Topic 1: PHASES OF MATTER Examples: Air, helium, smoke etc.

Matter- anything that has weight and takes up Topic 2: DIFFERENT CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN
space. MATTER

THE 3 PHASES OF MATTER Changes In Matter

 Solid It can be classified as either physical or

 A firm hard, or compact in substance. chemical, like matter properties.
 A state of matter with fixed shape and
Different Types of Changes:
volume
1. Physical changes
 Particles are close-packed so they can
vibrate, but not flow.  Include changes in physical appearance
 Solids are rigid. but not composition. All changes in
 They cannot be compressed easily. state of matter are physical changes.
 Definite shape
 A type of change in which the form of
 Definite volume
matter is altered but one substance is
 Definite mass not transformed into another.
 Close particles  The size or shape of matter may be
 ↓ kinetic energy changed, but no chemical reaction
occurs.
Examples: Ice cubes, wood, rocks, bricks, Examples of physical changes:
cellphone, crayons, coins.  Boiling
 Melting
 Liquid
 Freezing
 A fluid matter that has a fixed volume
 Shredding
but does not have a fixed shape.

X Definite Shape  In physical change, the material

involved in the change is structurally
 Definite volume the same before and after the change.
 Definite mass Types of some physical changes are
 Close particles texture, shape, temperature, and a
change in the state of matter.
 ↑ kinetic energy PHYSICAL CHANGE EXAMPLES
Examples: Oil, water, blood, mercury, milk.  Breaking glass
 Mixing candles
 Gas  Shredding Paper
 A matter that has no fixed  Folding Paper
shape or volume.  Melting ice
 The atoms or molecules that  Chopping wood
makes up the as fill the  Cutting hair
container that holds them.  Dry ice sublimation
X Definite shape  Boiling Water
X Definite volume  Breaking Egg
 Definite mass
 ↑ kinetic energy
  Physical change is also called are broken and new ones are formed a
reversible change where in the chemical change occurs. The following
resulting element can be opposite are indicators of chemical changes:
into the object before.
Melting-requires energy •Change in Temperature
Freezing- releases energy
•Change in Color
2. Chemical changes •Noticeable Odor (after reaction has begun)
 Involve changes in chemical
composition and require chemical
reactions.
 A chemical change is a change of
Chemical
change, the
materials into another, new materials

with different properties and one or

interval
more than new substances are formed.
It results when a substance combines
with another to form a new substance.

make-up
 One or more substances form a new
substance.

Chemical Change Examples

(molecules)
 Burning Wood
 Rooting Fruit
 Baking a Cake

of the
 Rusting Metal
 Using a Battery
 Digestion
 Souring Milk
 Exploding Fireworks
 Cooking an egg
 Photosynthesis
objects
changes.
 Chemical changes occur when bonds
are broken and/or formed between
molecules or atoms. This means that

Unlike
one substance with a certain set of
properties (such as melting point, color,
taste, etc.) is turned into a different
substance with different properties.

physical
 Chemical changes, on the other hand,
are quite different. A chemical change
occurs when the substance's
composition is changed. When bonds
change, (molecules)
chemical of the
changes objects
cannot be changes.
reversed are Unlike
called non- physical
reversible change,
change. chemical
Chemical changes
change, the cannot be
interval reversed are
make-up called non-
reversible change,
change. chemical
Chemical changes
change, the cannot be
interval reversed are
make-up called non-
(molecules) reversible
of the change.
objects Chemical
changes. change, the
Unlike interval
physical make-up
(molecules) reversible
of the change.
objects
 Chemical change, the interval make-up
(molecules) of the objects changes.
Unlike physical change, chemical
changes cannot be reversed are called

changes.
non-reversible change.

Topic 3: MATERIALS THAT ABSORBS WATER

Unlike
Absorb is to take in (something, such as a liquid)
in a gradual way.
Repel is to keep something out or away.

physical
Materials that can absorb liquids such as water
are called porous materials.

