HIV

by
Haya Zhafira Amani (2311012015)
Alisya Naila Putri (2311012014)
Ahmad Nabil (2311012016)
 DEFINITION
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
INFECTION is a disease caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) where this virus
attacks the immune system of the person
affected.
 SYMPTOMS
HIV symptoms can vary depending on the stage of the infection.
During the early stage, some individuals may experience flu-like
symptoms. As the infection progresses, without treatment, more
severe symptoms may develop, including weight loss, chronic
diarrhea, night sweats, recurrent infections, and neurological issues.
 PHATOPHYSIOLOGY
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body's
immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the
immune system fight off infections. HIV can be transmitted through
certain bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.

HIV primarily targets CD4 cells, using them as a host for replication. The
virus incorporates its genetic material into the host cell's DNA, leading to
the production of more HIV particles. This process gradually depletes the
number of CD4 cells, impairing the immune system's ability to combat
infections and diseases.
 PHATOPHYSIOLOGY
Over time, as the immune system becomes increasingly
compromised, the body becomes susceptible to a variety of
opportunistic infections and certain cancers. The progression
of HIV infection can eventually lead to Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is characterized
by severe immune suppression and a heightened risk of life-
threatening infections and diseases.
 ETHIOLOGY
• Infection with HIV occurs through three primary modes: sexual,
parenteral, and perinatal. Sexual intercourse, primarily anal and
vaginal intercourse, is the most common vehicle for transmission. .
Individuals with sexually transmitted diseases, such as syphilis and
chancroid are at great risk for contracting HIV.

• The use of contaminated needles or other injection-related

paraphernalia by drug abusers has been the main cause of
parenteral transmissions of HIV.
 ETHIOLOGY
• Healthcare workers have a small risk of occupationally acquiring
HIV, mostly through accidental injury, most often percutaneous
needlestick injury.

• Perinatal infection, or vertical transmission, is the most common

cause of pediatric HIV infection. The risk of mother-to-child
transmission is 25% in the absence of breast-feeding or antiretroviral
therapy. Breast-feeding can also transmit HIV.
 PHARMACOLOGIC
THERAPY
Conceptually, there are three primary methods of therapeutic
intervention against HIV: inhibition of viral replication, vaccination to
stimulate a more effective immune response, and restoration of the
immune system with immunomodulators. Inhibiting viral replication
with combinations of potent antiretroviral agents has been the most
clinically successful strategy. Thus far there are three primary groups
of drugs used: entry inhibition, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and
protease inhibitors.
 NON-PHARMACOLOGIC
THERAPY
Non-pharmacological therapies can complement medical treatments for
HIV and help improve overall well-being. Some examples include:

1. Nutritional support: A balanced diet can boost the immune system and
overall health.
2. Exercise: Regular physical activity can improve physical and mental well-
being.
3. Stress management: Techniques such as meditation, yoga, and counseling
can help manage stress and improve quality of life.
 NON-PHARMACOLOGIC
THERAPY
4. Support groups: Joining support groups can provide emotional support
and a sense of community.
5. Education and counseling: Understanding HIV and how to manage the
condition can empower individuals to make informed decisions and
maintain a positive outlook.

These non-pharmacological interventions, along with proper medical

treatment, can contribute to a better quality of life for people living with
HIV.
Thank You