The Contemporary World – Midterm Reviewer

GLOBALIZATION CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE DEFINITION OF

DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
 The mass media allow connections
among people, communities, and
countries all over the globe.
GLOBALIZATION
 The process of world shrinkage, of
distances getting shorter, things moving
closer(Thomas, Larsson, 2001)
GLOBALIZATION:
 broad and inclusive“globalization
means the onset of a borderless world”
(Ohmae, 1992)
 narrow and exclusive“include the
internationalizing of production, the new
international division of labor” (Robert
Cox, 2000)
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION

 The expansion and intensification of

social relations and consciousness
across world-time and across world-
space. (Manfred Steger)

 EXPANSION
 Refers to both the creation of
new social networks and the
multiplication of existing
“Globalization is a transplanetary process or a connections that cut across
set of process involving increasing liquidity and traditional political, economic,
the growing multidirectional flows of people, cultural, and geographic
objects, and information as well as the structures boundaries.
they encounter and create that are barriers to, or  INTENSIFICATION
expedite those flows…” (Ritzer, 2015)  Refers to the expansion,
stretching, and acceleration of
global networks.

WHY SPEND TIME STUDYING THE CONCEPT

OF GLOBALIZATION?

 The perspective of the person who

defines globalization shapes its
definition.
 Its reaches are wide and constantly
DIFFICULTY IN DEFINING GLOBALIZATION shifting.
 Globalization is a reality.

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METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
Solid and liquid, structures and flows
The metaphor that could best describe
globalization is liquidity.
FLOWS - The movement of people, things,
places, and information brought by the growing
“porosity” of global limitations.
GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
HOMOGENEITY
 The increasing sameness in the world
as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies expand
to create common practices, same
economies, and similar forms of
government.
MCDONALDIZATION
 the process by which Western societies
are dominated by the principles of fast
food restaurants involving the global
spread of rational systems
GROBALIZATION
 Process wherein nations and
corporations impose themselves on
geographic areas in order to gain profits,
and power.
HETEROGENEITY
 Pertains to the creation of various
cultural practices, new economies, and
political groups because of the
interaction of elements from different
societies in the world.
GLOCALIZATION
 The interpenetration of the global and
local resulting in unique outcomes in
different geographic areas (Giulianotti
and Robertson, 1997).
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
CORE: rich & developed states
PERIPHERY: poor & dependent states
SEMI-PERIPHERY: the ‘in-between;
semi-industrialised states
THEORY OF THE GLOBAL SYSTEM
The model involves TNPs at three
levels:
The economic - whose agent is
transnational capital;
The political - whose agent is a
transnational capitalist class (TCC);
The cultural - ideological - whose agent
is cultural elites.
NETWORK SOCIETY
 “Technologistic” approach to
globalization or “Age of information” or
“informationalism”
 Digital connectivity and empowerment of
the internet and the World Wide
WebGeneration Z or Gen Z (also known
as iGeneration or iGen and Post-
Millennials
LIBERALISMS - Welfare and freedom
POLITICAL REALISMS
 Power-Importance of sovereign states
(balance of power, dominant state at a
particular moment; consequent
interests)-Stressing the uneven nature
of globalization
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MARXISMS
 Class relations/conflict-Production,
distribution, (social class) emancipation-
Excessive emphasis on class (conflict)
CONSTRUCTIVISMS
 Transplanetary connectivity due to the
importance of symbols, language,
interpretation, etc. in constructing the
social world
POSTMODERNISMS
 Emphasize relativity or Subjectivism and
individuality
 Critique include universalist notions of
objective reality, morality and truth
FEMINISMS
 Subordination/marginalization of women
feminization of poverty
 According to study (Rios, 2015) women
are poorer than men in every state,
regardless of education or geographic
location.
ECLECTICISM
 Does not hold rigidly to a single
paradigm or set of assumptions, but
instead draws upon multiple theories
ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
 Started when our ancestors walked out
from their place to make lives better
through trade, missionary work,
adventures,conquest (Chanda,2007)
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
 Most significant event is the personal
decision of the Roman Emperor
Constantine to favour Christianity
 The spread of Islam expanded rapidly
after the death of Muhammad
through military conquests and trade
EUROPEAN COLONIAL CONQUESTS
 The European colonial period was the
era from the 15th century to 1914 when
countries such as Spain, Portugal,
Britain, Russia, Sweden, France, the
Netherlands, Germany, Italy and
Belgium established colonies outside
Europe.
COLONIALISM
 generally involves settlers as well as
much more formal mechanisms of
political control than those of
imperialism. It often entails the creation
by the colonial power in the country that
has been colonized of an administrative
apparatus to run its internal affairs,
including its settlements.
EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM
 state policy, practice, or advocacy of
extending power and dominion or by
gaining political and economic control of
other areas.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES
AS THE GLOBAL POWER
 American Century' to describe American
dominance throughout the 20th century.
THE EMERGENCE OF MUTINATIONAL
CORPORATIONS OR WORLDWIDE
ENTERPRISE
 a corporate organization that owns or
controls production of goods or services
in at least one country other than its
home country.
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THE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
WHAT IS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 Global governance refers to the system
of international cooperation and
decision-making mechanisms that help
address transnational issues and
manage global affairs.
 It involves the coordination of policies
and regulations among countries,
international organizations, and non-
state actors to tackle challenges such as
climate change, security threats, trade,
and human rights.
 Global governance aims to establish
rules, norms, and institutions that
promote stability, cooperation, and
mutual benefit in the interconnected
world, facilitating collective action to
address shared problems and promote
global well-being.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
 In an interconnected world, global
governance helps nations navigate
complex interdependencies, reduce
conflicts, and achieve common goals,
ultimately promoting the well-being of
people and the planet.
IT ESSENTIAL FOR THE FOLLOWING
REASONS:
 ADDRESSING GLOBAL
CHALLENGES
Many of the world's most pressing
issues, such as climate change,
pandemics, terrorism, and economic
instability, transcend national borders.
Promoting Peace and Security
Effective global governance
mechanisms, like the United Nations,
help prevent conflicts and maintain
international peace and security by
providing platforms for diplomatic
negotiations, peacekeeping operations,
and dispute resolution.
 ENSURING ECONOMIC STABILITY
-Global economic governance
institutions, such as the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Trade
Organization (WTO), help stabilize
economies, facilitate trade, and mitigate
financial crises by establishing rules and
guidelines for international economic
relations.
 PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS:
- Global governance helps uphold
universal human rights standards and
hold governments accountable for
human rights abuses.
PIECES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
United Nations (UN)
 established in 1945 and was
considered as one of the most
prominent examples of global
governance.
 Consists of several specialized
agencies and programs that
addresses multiple issues globally
including health, education, human
rights, climate change, and peace
and security.
World Health Organization (WHO)
 plays a crucial role in global health
affairs
 is responsible for addressing
pandemics, monitoring public health
concerns, research and providing
guidance to people.
International Labour Organization (ILO)
 addresses work-related issues like
worker’s rights, child labor and
forced labor
 sets labor standards globally and is
devoted on promoting labor rights
and social justice.
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 This is when the newly discovered