Porous materials- the word "porous" means

change,
capable of absorbing liquids. It comes from the
word "pore" (small opening) because porous
materials have small holes or opening that allow
air or liquid to pass through.

chemical
When talking about porosity (the state of being
porous) the word "pore" also means the empty
spaces or "void" within the material.

changes The reason these materials can absorb water is

that the water can enter the material and stay
in its empty space.

cannot be Non- Porous materials- the opposite of porous

materials. They have no holes or spaces
between their particles. They cannot absorb

reversed are
water. Does not allow water or liquid to pass
through.

Topic 4: MATERIALS THAT FLOAT AND SINK

called non- Float- when objects, rest on the surface or top

of the water.
Sink- means to fall to the bottom of the water.
Density- an amount of mass an object per unit
volume. Meaning to say if some object have a
heavy mass it will sink in water.
Water has its own density. If the density an
object is higher than the density of the water it
will sink in the water. On the other hand, if the
object is less dense or very light weight than the
density of the water it will float.
THINGS TO REMEMBER
 Some things float on top of water, some
things submerged partway down.
 Some things sink very fast while some
things sinks very slow.
 The object shape can affect its ability to
float in water, but there objects that on
water what their shape is.
 Example. Styrofoam/styrocup
 Some things float at first but then they
sinks as they absorb water.
 Example. Face towel, table cloth and
tissue paper.
Topic 5: MATERIALS THAT UNDERGO DECAY
Decaying materials is also called as
biodegradable materials means that it will
decay and become soil.
The process of decay is not uniform among
plants and animals, some materials will decay
fast some will take a long time.
The organic matter in the soil come from
decayed plants and animals it becomes
fertilizer. Organic fertilizer from compost pit
enricher the soil supplying nutrients for plants
and growth.
WHAT TO DO TO AVOID FOOD DECAY?
Keep in a refrigerator because microorganism
that break down food do not grow fast in cold
temperature.
Topic 6: DIFFERENT DISEASES RESULTING
FROM EXPOSURE TO DECAYING MATERIALS
Disease
 An illness that affects a person, an
animal, or a plant.
 A condition that prevents the body or
mind from working normally.
Allergy- an unusual response of the body to
a substance especially pollen, fur, a
particular food or dust to which it has
become hypersensitive.
Cholera- an infectious and often fatal
bacterial disease of the small intestine,
typically contracted from infected water
supplies and causing severe vomiting and
diarrhea.
Malaria- an intermittent and remittent
fever caused by a protozoan parasite that
invades the red blood cells. The parasite is
transmitted by a mosquito.
Typhoid- a waterborne disease wherein
people who drink contaminated water can
become infected with typhoid. It is most
common parts of the world that have poor
sanitation and limited access to clean water.
Dysentery- an infection of the intestines
that causes diarrhea containing blood or
mucus.
Ringworm- a common infection of the skin
and nails that is caused by fungus. It is an
itchy, contagious fungal infection that
causes a ring-shaped pattern on your skin.
Scabies- an itchy skin condition cause by a
tiny burrowing mite called Sarcoptes
scabiel. It causes intense itching and a rash,
which can lead to skin damage and infection
if left untreated.
Topic 7: EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO DECAYING
MATERIALS ON ONE’S HEALTH AND SAFETY
Decaying Materials is the breaking down or
rotting of organic matter through the action of
bacteria, fungi, or other organisms.
Examples of Materials that Undergo Decay:
 Dead Animals
 Dead Plants
 Vegetables and Fruits, Left Over Food/
Food Waste
Decaying Materials can have bad effects on
one’s health and safety because of the
presence of bacteria.
Bacteria is a microscopic living organisms
that can be found everywhere.
TOP SPOTS OF BACTERIA:
 Kitchen sink
 Rocks
 Soil
 Sponge
 Toilet bowl
Effects of exposure to decaying
materials on one’s health and
safety
