Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Matlab Programming With Applications For Engineers 1st Edition Chapman Solutions Manual
Matlab Programming With Applications For Engineers 1st Edition Chapman Solutions Manual
In contrast, MATLAB functions are a special type of M-file that run in their own independent
workspace. They receive input data through an input argument list, and return results to the caller
through an output argument list.
6.2 MATLAB programs communicate with their functions using a pass-by-value scheme. When a
function call occurs, MATLAB makes a copy of the actual arguments and passes them to the
function. This copying is very significant, because it means that even if the function modifies the
input arguments, it won’t affect the original data in the caller. Similarly, the returned values are
calculated by the function, and copied into the return variables in the calling program.
6.3 The principal advantage of the pass-by-value scheme is that any changes to input arguments within a
function will not affect the input arguments in the calling program. This, along with the separate
workspace for the function, eliminates unintended side effects. The disadvantage is that copying
arguments, especially large arrays, can take time and memory.
6.4 A function to sort arrays in ascending or descending order, depending on the second calling
parameter, is shown below:
% Define variables:
% a -- Input array to sort
% ii -- Index variable
% iptr -- Pointer to min value
% jj -- Index variable
% nvals -- Number of values in "a"
% out -- Sorted output array
% temp -- Temp variable for swapping
139
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
if sort_up
else
end
140
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% iptr now points to the min/max value, so swap a(iptr)
% with a(ii) if ii ~= iptr.
if ii ~= iptr
temp = a(ii);
a(ii) = a(iptr);
a(iptr) = temp;
end
end
% Preallocate array
array = zeros(1,nvals);
end
» test_ssort1
Enter number of values to sort: 6
Enter value 1: -3
Enter value 2: 5
Enter value 3: 2
Enter value 4: 2
Enter value 5: 0
Enter value 6: 1
142
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sorted data in default order:
-3.0000
0.0000
1.0000
2.0000
2.0000
5.0000
??? Error using ==> ssort1
Second parameter is not 'UP' or 'DOWN'!
6.5 A set of functions to perform trigonometric operations in degrees are shown below:
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
out = sin(pi/180*x);
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
out = cos(pi/180*x);
143
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
function out = tand(x)
%TAND Calculate tan(x), where x is in degrees
% Function TAND calculates tan(x), where x is in degrees
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Angle in degrees
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
out = tan(pi/180*x);
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
out = 180/pi * asin(x);
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
out = 180/pi * acos(x);
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
out = 180/pi * atan(x);
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
out = 180/pi * atan2(y,x);
% Set the angle theta = 30 degrees, and try the forward trig functions
disp(' ');
disp(['Testing forward trig functions:']);
disp(['sind(30) = ' num2str(sind(30))]);
disp(['cosd(30) = ' num2str(cosd(30))]);
disp(['tand(30) = ' num2str(tand(30))]);
disp(['sind(45) = ' num2str(sind(45))]);
disp(['cosd(45) = ' num2str(cosd(45))]);
disp(['tand(45) = ' num2str(tand(45))]);
% Test atan2d
disp(' ');
disp(['Testing atan2d:']);
disp(['atan2d(4,3) = ' num2str(atan2d(4,3))]);
>> test_functions
This program tests the trig functions that return answers in degrees.