International Criminal Court(ICC)
 a permanent international court that
works on creating a safer world and has
an objective of holding individuals who
are responsible for serious international
crimes accountable.
 works by monitoring and investigating
crime against humanity, ware crimes
and crime of aggression and operates
independently of national legal systems.
lands outside europe were divided
into two the west belonging to the
crown of castile (now part of the
spain ) and the east belonging to the
portuguese empire.
WHY IS THIS PART OF THE GLOBAL
DIVIDE?
 Due to the Treaty of Tordesillas
THE COLD WAR

World Trade Organization(WTO)  The cold war between US and

 It is responsible for establishing rules for
trade negotiations, monitoring trade
policies and settles trade disputes for a
smoother trade flow without any
discrimination.
GLOBAL DIVIDE
GLOBALIZATION DIVIDES
 is about the different factors that
affect the improvements or
advancement of different places all
around the globe. There is pre-
division before world war I where
distance is no longer a problem or
issue
THE LATIN AMERICA
 Refers to countries that were colonized
by the spaniards in the american
continent.
USSR created the division between
the capitalist/democratic states and
the communist states.
THE GLOBAL NORTH AND SOUTH GAP
 This is the term used to describe the
economic gap between the rich
northern countries of the world and
the south poorer countries of the
world.
WHAT IS THE GLOBAL NORTH?
 This refers to the developed
societies of europe and north
america, which are characterized by
established democracy, wealth
technoloigical advancement, political
stability, aging population, and
dominance of trade and politics.

WHY IS LATIN AMERICA PART OF THE

GLOBAL DIVIDE?

 Historical Context
 Economic Inequality
 Political Instability
 Cultural Influences
 Migration and Brain Drain

WEST AND EAST IN 1494

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WHAT IS THE GLOBAL SOUTH? G8(Group of Eight)

 This refers to countries that are not  is an intergovernmental organization

as economically sound and made up of the world’s largest
politically stable as their global north developed economies:
counterparts.  Canada, Usa, United Kingdom,
France, Germany, Italy, Russia,
Japan

P5(Permanent Members of the United

Nations Security Council)

 is group of 5 countries permanent

seats on the United Nation
Security Council. These countries
have special privileges, including the
ability to veto resolutions
 China, United Kingdom, France,
Russia, USA

What makes lessen the gap between global

north and global south?

