The related paper investigation is undertaken based on significant questions related to the project

problems, whereas addresses the aspect of barreling research works. This review will focus mainly on
the particular paper as highlights relevant insights on barreling phenomena and investigation of
barreling stress parameters such as stress ratio parameters and other factors of barreling. Specific
questions for this review for research as given in the following:

1. Evidence Review on how bulging is affected by hoop stress, mean stress, and effective stress
2. The purpose of bulging parameters influences deformation such as (σθ/σeff), (σm/σeff), and
(σz/σeff).
3. What are Characteristics of the aluminum composites.
4. Identify The implication of how bulging parameters experienced in the particular composites.

Related Paper Review:

"Some aspects of workability studies on P/M sintered high strength 4% Titanium carbide composite
steel preforms during cold upsetting" include:

Based on the investigation paper, [1]

this paper reviews on a comprehensive experimental investigation that was conducted to explore the
workability characteristics of a steel composite containing 4% TiC. The study examined the material’s
behavior under diverse stress conditions, including plane stress and triaxial stress states. Another phase
of the research delved into analyzing the formability behavior of the steel composite when subjected to
cold upsetting.

This analysis involved the use of various lubricants, namely graphite, zinc stearate, and molybdenum
disulfide, in addition to studying scenarios where no lubricant was employed. Also, the study attempts
to establish connections between axial strain and a formability stress index with the contexts of both
plane and triaxial stress states. Furthermore, the relationship between relative density and axial strain
was explored. As such the main focus of the relevant research was to determine various stress ratio
parameters, including (σθ/σeff), (σm/σeff), and (σz/σeff), as a function of relative density under plane
and triaxial stress state conditions. Thus, the investigation of the variation of slope of the relative density
versus stress ratio parameters with respect to relative density to identify the pore closure mechanism.
Also, the derivation of mathematical expressions and equations proposed for the determination of
various upsetting parameters of upsetting for various stress state conditions.

This study focuses on the workability behavior of a steel composite material containing 4% titanium
carbide (TiC) under different stress states, namely, plane and triaxial stress conditions. The
workability behavior of this material is analyzed through several experimental investigations and
test. The research objectives and findings can be summarized as follows:
1. Workability Behavior Under Different Stress States:

The study examines how the steel composites with 4% TiC behave under two distinct stress states:
plane stress and triaxial stress. This is significant because materials may exhibit different mechanical
responses under various stress conditions.

2. Formability Behavior During Cold Upsetting:

Another aspect of this research involves assessing the formability behavior of the steel composite
preforms when subjected to cold upsetting. The study evaluates the influence of different lubricants,
including graphite, zinc stearate, and molybdenum disulfide, on the formability of the material.
Additionally, it investigates the material’s behavior when no lubricant is used. The choice of
lubricant can have a considerable impact on the formability of the material during processing.

3. Relationship between Axial Strain and Formability Stress Index:

The study seeks to establish relationships between under both plane and triaxial stress conditions.
This information is crucial for understanding how the material deforms and its formability
characteristics under different stress states.

4. Determination of Stress Ratio Parameters:

Various stress ratio parameters, such as (σθ/σeff), (σm/σeff), and (σz/σeff), are determined as
functions of relative density under both plane and triaxial stress states. These parameters provide
insights into the stress distribution within the material and are essential for analyzing material
behavior during deformation.

5. Pore Closure Mechanism:

The study investigates the variation of the slope of the relative density versus stress ratio
parameters concerning relative density. This analysis is used to identify the mechanism by which
pores within the material close during the upsetting process. Pore closure is crucial for achieving a
dense and homogeneous final product.

6. Mathematical Expressions and Equations:

The research concludes in the development of mathematical expressions and equations to predict
and determine various upsetting parameters. These equations are specifically designed to describe
the material’s behavior under different stress state conditions, providing a valuable tool for process
optimization and material selection in practical applications.

In the broader literature context, this study contributes to the understanding of the mechanical
behavior of steel composites with TiC and how they respond to different stress states and
lubrication conditions. The findings can be valuable for industries where cold upsetting or
deformation processes are employed, as they provide insights into optimizing the formability of
such materials. Additionally, the research adds to the body of knowledge related to composite
materials and their mechanical behavior under varying conditions.

Review of the Paper” some features on Hot Forging of Powder Metallurgy Sintered High Strength 4%
Titanium Carbide Composite Steel Preforms under Different Stress State Conditions” [2]:

This paper presents significant findings in the scope of hot forging of high-strength sintered powder
metallurgy 4% titanium carbide composite steel preforms under varying stress state conditions. The
research introduces mathematical expressions for determining stress ratio parameters in both plane
and triaxial stress states. Additionally, it conducts experimental evaluations, establishing
relationships between relative density, geometrical shape factors, and stress ratio parameters. The
study’s practical implications encompass process design and optimization for hot forging, predictive
capabilities regarding relative density and barrel radius of curvature, and valuable insights into
material behavior for process improvement.

In this study, the authors have effectively combined theoretical modeling with practical
experimentation, contributing to the advancement of hot forging processes in the context of high-
strength sintered powder metallurgy materials. Their findings hold relevance not only for
understanding the intricacies of stress distribution in different stress states but also for the
enhancement of forging techniques, with potential applications in industries reliant on such
materials. The proposed mathematical expressions and derived relationship provide valuable tools
for engineers and researchers seeking to optimize processes and ensure quality in the production of
powder metallurgy components. Whereas this paper serves as a commendable resource for those
engaged in materials processing and forging technology.

In the study of barreling aspect findings stated that hoops stress, mean stress, and effective stress
are important factors that influence bulging and impact in production in powder Metallurgy. Hoop
stress refers to the stress acting circumferentially around a cylindrical component, and it plays a role
in determining the deformation behavior and stability of the component during the production
process. Mean stress represents the average stress acting on components, and it affects the overall
strength and durability of the material. Effective stress takes into account both the applied stress
and the internal stress within the material, and it is a measure of the actual stress experienced by
the material. The combination of hoop stress, mean stress, and effective stress influences the
bulging behavior, which refers to the expansion or deformation of a component during the
production process. therefore, understanding and controlling these stress parameters are crucial for
ensuring the quality and performance of powder metallurgy components in terms of their resistance
to bulging and impact.

The relationship between hoop stress, mean stress and effective stress in the hot upset process in
powder metallurgy manufacturing provides significant insight into the deformation behavior of the
material. Several studies have investigated this relationship and its impact on the manufacturing
process. Doraivelu et al. proposed a new yield condition for compressible powder metallurgy
materials, which was experimentally verified for the uniaxial state of compressive stress using P/M
aluminum alloy [1]. Abdel-Rehman and El-Sheikh studied the workability features in the forging of
powder metallurgy compacts and presented a workability factor that describes the effect of mean
and effective stresses [2]. Park et al. proposed a new generalized yield criterion and obtained
relations between plastic Poisson’s ratio, relative density, and flow stress through experiments [1].
These studies provide valuable insights into the relationship between hoop stress, mean stress, and
effective stress in the hot upset deformation process in P/M manufacturing.

[1] some features of 4% on hot forging of powder metallurgy sintered high strength 4% titanium
carbide composite steel preforms under different state conditions.

[2] some aspects on cold forging of aluminum-alumina power metallurgy composite under triaxial
stress state condition- Ramesh pdf