Ed Week 3

PA S S I V E D E S I G N
S T R AT E G Y 2
BSA3633 Environmental Design

Week 03: PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGY
Passive Design Strategy
Building Envelope
• “The external portions of a building through which thermal energy
is transferred.”
• “This thermal transfer is the major factor affecting interior comfort
level and energy usage.”

Building Envelope
• Specific requirements under GBI for NRNC
CRITERIA ITEM PTS

EE1 MINIMUM EE PERFORMANCE 1
EE5 ADVANCED EE PERFORMANCE 15
EQ1 MINIMUM IAQ PERFORMANCE 1
EQ8 DAYLIGHTING 2
EQ9 DAYLIGHT GLARE CONTROL 1
EQ12 EXTERNAL VIEWS 2
TOTAL POINTS 22

Building Envelope
• EE1 MINIMUM EE PERFORMANCE
Establish minimum energy efficiency (EE) performance

to reduce energy consumption in buildings, thus
reducing CO2 emission to the atmosphere. Meet the
following minimum EE requirements as stipulated in
MS1525:2007
1
1) OTTV < 50
2) RTTV < 25
3) Provision of Energy Management Control System
(NRNC only)
TOTAL MAX POINTS 1

Building Envelope
• EE5 ADVANCED MINIMUM EE PERFORMANCE
BEI < 150kWh/m2/year 2

Exceed EE performance
better than the baseline BEI < 130kWh/m2/year 5
minimum to reduce energy BEI < 120kWh/m2/year 8
consumption in the BEI < 110kWh/m2/year 10
building

Building Envelope
THERMAL RESISTANCE, R
• Heat energy flows from a hot object to a cooler object
• Whenever there is a temperature gradient, heat transfer will
always occur
• It can never be stopped, and it can only be slowed

Building Envelope
THERMAL RESISTANCE, R
• Relationship between thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and
U-value
k = Thermal conductivity
R = Material thickness / k
U=1/R
• The higher the R, the lower the U, the better

Building Envelope
CONCEPT OF OTTV
• A design criteria for building envelope known as the Overall
Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) has been adopted.
• OTTV aims at achieving the design of building envelope to reduce
heat gain through the building envelope and hence reduce the
cooling load of the air-conditioning system.
• OTTV should not exceed 50 W/m2

Building Envelope
CONCEPT OF OTTV
OTTV = 15α (1 – WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)
Heat Heat Solar Heat

Conduction Conduction Gain
Through Through Through
Walls Windows Windows
0.2 % - 5% 10% - 20% 70% - 85%

Building Envelope
CONCEPT OF OTTV

0.2 % - 5% 10% - 20% 70% - 85%

Building Envelope
HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS
15α (1 – WWR) Uw
α = Solar absorption = Colour of walls

WWR = Window to Wall Ratio
Uw = U-value of the wall

Building Envelope
SOLAR ABSORPTION, α
Black glass 0.99

Red brick, dark brown paint 0.88
Asphalt pavement 0.82
Bare uncolored concrete 0.65
Green paint 0.47
White semi-gloss paint 0.25
Silver paint 0.25
Polished aluminum sheet 0.12

Building Envelope
Building Envelope
Building Envelope
CONCEPT OF OTTV

0.2 % - 5% 10% - 20% 70% - 85%

Building Envelope
HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WINDOWS
6 (WWR) Uf
Uf = U-value of the window
GLAZING STYE U-VALUES

SINGLE GLAZED CLEAR 5.7 – 6.2
LAMINATED CLEAR / PVB / CLEAR 4.5 – 5.5
DOUBLE GLAZED CLEAR / AIR / CLEAR 2.6 – 2.9

Building Envelope
CONCEPT OF OTTV

0.2 % - 5% 10% - 20% 70% - 85%

Building Envelope
SOLAR HEAT GAIN THROUGH WINDOWS
194 x CF x WWR x SC
CF = Correction Factor
SC = Shading Coefficient