 Education is one of the most

important ways to shorten the gap
between the global north and the
global south. A well-educated
population is essential for economic
growth, social development, and
poverty reduction.
Due to the north and south divide, the
ASIAN REGIONALISM
division of country has occured
WHAT IS REGIONALISM?

 Regionalism is a functional elation

that bundles multiple nations with
political, economic and cultural,
often based on the geographical
advantage.
 It is a political ideology that favors a
specific region over a greater area.

THREE CONCEPTS OF REGIONALISM

 Region as geographical unit

 Region as social system

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 Region as organized cooperation of development to flying geese.

SIGNIFICANCE OF REGIONALISM
The following are considered as significant REGIONALIZATION VS.GLOBALIZATION
ingredients of regionalism:
REGIONALIZATION - the process of dividing an
area into smaller segments called regions or the
division of nation into states and provinces.

GLOBALIZATION - a process by which people

of the world are unified into a single society and
function together.

REGIONALIZATION

 process of division of a nation into states

or provinces.
 a region tries to integrate itself, but then
puts up barriers against the rest of the
world.

Why countries form regional organization?

It is a way of coping with the challenges of
globalization.

 Military Defence
 Economic Crisis
 Resources
 Protection Independence

ASIAN REGIONALISM

 a product of economic interaction

between Asian countries.
 Asian economies have grown not only
richer, but also closer together.
 New technological trends have further
strengthened ties among them, as have Three (3) Factors Leading to Greater
the rise of China and India and the integration
region’s growing weight in the global 1. TRADE
economy. 2. SIMILAR CULTURES
3. COMMON GOALS
 In the early stages of Asia’s economic
4. MUTUAL BENEFITS
takeoff, regional integration proceeded
5. SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS
slowly. East Asian economies focused
6. TRADE AGREEMENT
on exporting to developed country
markets.
 The Japanese economist Akamatsu
(1962) famously compared this pattern