Testing atan2d:
atan2d(4,3) = 53.1301
% Define variables:
% deg_f -- Input in degrees Fahrenheit
% deg_c -- Output in degrees Celsius
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
deg_c = 5/9 * (deg_f - 32);
We can test this function using the freezing and boiling points of water:
>> f_to_c(32)
ans =
0
>> f_to_c(212)
ans =
100
% Define variables:
% deg_c -- Input in degrees Celsius
% deg_f -- Output in degrees Fahrenheit
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
deg_f = 9/5 * deg_c + 32;
We can test this function using the freezing and boiling points of water:
>> f_to_f(0)
ans =
100
>> c_to_f(100)
ans =
0
We can also show that c_to_f and f_to_c are the inverses of each other:
>> f_to_c(c_to_f(30))
ans =
30
6.8 A function to calculate the area of a triangle specified by the locations of its three vertices is shown
below:
% Define variables:
% x1, y1 -- Location of vertex 1
% x2, y2 -- Location of vertex 2
% x3, y3 -- Location of vertex 3
% area -- Area of triangle
% Record of revisions:
148
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
area = 0.5 * (x1*(y2-y3) - x2*(y1-y3) + x3*(y1-y2));
6.9 At this point in our studies, there is no general way to support an arbitrary number of arguments in a
function. Function nargin allows a developer to know how many arguments are used in a
function call, but we can only up to the number of arguments in the calling sequence1. We will
design this function to support up to 6 vertices. The corresponding function is shown below:
function area = area_polygon(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4, x5, y5,
x6, y6)
%AREA_POLYGON Calculate the area of a polygon specified by its
vertices
% Function AREA_POLYGON calculates the area of a polygon specified by
% its vertices
%
% Calling sequence:
% area = area_polygon(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4, x5, y5, x6,
y6)
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% n_vertices -- Number of vetices in polygon
% x1, y1 -- Location of vertex 1
% x2, y2 -- Location of vertex 2
% x3, y3 -- Location of vertex 3
% x4, y4 -- Location of vertex 4
% x5, y5 -- Location of vertex 5
% x6, y6 -- Location of vertex 6
% area -- Area of polygon
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
1 Later we will learn about function varargin, which can support any number of arguments.
149
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
msg = nargchk(6,12,nargin);
error(msg);
% Save values
x(1) = x1;
y(1) = y1;
x(2) = x2;
y(2) = y2;
x(3) = x3;
y(3) = y3;
if n_vertices >= 4
x(4) = x4;
y(4) = y4;
end
if n_vertices >= 5
x(5) = x5;
y(5) = y5;
end
if n_vertices >= 6
x(6) = x6;
y(6) = y6;
end
We can test this function using the specified point (0,0), (10,0), (10,10), and (0, 10), which
corresponds to a square with all sides having length 10:
We can test this function using the points specified in the problem:
150
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6.10 A function to calculate the inductance of a single-phase two-wire transmission line is shown below:
% Define variables:
% ind_per_m -- Inductance per meter
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Constants
mu0 = pi * 4e-7; % H/m
We can test this function using the points specified in the problem:
6.11 If the diameter of a transmission line’s conductors increase, the inductance of the line will decrease.
If the diameter of the conductors are doubled, the inductance will fall to:
6.12 A function to calculate the capacitance of a single-phase two-wire transmission line is shown below:
% Define variables:
% cap_per_m -- Capacitance per meter
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/03/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Constants
e0 = pi * 4e-7; % F/m
We can test this function using the points specified in the problem:
6.13 If the distance between the two conductors increases, the inductance of the transmission line
increases and the capacitance of the transmission line decreases.
6.14 A program to compare the sorting times using the selection sort of Example 6.2 and MATLAB’s
built-in sort is shown below: .
% Constants
SIZE = 100000; % Number of values to sort
% Set seed
seed(123456);
>> compare_sorts
Sort time using ssort = 118.288
Sort time using sort = 0.013641
The built-in sorting function is dramatically faster than the selection sort of Example 6.2.
6.15 A program to compare the sorting times using the selection sort of Example 6.2 and MATLAB’s
built-in sort is shown below.
Note that the sort time for the selection sort increases as the square of the number of values
sorted. This may make it impossible to do the calculation for 1,000,000 samples, as specified in
the original problem. This will be modified to 200,000 samples in subsequent printings.
153
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/04/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% data1 -- Array to sort
% data2 -- Copy of array to sort
% elapsed_time1 -- Elaosed time for ssort
% elapsed_time2 -- Elaosed time for sort
% Set seed
seed(123456);
>> compare_sorts
Sort time using ssort = 118.288
Sort time using sort = 0.013641
The built-in sorting function is dramatically faster than the selection sort of Example 6.2.