Building Envelope
ORIENTATION CF
NORTH 0.90
NORTH-EAST 1.09
EAST 1.23
SOUTH EAST 1.13
SOUTH 0.92
SOUTH WEST 0.90
WEST 0.94
NORTH WEST 0.90
Building Envelope
Building Envelope
Building Envelope
Building Envelope
Building Envelope
WAYS TO IMPROVE OTTV
• Identify which component contributes the most to OTTV

• Review Solar Correction Factor (CF)
• Review glass selection and its Shading Coefficient (SC)
• Review sunshades and its Shading Coefficient
• Review WWR

Daylighting
Skylight
- Light reflected by atmosphere (clear blue sky)
- Diffused through clouds (overcast sky)
Reflected Light
- Sunlight or skylight reflected from ground, trees, buildings, etc.

Daylighting
Sunlight
- Direct sun’s rays (Too strong to be used directly; must be reflected
or diffused)
Daylight Source
- We try to harvest light from the sky NOT the Sun.

Daylighting

Daylighting

Daylighting

Daylighting

Daylighting

Daylighting

Daylighting

Daylighting

Daylighting

Daylighting
MS1525:2007 Clause 4.5
• The exterior wall and cladding systems should be designed to

provide an integrated solution for the provision of view, daylight
control, passive and active solar energy collection and moisture
management systems while minimizing heat gain.

Daylighting
GBI NRNC EQ8
• Provide good levels of daylighting for building occupants:

1. Demonstrate >30% of NLA has a daylight factor 1.0% - 3.5%
2. Demonstrate >50% of NLA has a daylight factor 1.0% - 3.5%

Daylighting
MS1525:2007 CLAUSE 4.4
• Conventional and innovative daylighting systems that collect,

transport and distribute light deep into buildings and systems that
reduce the need for artificial lighting are recommended.
• The simplest form of description of daylight distribution is Daylight

Factor, DF

Daylighting
MS1525:2007 CLAUSE 4.4
DF = (Internal Illuminance / External Illuminance) x 100%

Daylighting
MS1525:2007 Table 1
ZONE DF (%) DISTRIBUTION

Very bright >6 Thermal and glare problems
Bright 3–6 Good
Average 1–3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor

Daylighting
LIGHT SHELVES

Daylighting Strategies

Week 03: Day Lighting














T H A N K YOU F OR YOU R
AT T E N T I O N

Week 01: Introduction
Building Envelope

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PA S S I V E D E S I G N

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

CRITERIA ITEM PTS

BSA3633 Environmental Design

Establish minimum energy efficiency (EE) performance

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BEI < 150kWh/m2/year 2

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

• The higher the R, the lower the U, the better

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

OTTV = 15α (1 – WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)

Heat Heat Solar Heat

BSA3633 Environmental Design

OTTV = 15α (1 – WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)

Heat Heat Solar Heat

BSA3633 Environmental Design

α = Solar absorption = Colour of walls

BSA3633 Environmental Design

Black glass 0.99

BSA3633 Environmental Design

OTTV = 15α (1 – WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)

Heat Heat Solar Heat

BSA3633 Environmental Design

GLAZING STYE U-VALUES

BSA3633 Environmental Design

OTTV = 15α (1 – WWR) Uw + 6 (WWR) Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)

Heat Heat Solar Heat

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

• Identify which component contributes the most to OTTV

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

• The exterior wall and cladding systems should be designed to

BSA3633 Environmental Design

• Provide good levels of daylighting for building occupants:

BSA3633 Environmental Design

• Conventional and innovative daylighting systems that collect,

• The simplest form of description of daylight distribution is Daylight

BSA3633 Environmental Design

DF = (Internal Illuminance / External Illuminance) x 100%

BSA3633 Environmental Design

ZONE DF (%) DISTRIBUTION

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design

BSA3633 Environmental Design