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THE GLOBAL MIGRATION
 Refers to the movement of individuals or
groups of people across international
borders, involving a change in their
country of residence or nationality.
 It involves the relocation of people from
one country to another, either
permanently or temporarily, driven by
various factors such as economic
opportunities, family reunification, or
asylum-seeking due to conflict or
persecution.
HISTORY OF GLOBAL MIGRATION
PREHISTORIC
 Around 60,000 to 70,000 years ago
 “The Great Human Migration”
Modern humans began migrating
out of Africa in search of better living
conditions: food, space and relative
safety.
ANCIENT
 70 A.D.
 “Jewish Diaspora”
 Jews fled their ancestral homeland
and became dispersed all over the
world when the Romans started to
systematically drove them after the
destruction of their temple and
Jerusalem.
AGE OF EXPLORATION AND
COLONIZATION
1500s – mid 19th Century
 European powers embarked on
journeys to discover new lands,
leading to colonization and large-
scale migrations of Europeans to the
Americas, Africa, Asia, and
Oceania.
16th – 19th Century
 “Slave Trade”
 It is one of the largest global
migrations in human history. During
this period, around thirty million
Africans were forcibly deported from
Africa and enslaved in other regions
of the world.
INDUSTRIALIZATION
 1800s – 1930
 “Migration to the New World”
 European migrants who sought to
escape poverty in their home
countries, and motivated by the
prospect of economic opportunity
settled in the newly industrialized
Americas and the former colonies in
the New World.
PRE-WORLD WAR 2
 1933 – 1939
 “Jewish Persecution”
 Jews living in Nazi Germany faced
increasing discrimination, violence,
and persecution, which led them
fleeing the country en mass to seek
refuge in other countries.
POST-WORLD WAR 2
 1948
 “Establishment of the State of Israel”
Jews who survived the Holocaust in
Europe, as well as those who
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sought refuge in Asia, Africa, and
the Americas, returned to their
homeland after almost 2000 years of
diaspora.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MIGRANTS
Migrants -a person who moves from outside
their country of origin. These migrants are
sometimes categorized into “vagabonds” and “
tourist”( Bauman, 1998).
Vagabonds - are on the move because they
have to be. They are not faring well in their
home countries and are forced to move in the
hope that their circumstances will improve.
Tourist - on the other hand, are on the move
because they want to be and they can afford it.
Asylum seekers - are refugees who seek to
remain in the country to which they flee.
- who hasn't yet been legally recognized
as a refugee.
Refugees- are vagabonds forced to flee their
home countries due to safety concerns ( fear
from persecution). (Haddad,2003)
- fear of persecution for reasons of race,
religion, nationality, political opinion or
membership in a particular social group.
DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATION OF MIGRANTS
 Asylum Seekers
Seeking Refuge: Asylum seekers
are refugees who have applied for
asylum in a host country, seeking
protection and refuge from
persecution or harm.
Recognition Process: They
request that the host government
officially recognizes them as
refugees, which involves a legal
process to determine their eligibility
for asylum.
Asylees and Protection: If granted
asylum, these individuals become
asylees and receive the legal
protections and rights associated
with refugee status in the host
country.
 Labor Migration- is driven by push
factors ( lack of employment
opportunities in home countries) as
well as pull factors ( work available
elsewhere). It involves the flow of
less-skilled and skilled workers, as
well as illegal migrants who lived
in the margins of the host society
( Landler,2007).
CAUSE, EFFECTS, AND
CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL
MIGRATION
CAUSES OF GLOBAL MIGRATION
PUSH FACTORS
 Extreme Weather: Droughts and
other extreme weather events can
force people to migrate due to the
impact on agriculture and
livelihoods.
 Lack of Economic or Social
Opportunities: Limited
opportunities for work and education
in their home region can push
individuals to seek better prospects
elsewhere.
 Lack of Safety: Factors like war,
threats to life, and persecution
create an environment where people
feel compelled to flee for their
safety.
PULL FACTORS
 Improved Job or Economic
Opportunities: The promise of
higher income and better job
prospects attracts individuals to
migrate in search of economic
stability and prosperity.
 Better Healthcare: Access to
improved healthcare facilities and
services can be a strong pull factor
for migrants seeking better health
outcomes.
 Equality (Gender): Societies with
greater gender equality may attract
individuals, especially women,
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seeking more equal opportunities
and rights.
 Better Political Conditions: Stable
political environments and greater
political freedoms in host countries
can draw migrants in search of
safety and security.
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION
CULTURE AND DIVERSITY
Cultural Exchange: Migration can lead to
the exchange of beliefs, values, traditions,
food, music, religion, art, dress, and
language between different cultures.
Increased Diversity: Migration, especially
international migration, can increase the
cultural diversity of a host country, enriching
its social fabric.
New Market Opportunities: The
introduction of new cultures can create
opportunities for new products and services
in the host country, stimulating economic
growth.
Positive Impact: Greater cultural diversity
can have positive impacts on the host
nation, including enhanced cultural
understanding and a broader range of
cultural experiences.
ASSIMILATION
Integration Process: Assimilation is the
gradual process of migrants integrating
into the host country's society and
culture over time.
Varied Rates: Assimilation rates can
vary widely and depend on factors such
as the similarity between migrants and
local populations and the presence of
tensions or barriers to integration.
Cultural Exchange: While migrants
integrate into the host culture, they may
also influence and enrich the local
culture through the introduction of new
customs and traditions.
Social Harmony: Successful
assimilation can contribute to social
harmony and cohesion in the host
country, reducing potential conflicts
arising from cultural differences.
CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL MIGRATION
CULTURAL CLASH
Differences in Values: Migrants may bring
different cultural values and characteristics
compared to the host nation, leading to
tensions and conflicts due to these
differences.
Cultural Conflict: These clashes of values
and norms are often referred to as cultural
clashes or cultural conflicts, which can strain
relations between migrants and the host
population.
DISCRIMINATION
Ethnic, Religious, or Cultural Differences:
International migration can create
opportunities for discrimination when
migrants have distinct ethnicities, religious
practices, or cultural characteristics that
differ from those of the host nation.
Language Barriers: Language differences
can also contribute to discrimination,
affecting migrants in various aspects of their
daily lives, both directly and indirectly.
SEGREGATION
Ethnic and Racial Segregation: Migration
may result in racial or ethnic segregation,
where different groups live separately due to
differences in race or cultural background.
Residential Patterns: In urban areas,
segregation can manifest through
designated neighborhoods for specific ethnic
or racial groups, influenced by various
factors, including preferences and treatment
of migrants.
SMUGGLING
Illegal Immigration Services: Smuggling
involves the provision of illegal services by
individuals or groups, often referred to as
smugglers or coyotes, to help potential
migrants cross international borders.
No Guarantee of Safety: Smugglers assist
migrants in circumventing immigration laws,
but the process is illegal and may not
guarantee the safety or well-being of the
migrants during their journey.
Focus on Border Crossing: Smuggling
primarily revolves around assisting migrants
in crossing borders and evading immigration
controls.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Forced Labor or Exploitation: Human
trafficking involves the coercion or force of
people, including migrants, into various
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forms of exploitation, such as unpaid forced

labor or sex work.
Exploitation and Captivity: Victims of
human trafficking are often subjected to
exploitation and may be held captive, forced
to work, or subjected to various forms of
abuse.
Not Exclusive to Smuggling: While human
trafficking can result from smuggling, it is not
limited to cases involving smuggled
migrants; it can occur independently and
domestically.

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