>> compare_sorts
Sort time for 10000 using ssort = 1.2153
Sort time for 10000 using sort = 0.0013928
Sort time for 100000 using ssort = 137.3888
Sort time for 100000 using sort = 0.013531
Sort time for 200000 using ssort = 631.6224
Sort time for 200000 using sort = 0.026963
6.16 A modified version of function random0 that can accept 0, 1, or 2 arguments is shown below:
% Define variables:
155
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% ii -- Index variable
% ISEED -- Random number seed (global)
% jj -- Index variable
% m -- Number of columns
% msg -- Error message
% n -- Number of rows
% ran -- Output array
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 02/04/10 S. J. Chapman Original code
% 1. 07/04/11 S. J. Chapman Modified for 0 arguments
6.17 Function random0 has a bug under some conditions. If the global variable ISEED has not been
previously defined when random0 is executed, the program will crash. This problem occurs the
first time only that random0 is executed in a given MATLAB session, if function seed is not
called first. A simple way to avoid this problem would be to detect if ISEED is undefined, and to
supply a default value. Otherwise, the function should use the global seed supplied. A modified
version of random0 that fixes this bug is shown below:
156
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
%
% random0(n) -- Generate an n x n array
% random0(n,m) -- Generate an n x m array
% Define variables:
% ii -- Index variable
% ISEED -- Random number seed (global)
% jj -- Index variable
% m -- Number of columns
% msg -- Error message
% n -- Number of rows
% ran -- Output array
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 02/04/10 S. J. Chapman Original code
% 1. 07/04/11 S. J. Chapman Modified to provide initial seed
6.18 A function dice to simulate the roll of a fair die is shown below:
157
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% and 6.
% Define variables:
% result -- Resulting integer
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/04/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Initial values
result = zeros(1,100000);
for ii = 1:100000;
result(ii) = dice;
end
158
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
hist(result,6);
title('\bfHistogram of values returned from function "dice"');
xlabel('\bfValue');
ylabel('\bfCount');
» test_dice
The first 30 values are:
3 1 4 6 6 4 4 4 1 6 6 4 1 2 1 3 2 6 1 2 2 6 6 5 6 3 1 6 1 5
The resulting histogram is shown below. The histogram shows that each integer between 1 and 6 is
about equally likely to occur.
6.19 A function to calculate a probability from the Poisson distribution is shown below:
159
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% Define variables:
% fact -- k! (k-factorial)
% result -- Resulting value from distribution
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/07/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate k!
fact = factorial(k);
A program that uses function poisson to calculate the probability of a specific number of cars
passing a point on a highway in a given period of time is shown below:
% Display results
disp(['The probability of k cars passing in ' num2str(t) ' minutes
is:']);
160
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
for k = 0:5
fprintf(' %3d %12.7f\n',k,prob(k+1));
end
When this program is executed, the results are a shown below. Note that the plot of the probability
distribution uses discrete points instead of a continuous line, since the probabilities are only defined
for the integer values k = 0, 1, 2, 3, … (we can’t have 1.2 cars go by!). This plot can also be
represented as a bar chart, once we learn how to create them in Chapter 6.
>> traffic
Enter expected number of cars/minute: 1.6
Enter period of time in minutes: 1
The probability of k cars passing in 1 minutes is:
0 0.2018965
1 0.3230344
2 0.2584275
3 0.1378280
4 0.0551312
5 0.0176420
6.20 Functions to calculate the hyperbolic sine, cosine, and tangent functions are shown below::
161
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
%SIND Calculate hyperbolic sine function
% Function SINH calculates the hyperbolic sine function
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input value
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/12/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
out = (exp(x) - exp(-x))/2;
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/12/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
out = (exp(x) + exp(-x))/2;
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/12/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate value
162
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
out = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) ./ (exp(x) + exp(-x));
A script file to plot the hyperbolic sine, cosine, and tangent functions are shown below:
% Calculate results
x = -5:0.05:5;
out_cosh = cosh1(x);
out_sinh = sinh1(x);
out_tanh = tanh1(x);
% Display results
figure(1);
plot(x,out_cosh);
title('\bfHyperbolic cosine');
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bfcosh(x)');
grid on;
figure(2);
plot(x,out_sinh);
title('\bfHyperbolic sine');
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bfsinh(x)');
grid on;
figure(3);
plot(x,out_cosh);
title('\bfHyperbolic tangent');
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bftanh(x)');
grid on;
163
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
164
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6.21 A function to smooth a noisy data set with a running average filter is shown below.
function y = running_ave(x,n_ave)
%RUNNING_AVE Function to perform a running average filter
% Function RUNNING_AVE performs a running average filter
%
% Calling sequence:
% y = running_ave(x, n_ave)
%
% where:
% n_ave -- Number of points to average
% x -- Array of input values
% y -- Array of filtered values
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/12/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
165
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
error(msg);
end
>> test_running_ave
This program performs a running average filter on an
input data set.