 Eating food with bacteria results to
abdominal pain, dizziness, nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea. These
symptoms are dangerous because
they may lead to complications or
even death.
 Direct contact with decaying
matter. Having direct contact with
decaying materials especially to the
eyes and the skin may cause
itchiness, irritation, and other
allergic reactions. This is due to
certain substances released by the
bacteria during decomposition.
 Inhaled Mold Spores. Molds are a
form of fungus. Molds produce
spores, which spread by floating
around in the air. Mold spores
thrive in environments that are
moist and warm, so when they land
on a damp spot, they begin to grow.
If you accidentally inhale mold
spores, it may cause asthma attacks
and breathing problems.
Topic 8: IMPORTANCE OF READING PRODUCT
LABEL
-Product labels are intended to ensure the
safety of the user.
-They give the product ingredients.
-They warn possible dangers.
-They describe the safe way of using the
product, including the dose (in case of
medicine).
- They describe the proper way of storing
product.
Topic 9: WAYS OF DISPOSING MATERIALS
ACCORDING TO THEIR PROPERTIES
Waste Segregation the process of identifying,
classifying, dividing and sorting of garbage and
waste products into biodegradable or non-
biodegradable materials.
Biodegradable
Capable of being decomposed into very
small parts by natural process.
Non-Biodegradable
Is not capable of being broken down by natural
process.
Composting is the recycling of organic
material. The material breaks down or
decomposes, to form rich soil.
Recycling is a way of collecting processing
and manufacturing waste materials instead
of throwing them away.
5R’s
(Reduce, Re- use, Recycle, Repair, Rot)
  Reduce to use less. Think about what  Books
you use and buy.  Cotton clothes
 Reuse something you already have  Fruit peels
instead of  Rotten fruits
 buying something
 Recycle all the basics you can  Non-biodegradable Materials
 Repair or fix stuff before tossing it and Non-biodegradable wastes do not undergo
buying decay.
 new They do not go back to the soil because they
 Rot-compost biodegradable materials may contain substances that could harm plants,
animals, and the environment.
Total Recycling Scheme Non-biodegradable wastes must not be burned
because they release poisonous gases that are
Utilizes waste into factory returnables, harmful to humans and the environment.
fertilizers, feeds, fermentables, fuel, fine crafts Examples:
and filling materials. These are what we  Plastic
identified as then multi-F’s Recycling scheme.  Metals
 Aluminum cans
Pollution is the action or process of making  E-waste
land, water, air dirty and not safe or suitable to  Carbon paper
use.  Polythene
Topic 10: PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL
ACCORDING TO THE PROPERTIES OF EACH  Recyclable Wastes
MATERIAL Recycling is about turning wastes into useful
materials. Therefore, recyclable wastes are
When an object cannot serve its purpose due wastes that can be turned into useful materials.
to damage or change in their properties it Examples:
becomes waste.  Paper including newspapers, magazines,
and mixed paper.
 Biodegradable Materials  Cardboard (OCC)
Biodegradable waste undergo decay. It is easier  Glass bottles and jars.
to handle these wastes because they go back  Rigid plastic products.
to the soil. These wastes can be buried in  Metal containers, including tin, aluminum,
compost pits and be made into fertilizers. and steel cans.
In the soil, it feed on and decompose  Hazardous Wastes
biodegradable materials. As a result, these Hazardous wastes are highly dangerous to
organisms supply nutrients to the soil. humans and the environment
Nutrients from biodegradable wastes are used This cannot be recycled.
by plants from growth and development.
Examples: This must undergo special waste treatment and
 Human feces. be disposed right away.
 Manure
 Sludge from sewage treatment plants.
 Waste that comes from
Examples:
slaughterhouses.
 batteries.
 Animals and plants that have died.
 chemical strippers.
 Wooden plants.
 chlorine bleach.
 drain cleaners.
 fire extinguishers.
 Car wax.
 Diesel fuel.
 Fuel oil (no tanks)
 Gasoline.
 Kerosene.
 Oil/gas mixtures.