COLLECTION OF

SOLID WASTE
 Waste generation

Reduction, handling,
storage, separation,
processing at source

Collection

Separation,
Transfer &
transformation &
Transport
Recovery

Disposal
 WASTE COLLECTION
Other than final disposal, collection is one of the major cost element in solid
waste management system - typically 50-70% of the total, whereas its
efficient management can result in significant cost savings.

Solid waste collection system involves collection of waste from its various
sources or from communal storage facilities and transportation of this waste
into collection vehicles.

Collection includes:
• picking up MSW from sources
• hauling to the emptying location
• emptying of the truck or container
ROLES OF SUSTAINABLE
MSW COLLECTION
Technical role: the way how waste is collected can influence its
properties and, consequently, the waste treatment technologies.
Environmental role: besides recycling, MSW collection has
been conducted to reduce fuel consumption or with the intention
to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
Social role: MSW collection is the municipality identity. Without
an appropriate communication, all the effort in promoting waste
source separation can fail.
Economic role: MSW collection is an expensive component of
ISWM, regarding investment costs (vehicles fleet) and
operational costs (fuel, maintenances)
Legal role: in order to fulfill policy and legal provisions adopted
on waste.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
COLLECTION SYSTEM
1. Primary collection (upstream)
involves the transportation of collected waste from or near the
source of generation by external stakeholders (could involves
transportation) to communal collection bins or points.

2. Secondary collection (downstream)

It involves the collection of waste from communal bins,
storage points or transfer station and transportation to the
final disposal site.
THE CHOICE OF COLLECTION
POINTS MOSTLY DEPENDS ON

• Access to the property (housing).

• Physical characteristics of the property.
• Availability of waste management resources.
• The common collection services available to
particular types of properties/countries.
COLLECTION SCHEME
Solid waste collection systems are classified on the
basis of the availability of collection services, the mode
of operation and type of waste materials collected.
the basis of availability of services is categorized into
four groups:

• Communal system
• Block system
• Curbside/ Alley collection
• Door- to -door collection
 Garbage House mcm dekat KK2

COMMUNAL SYSTEM
This system is common where cost savings is more important
than service provision, as this system reduces considerably the
no. of collection points.
Mostly depends on public-co-operation, in this system waste
generators are responsible for bringing their waste to
communal collection points or bins.
disadvantages of this system is that containers or collection
points are located in a public place which may leads to
indiscriminate disposal of waste outside the container.
Sometime communal points are for a selected fraction of waste
materials such as bulky items (furniture or household electrical
appliances) & garden waste which are not collected at
generation sites.
BLOCK COLLECTION
Waste generators are responsible for bringing their waste
to collection vehicles at the time of collection.
The collection vehicles (vehicles follow are predetermined
route at prescribed intervals) generally stop at all street
intersections or selected collection points & a bell is rung
on their arrival so people can bring their waste to the
collection vehicles.
This system has low to medium labor and vehicle
productivity, but it minimizes the spread of waste on
streets.
CURBSIDE/ALLEY
COLLECTION METHOD
Waste generators place the waste containers or bags
(sacks) on the curb or in the alley on a specific day (or
specific days) for collection.
Waste generators retrieve their containers from the curb or
alley after the waste has been collected or may place their
storage container permanently at the curb.
A regular and well-organized collection service is essential
so that generators know exactly when to leave out their
waste.
DOOR- TO-DOOR
COLLECTION
Generators place waste containers at their intermediate vicinity of
their property on a specific day (or days) for collection.
The collection crews enters each property takes out the
containers or bags & if appropriate sets the containers back after
emptying waste into collection.
This system involves increased labor costs as it involves
entering all premises.
In dustbin exchange system, each member of collection crews
starts the day with a clean standard bin, which is taken to and
deposited at the first property. The full containers is carried out &
emptied into the collection vehicle, & this empty bin is then taken
into the next property. it maximizes the productivity of crew.
COMPARISON OF VARIOUS
METHODS OF SOLID WASTE
COLLECTION
TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEM
Collection methods on the basis of mode of operation may be broadly
categorized into two systems
1. Hauled containers
In this system an empty container (known as a drop-off box) is
hauled to the storage site to replace the container that is full of
waste, which is then hauled to the processing point, transfer station or
disposal site.