Enter the filename containing the data: input3.dat
Enter the number of samples to average: 7
167
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6.22 A function to smooth a noisy data set with a median filter is shown below.
function y = median_filter(x,n_ave)
%RUNNING_AVE Function to perform a median filter
% Function RUNNING_AVE performs a median filter
%
% Calling sequence:
% y = median_filter(x, n_ave)
%
% where:
% n_ave -- Number of points to average
% x -- Array of input values
% y -- Array of filtered values
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/12/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
168
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
error(msg);
end
>> test_median_filter
This program performs a running average filter on an
input data set.
Enter the filename containing the data: input3.dat
Enter the number of samples to average: 7
170
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6.23 A function to sort an input data set into ascending order while carrying along another array is shown
below.
% Define variables:
% a -- Input array to sort
% b -- Input array to carry along
% ii -- Index variable
% iptr -- Pointer to min value
% jj -- Index variable
% nvals -- Number of values in "a" and "b"
% out -- Sorted output array
% out2 -- Carried output array
% temp -- Temp variable for swapping
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/12/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
171
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
error(msg);
end
% Input arrays
a = [ 1, 11, -6, 17, -23, 0, 5, 1, -1];
b = [ 31,101, 36,-17, 0, 10, -8, -1, -1];
» test_sort_with_carry
Sorted data:
-23.0000 0.0000
-6.0000 36.0000
-1.0000 -1.0000
0.0000 10.0000
1.0000 31.0000
1.0000 -1.0000
5.0000 -8.0000
11.0000 101.0000
17.0000 -17.0000
6.24 A program to perform sort with carry using function sortrows is shown below.
173
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% out1 -- Sorted data array
% out2 -- Carried data array
% Input arrays
a = [ 1, 11, -6, 17, -23, 0, 5, 1, -1];
b = [ 31,101, 36,-17, 0, 10, -8, -1, -1];
c = [a' b'];
When this program is executed, the results are as shown below. The built-in function sortrows is
much more efficient than sort_with_carry!
>> test_sortrows
Sorted data:
-23.0000 0.0000
-6.0000 36.0000
-1.0000 -1.0000
0.0000 10.0000
1.0000 -1.0000
1.0000 31.0000
5.0000 -8.0000
11.0000 101.0000
17.0000 -17.0000
174
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% out1 -- Sorted data array
% out2 -- Carried data array
When this program is executed, the results are as shown below. The built-in function sortrows is
much more efficient than sort_with_carry!
» compare_sort_with_carry
sort_with_carry time = 8.8084
sortrows time = 0.029909
6.26 The geometry of this problem is shown below with respect to an arbitrary (x,y) reference system,
where x is the distance in the North direction and y is the distance in the East direction, forming a
right-hand coordinate system where is a compass angle. Note that the angles 1 and 2 are
defined clockwise from the North (x) axis (compass angles), and the bearings 1 and 2 are defined
clockwise from the bow of the ship. Note that the angles will be given in degrees, which is usual
aboard ships.
175
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
With these definitions, the x location of the object can be defined as the sum of the distance from the
origin to Ship 1 ( x1a ) plus the distance from Ship 1 to the object ( x1b ), and the y location of the
object can be defined as the sum of the distance from the origin to Ship 1 ( y1a ) plus the distance
from Ship 1 to the object ( y1b ).
Similarly, then the x location of the object can be defined as the sum of the distance from the origin
to Ship 2 ( x2 a ) plus the distance from Ship 2 to the object ( x2 b ), and the y location of the object
can be defined as the sum of the distance from the origin to Ship 2 ( y2 a ) plus the distance from
Ship 2 to the object ( y2 b ).
