Transport Mechanism d.
Transport Protein
Cell Transport
It is the movement of substances across
the cell membrane either into or out of the cell.
Cell Membrane
• It is the boundary, which separates the
living cell from their non-living
surroundings.
• Is an amphipathic, which contains both
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
• Fluid mosaic of lipids, protein and
carbohydrate
Functions of cell membrane
✓ to protect the cell from its surrounding
environment.
✓ provides structural support to the cell
✓ control the rate of molecules that can
enter and exit the cell (Water, oxygen,
and carbon dioxide, sodium, potassium)
Components of cell membrane
a. Phospholipids
b. Glycolipids
c. Glycoprotein
d. Transport Proteins
e. Cholesterol
f. Carbohydrate
a. Phospholipids
• provide barriers in cellular membranes
to protect the cell
• provide pathways for various substances
across membranes
• provide structure to the cell’s
membranes
b. Glycolipids
• to maintain stability of the membrane
and to facilitate cell–cell interactions.
• act as receptors for viruses and other
pathogens to enter cells.
c. Glycoprotein
• enable cells to recognize another cell as
familiar or foreign, called cell-cell
recognition.
• help cells attach to and bind other cells,
called cell adhesion.
• proteins allow molecules that couldn’t enter
the cell otherwise to pass through by
forming channels, pores or gates.
• cell signaling, cell recognition, and enzyme
activity.
e. Cholesterol
• immobilize the outer surface of the
membrane, reducing fluidity.
• It makes the membrane less permeable to
very small water-soluble molecules that
would otherwise freely cross
• It functions to separate phospholipid tails
and so prevent crystallization of the
membrane
• It helps secure peripheral proteins by
forming high density lipid rafts capable of
anchoring the protein
F. Carbohydrate
perform two main functions:
• participate in cell recognition and
adhesion,
• cell-cell signaling or cell-
pathogen interactions,
• have a structural role as a physical
barrier.
Membrane Transport:
movement of particles (solute) across or
through a membranous barrier
Types of Transport:
a. Passive Transport
1) Active Transport
Passive Transport
• occurs when substances cross the plasma
membrane without any input of energy from
the cell.
• No energy is needed because the substances
are moving from an area where they have a
higher concentration to an area where they
have a lower concentration.
• Solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances.
• Ex. water, sugar, flavor mixture
(Coke).
• Solute: The substance dissolved by the
solvent.
• Ex. Sugar, salt
• Solvent: The substance used to dissolve the
solute or solutes.
• Ex. water
Types: b) Hypotonic
1. Diffusion Water outside the cell is greater than
2. Osmosis that inside the cell, water moves into the cell,
a) Hypertonic may cause the cell to burst (Lysis)
b) Hypotonic
c) Isotonic
3. Facilitated Transport

1. Diffusion
• Is a passive movement of molecules from a
region of higher concentration to a region of
lower concentration.
• Small, uncharged molecules like O2, CO2 H2O
can move easily

c) Hypertonic
Water inside the cell is greater than
outside, water moves out of the cell, may
cause the cell to shrink (Plasmolysis)

2. Osmosis
• Is diffusion of the solvent across a semi-
permeable membrane separating two
solutions.
• Water molecules move from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration
3. Facilitated Transport
✓ Also known as Facilitated Diffusion or
Passive Mediated Transport
✓ The spontaneous passage of molecules
or ions across a biological membrane
passing through specific
transmembrane integral proteins.

a) Isotonic
Water inside the cell equals the water
outside the cell and equal amounts of water
move in and out the cell

Transport proteins:

✓ Channel proteins form pores, or tiny holes,

in the membrane.

✓ This allows water molecules and

small ions to pass through the
membrane without coming into
contact with the hydrophobic tails
of the lipid molecules in the interior
of the membrane.
✓ Carrier proteins bind with specific ions or
molecules, and in doing so, they change
shape. As carrier proteins change shape,
they carry the ions or molecules across the
membrane.
✓ Transport needed by cells when large
particles moved across the cell
membrane.

Active Transport
The process of moving substances
against concentration gradients. Thus it requires
energy.
Examples:
✓ Kidney cells pump glucose and amino acids
out of the urine and back into the cell
✓ Gill cells in fish pump out sodium ions

Primary active transport

1. Sodium-potassium pump
✓ moves Na+ out of cells, and K+ into 2. Endocytosis
them ✓ (endo = internal, cytosis = transport
✓ Ratio: three Na+ for every two K+ ions mechanism)
Sodium-potassium pump process:
✓ Happens when the cell membrane folds
• When the sodium-potassium- ATPase
inward, traps and encloses a small amount
enzyme points into the cell, it has a high
of matter from the extracellular fluid.
affinity for sodium ions and binds three
of them, hydrolyzing ATP and changing
shape.
• As the enzyme changes shape, it
reorients itself towards the outside of
the cell, and the three sodium ions are
released.
• The enzyme’s new shape allows two
potassium to bind and the phosphate
group to detach, and the carrier protein
repositions itself towards the interior of
the cell.
• The enzyme changes shape again,
releasing the potassium ions into the
cell.
Endocytosis categories
• After potassium is released into the cell,
the enzyme binds three sodium ions, a. Pinocytosis
which starts the process over again. b. Phagocytosis
c. Receptor- Mediated Endocytosis

Vesicle Transport
✓ Also known as Bulk Transport.
a. Pinocytosis vesicles that fuse with the plasma
✓ Intake of small droplet of extracellular fluids membrane.
and dissolved solutes, such as fat droplets,
vitamins, and antigens.
✓ “pino,” meaning “to drink,” and “cyto,”
meaning “cell.”

Difference between Endocytosis and

Exocytosis

b. Phagocytosis
✓ (literally, “cell eating”)
✓ The intake of a large droplet of extracellular
fluid. Such as including microorganisms,
foreign substances, and apoptotic cells.

Examples

Examples of active transport include a sodium

pump, glucose selection in the intestines, and
the uptake of mineral ions by plant roots.

Passive transport occurs in the kidneys and the

liver, and in the alveoli of the lungs when they
exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Exchange of gases in the lungs occurs by
✓ also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis
diffusion. Air in the alveoli has a higher
✓ The intake of specific molecules that attach
concentration of oxygen and lower
to special proteins in the cell membrane.
concentration of carbon dioxide compared to
These proteins are uniquely shaped to fit the
blood. Hence, oxygen diffuses to the blood from
shape of a specific molecule.
alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses to alveoli
from the blood.

Review

• What is the main difference between passive

and active transport?
• Imagine a hypothetical cell with a higher
concentration of glucose inside the cell than
outside. Answer the following questions
about this cell, assuming all transport across
the membrane is passive, not active.
• Can the glucose simply diffuse across the cell
membrane? Why or why not?
• Assuming that there are glucose transport
3. Exocytosis
proteins in the cell membrane, which way
✓ (exo = external, cytosis = transport
would glucose flow – into or out of the cell?
mechanism)
Explain your answer.
✓ is a form of bulk transport in which
• If the concentration of glucose was equal
materials are transported from the inside to
inside and outside of the cell, do you think
the outside of the cell in membrane-bound
there would be a net flow of glucose across
 the cell membrane in one direction or the
other? Explain your answer.
• What are the similarities and differences
between channel proteins and carrier
proteins?
• True or False. Only active transport, not
passive transport, involves transport
proteins.
• True or False. Oxygen and carbon dioxide can
squeeze between the lipid molecules in the
plasma membrane.
• True or False. Ions easily diffuse across
the cell membrane by simple diffusion.