,
what) and then add the electronic retrieval information required for people to locate the material you cited (where).
• Author/s of the document or information – individual or organisation/corporate author.
• Date of publication. If no date is available use (n.d.).
• Title of the document or webpage in italics.
• Complete & correct web address/URL.
Note: APA 6th ed. does not require a retrieval date for most online information, although, the APA manual states to include a retrieval date
for material that may change over time (e.g. Wikis) (p.192).
FORM
Formatting
F O R M AT T I N G 30
Font
Font Type: Times New Roman (APA recommendation).
Font Size: 12-point font (Preferable).
Font Color: Black.
Font Style: - Never use ALL CAPS.
- Never use boldface except for headers level 1, 2, 3, and 4.
- Do not use italics except for headers level 4 and 5. Refer to the APA
manual, 2013, pp. 104-106.
The font must be consistent throughout the whole paper/dissertation/thesis.
Margins and Spacing

Margins: 2.5 cm (1 inch) on all sides.
Spacing: - Double-space the entire paper/dissertation/thesis.

- Paragraphs should be indented (0.5 inches) and not have additional spacing
between them.
- Sentences should have two spacing between them.
Do not justify the entire paper/dissertation/thesis.
Title Page
Top Left: Running head and PAGE HEADER (50
Characters of less, ALL CAPS).
Top Right: A page number (1).
Middle: - A 12-word or less title, capitalise initials of
words that have five or
more letters, centered, plain, Times New Roman,
12. Avoid
Acronyms.
- Your name (First name, middle initial, last
name). Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees
(PhD).
- Affiliation.
Abstract
• It should be on its own on the second page.

• It should have the title “Abstract” centered and plain.
• It should not be indented and should be double-spaced.
• It should contain between 150 and 250 words.
• Keywords: - Indented (0.5 inch), italicise only the title “Keywords:”.
- The keywords should be arranged alphabetically and separated by commas.
Capitalise only important words. Do not put a full stop at the end.
Abstract
Levels of Heading
R e f e r t o t h e A PA m a n u a l , 2 0 1 3 , p p . 6 2 - 6 3 .
*In levels 3, 4, and 5,

begin text after two
spaces from the period.
Numbers and Acronyms
Numbers 0-9: Write them out (one, two, three, etc.)

10 and more: Use numerals (10, 11, 12, etc.)
At the Beginning of the Sentence: Always write numbers out.
In Mathematical Expressions: Use numerals (8.5%, 5x7, etc.)
Acronyms: At first use, write the full words, followed by the acronym in parentheses. E.g.,
English as a Foreign Language (EFL).
Tables
R e f e r t o t h e A PA m a n u a l , 2 0 1 3 , p p . 6 2 - 6 3 .
Tables can help you present a large amount of material efficiently. Table layout needs to be logical
and easy for readers to understand. Here are some guidelines on formatting your table:
• Place each table on a separate page at the end of your manuscript, after the reference list.
• 12-point Times New Roman is suggested if it is not pre-specified by the affiliation.
• Margins must be at least 1 inch (2.54 cm).
• Tables may use single-spacing or one-and-a-half spacing (p. 229).
• Information necessary for understanding the table and definitions of abbreviations used within
the table appear in a table note.
Tables
Figures
R e f e r t o t h e A PA m a n u a l , 2 0 1 3 , p p . 1 5 0 - 1 6 7 .
Many types of figures can help you present data to the reader, including graphs, charts,
maps, drawings, and photographs. A good figure is easy to read with elements large
enough to be read easily. Here are some guidelines on creating your figure:
• Place each figure on a separate page at the end of your manuscript, after any tables (or
after the reference list, if there are no tables).
• Place a caption below each figure describing its contents and defining any
abbreviations used in the figure.
Figures
References
Start the reference list on a new page. The word

“References” should appear in uppercase and lowercase
letters, centered. Double-space all reference entries. APA
publishes references in a hanging indent format, meaning
that the first line of each reference is set flush left and
subsequent lines are indented.
References
43
List of References
American Psychological Association (2013). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association.
(Sixth Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
EasyBib (January 01, 2019). APA formatting rules for your paper. Retrieved from:
http://www.easybib.com/guides/a-formatting/apa-paper-formatting/
Johanne P., APA Formatting PowerPoint Presentation. YouTube, 17 Oct. 2016. Retrieved from:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMVNm_Fsab0.
Universal College of Learning (2017). A Guide to APA Referencing Style: 6th Edition. Staff from the UCOL
Student Success Team. Retrieved from:
http://student.ucol.ac.nz/library/onlineresources/Documents/APA_Guide_2017.pdf
HAN
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION

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Full Name 1

Dr. Ahmed Chaouki HOADJLI

(+213) 662 510 623

University of Biskra, Algeria

Referencing and Formatting

Introduction • What is APA?

APA is one of many referencing styles used in academic writing. APA

History of the APA

Short Quote – less than 40 words

Longer Quote – 40 words or more

Principle-based teaching and principle-based learning are

skill, and then applies those principles to the actual performance of

the skill. (Hally, 2009, p. 6)

Quotations from Online Resources that do not Provide Page

One or Two Authors

- Water is a necessary part of every person’s diet (Whitney &

- Water is essential and Whitney and Rofles (2011) emphasise

Three, Four, or Five Authors

- Research can be defined as a systematic method of creating

Six or Seven Authors

(Mikosch et al., 2010)

Eight or More Authors

(Vissing et al., 2004)

- Vissing, K., Brink, M., Lonbro, S., Sorensen, H., Overgaard,

The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g., corporations,

Similar Information Referred to by More than One

Refer to the APA Manual, 2013, p 174 (section 6.11) Example:

Citing a Secondary Source

Where possible use original material. However, if the

All references or information sources cited in any written work (i.e.

• Year of publication in brackets (2010).

between the title and subtitle.

included in the source, then use the first one listed.

Serial / Journal Articles

• Author/s last name (surname) first, followed by initials.

• Year of publication in brackets. (2012)

• Volume number, in italics. Do not use “Vol.” before the number.

• Month, season or other designation of publication if there is no volume or issue number.

• Include all page numbers.

• Include any Digital Object Identifiers [DOI].

• Author/s of the document or information – individual or organisation/corporate author.

• Date of publication. If no date is available use (n.d.).

• Title of the document or webpage in italics.

• Complete & correct web address/URL.

The font must be consistent throughout the whole paper/dissertation/thesis.

Margins and Spacing

Spacing: - Double-space the entire paper/dissertation/thesis.

Do not justify the entire paper/dissertation/thesis.

• It should be on its own on the second page.

*In levels 3, 4, and 5,

Numbers and Acronyms

Numbers 0-9: Write them out (one, two, three, etc.)

Start the reference list on a new page. The word

(Sixth Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Student Success Team. Retrieved from:

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