x x2 a x2 b x2 a r2 cos 2 2 (5.3)
y y2 a y2 b y2 a r2 sin 2 2 (5.4)
The range r2 and bearing 2 of the target from Ship 2 can be calculated by first determining the
(x,y) position of the target using Equations (5.1) and (5.2), and then calculating the range and
bearing by solving Equations (5.3) and (5.4) as follows:
r2 x x2 a 2 y y2 a
2
(5.5)
y y2 a
2 tan 1 2 (5.6)
x x2 a
A function to calculate the range and bearing as seen by Ship 2 is shown below:
% Define variables:
% phi1 -- Bearing of target from Ship 1 (degrees)
% phi2 -- Bearing of target from Ship 2 (degrees)
% r1 -- Range of target from Ship 1
% r2 -- Range of target from Ship 2
% theta1 -- Heading of Ship 1 (degrees)
% theta2 -- Heading of Ship 2 (degrees)
% x -- x-pos of target in global coordinate system
% x1 -- x-pos of Ship 1
176
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% x2 -- x-pos of Ship 2
% y -- y-pos of target in global coordinate system
% y1 -- y-pos of Ship 1
% y2 -- y-pos of Ship 2
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/13/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Display result
fprintf('Ship 2 sees the target at a range of %.1f\n', r2);
fprintf('Ship 2 sees the target at a bearing of %.1f deg\n', phi2);
To test this function, we will try three simple cases. First, suppose that the two ships are in the same
place and moving in the same direction. Then the object should be at the same range and bearing
for both ships.
>> test_range_bearing
x-pos of Ship 1: 0
y-pos of Ship 1: 0
Heading of Ship 1 (deg): 0
x-pos of Ship 2: 0
y-pos of Ship 2: 0
Heading of Ship 2 (deg): 0
Range to target from Ship 1: 5
Bearing to target from Ship 1: 30
Ship 2 sees the target at a range of 5.0
Ship 2 sees the target at a bearing of 30.0 deg
This case produced the correct answer. Now, suppose that the two ships are traveling North in line
abreast, with Ship 1 at (0,0) and Ship 2 at (0,5). If Ship 1 sees the object at a range of 5 and an angle
of 30, then Ship 2 should see the object at the same range and an angle of -30, because the y-
distance to the target is 2.5, exactly half of the distance between the two ships.
>> test_range_bearing
x-pos of Ship 1: 0
y-pos of Ship 1: 0
Heading of Ship 1 (deg): 0
x-pos of Ship 2: 0
y-pos of Ship 2: 5
Heading of Ship 2 (deg): 0
178
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Range to target from Ship 1: 5
Bearing to target from Ship 1: 30
Ship 2 sees the target at a range of 5.0
Ship 2 sees the target at a bearing of -30.0 deg
This case also produced the correct answer. Finally, suppose that the ships are in the same position,
but Ship 2 has a heading of 30. In this case, the target should be at a bearing of -60 as seen by
Ship 2, because the ship itself has rotated.
» test_range_bearing
x-pos of Ship 1: 0
y-pos of Ship 1: 0
Heading of Ship 1 (deg): 0
x-pos of Ship 2: 0
y-pos of Ship 2: 5
Heading of Ship 2 (deg): 30
Range to target from Ship 1: 5
Bearing to target from Ship 1: 30
Ship 2 sees the target at a range of 5.0
Ship 2 sees the target at a bearing of -60.0 deg
6.27 A function that calculates the linear least-squares fit to an input data set is shown below:
% Define variables:
% sum_x -- Sum of values in x
% sum_x2 -- Sum of values in x.^2
% sum_xy -- Sum of values in x.*y
% sum_y -- Sum of values in y
% xbar -- Average of x
% ybar -- Average of y
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/13/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
179
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% Check for a legal number of input arguments.
msg = nargchk(2,2,nargin);
error(msg);
% Check to make sure that the two vectors are the same length
if length(x) ~= length(y)
error('Vectors x and y must be the same length!');
end
A test program for this function is shown below. Note that this program also uses function
polyfit to compare against.
180
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5.75 6.67 7.70 7.31 9.05 10.95 ];
% Tell user
fprintf('\n%s\n','Using lsqfit.m:');
fprintf('%s%7.3f\n','Slope = ',slope);
fprintf('%s%7.3f\n','Intercept = ',yint);
% Tell user
fprintf('\n%s\n','Using polyfit.m:');
fprintf('%s%7.3f\n','Slope = ',slope);
fprintf('%s%7.3f\n','Intercept = ',yint);
181
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The resulting plots are shown below:
>> test_lsqfit
Using lsqfit.m:
Slope = 1.858
Intercept = 0.187
Using polyfit.m:
Slope = 1.844
Intercept = 0.187
182
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6.28 Modified program to plot the residuals of the least squares fit in the previous problem is shown
below:
183
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5.75 6.67 7.70 7.31 9.05 10.95 ];
% Tell user
fprintf('\n%s\n','Using lsqfit.m:');
fprintf('%s%7.3f\n','Slope = ',slope);
fprintf('%s%7.3f\n','Intercept = ',yint);
% Plot residuals
figure(2);
plot(x,res,'bo','LineWidth',2);
title('\bfResiduals of Fit');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
grid on;
>> test_lsqfit
Using lsqfit.m:
Slope = 1.858
Intercept = 0.187
184
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The residuals seem to be rougly balanced above and below the fitted line, so this appears to be a
pretty good fit.
185
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6.29 A function that calculates the linear least-squares fit to an input data set together with the correlation
coefficient is shown below:
% Define variables:
% n -- Length of array x
% sum_x -- Sum of values in x
% sum_x2 -- Sum of values in x.^2
% sum_xy -- Sum of values in x.*y
% sum_y -- Sum of values in y
% sum_y2 -- Sum of values in y.^2
% xbar -- Average of x
% ybar -- Average of y
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/13/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Check to make sure that the two vectors are the same length
if length(x) ~= length(y)
error('Vectors x and y must be the same length!');
end
» test_lsqfit2
Slope = 1.8575
Y-intercept = 0.18718
Correlation coefficient = 0.94822
6.30 Function random1 produces samples from a uniform random distribution on the range [-1,1).
188
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% random1(n) -- Generate an n x n array
% random1(n,m) -- Generate an n x m array
% Define variables:
% m -- Number of columns
% n -- Number of rows
% ran -- Output array
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/13/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
When this function is tested, the results are in the range [-1,1) and look reasonably uniformly
distributed:
>> random1(20,1)
ans =
-0.9100
0.2498
0.9814
0.6669
-0.0876
-0.5937
0.7752
-0.5582
-0.5179
0.4820
0.3948
0.3984
-0.2477
0.6547
-0.9002
-0.2652
0.7172
0.5717
-0.9524
-0.0242
189
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6.31 A function to calculate random values from a Gaussian normal distribution is shown below:
% Define variables:
% ii, jj -- Loop index
% m -- Number of row
% n -- Number of columns
% r -- sqrt of v1^2 + v2^2
% res -- Results
% v1, v2 -- Uniform random variables in [-1,1)
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/15/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate data
res = zeros(n,m);
for ii = 1:n
for jj = 1:m
The following program tests random_normal by creating 1000 random samples, and checking the
mean and standard deviation of the distribution. The mean should theoretically be 0.0 and the
standard deviation should theoretically be 1.0.
% Tell user
fprintf('Average = %.4f\n',ave);
fprintf('Std Dev = %.4f\n',sd);
% Create histogram
hist(dist,9);
title('\bfHistogram of random values');
xlabel('\bfValue');
ylabel('\bfCount');
>> test_random_normal
Average = 0.0259
Std Dev = 1.0249
191
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6.32 A function to calculate the force of gravity between two objects is shown below:
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/15/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
192
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% Gravitational constant
gravc = 6.672E-11;
% Calculate force
force = gravc .* m1 .* m2 ./ range.^2;
% Calculate force
fprintf('The force due to gravity is %0.4f N.\n', ...
gravity(range,m1,m2));
>> test_gravity
Enter mass of object 1 (kg): 800
Enter mass of object 2 (kg): 6.98e24
Enter range between objects (m): 38e6
The force due to gravity is 258.0086 N.
6.33 A function to calculate random values from a Rayleigh distribution is shown below:
% Define variables:
% arr1 -- Normally-distributed array
193
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% arr2 -- Normally-distributed array
% res -- Results
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/15/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Calculate data
arr1 = randn(n,m);
arr2 = randn(n,m);
res = sqrt( arr1.^2 + arr2.^2 );
The following program tests random_rayleigh by creating 20,0000 random samples, and
checking the mean and standard deviation of the distribution.
194
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
% Tell user
fprintf('Average = %.4f\n',ave);
fprintf('Std Dev = %.4f\n',sd);
% Create histogram
hist(dist,21);
title('\bfHistogram of random values');
xlabel('\bfValue');
ylabel('\bfCount');
>> test_random_rayleigh
Average = 1.2490
Std Dev = 0.6517
195
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.