2. Stationary containers
In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the
point of collection. The collection vehicles generally stop alongside
the storage containers and collection crews loads the waste from the
storage containers into the collection vehicles and then transport the
waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site.
FREQUENCY OF
WASTE COLLECTION
The frequency of waste collection by external stakeholders greatly
influences the waste collection costs and depends on a no. of
factors such as:

• Quantity of waste
• Rate of generation
• Characteristics of waste
• Climate
• Density & type of housing
• Availability of space within the
premises
• Size & type of storage facilities
• Attitude of generators
• Available resources
TERMS OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS
TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Hauled Container System
The time required for a trip is the sum of the pickup time, the time on site
and the haul time.
Thcs = σ𝑛𝑖=1 PThcs + q + hhcs
Where,
• PThcs = pick-up time per trip for hauled container system, h/trip
• q = at-site time per trip, h/trip
• hhcs = Haul time = m + nx, h/ trip
• m= empirical haul constant, h/ trip
• n = empirical haul constant, h/ km
• x = round- trip haul distance, km/trip
TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Hauled Container System
PThcs = the time spent picking up the loaded container, the time required to
redeposit the container after its contents have been emptied and the time
spent driving to the next container.
PThcs = pc + uc + dbc
where,
pc = pick-up time per trip, h/trip
uc = time required to unload empty container, h/trip
dbc = average time spent driving between container locations, h/ trip(
determined locally)
TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Hauled Container System
Haul time (hhcs): the time required to reach the disposal site, starting after
a container whose contents are to be emptied has been loaded on the
truck plus the time after leaving the disposal site until the truck arrive the
location where the empty container is to be re-deposited. Time spent at
the disposal site is not included.
hhcs = m + nx
Where,
m= empirical haul constant, h/ trip
n = empirical haul constant, h/ km
x = round- trip haul distance, km/trip
TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Hauled Container System
Md = The number of trips that can be made per vehicle per day with a
hauled container system, including a factor to account for off-route
activities, is determined using equation,

1−𝑤 𝐿−(𝑡1+𝑡2)
Md=
𝑇ℎ𝑐𝑠
Where,
Md = no. of trips per day, trip /d
L= length of the working day, h/d
W = off-route factor, expressed as a fraction
t1 = time from garage/initial location to the first container location, h
t2 = time from the last container location to garage/initial location, h
 TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Hauled Container System
Assuming that the number of containers to be emptied per week is known, the
time required per week can be estimated by
Nw x Thcs
Dw=
(1− W ) x L

W = off-route factor, expressed as a fraction

L= length of the working day, h/d

If weekly number of trips is unknown, it can be estimated as follows:

Nw = Vw /Cf
Nw = number of trips per week, trip/ wk
Vw = weekly waste generation rate , m3 / wk
C = average container size carried per trip, m3 / trip
f = weighed average container utilization factor
 TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Hauled Container System

PThcs + q
t1

t2
Hhcs
TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Stationary Container System
Tscs , Time required per trip, for stationary container system

Tscs = PTscs + q + t3
Where,
PTscs = pick-up time per trip for stationary container system, h/trip
q = at-site time per trip, h/trip
t3 =
TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Stationary Container System
PTscs = the time spent in loading the collection vehicle, beginning with the
stopping of the vehicle prior to loading the contents of the first container
and ending when the last container to be emptied have been loaded.

PTscs = Ctuc + (Ct -1)(dbc)

Where,
Ct= Number of container emptied per trip, h/trip
uc= average time required to unload container, h/container
dbc = average time spent driving between container locations, h/ location
TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Stationary Container System
The number of containers that can be emptied per collection trip (Ct) is
related directly to the volume of the collection vehicle and the compaction
ratio that can be achieved. This number is given by:

Ct = Vv r / VC f
Where,
Vv = volume of collection vehicle, m3/trip
Vc = container volume , m3/container
r = compaction factor
f = weighted container utilization factor, or 1- excess capacity
TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Stationary Container System
The number of trips required per day, trips/d
Mdc = Vd/ Vv r
Where,
Mdc = number of collection trips required per day, trips/d .
Vv = volume of collection vehicle, m3 /trip
Vd = daily waste generation rate, m3 /d
r= compaction factor

L = length of the working day, h/d

(t1+t2) + Mdc (Tscs)
L=
1− W
 TIME REQUIRED PER TRIP
Stationary Container System
PTscs + q

t3

t1

t2
TYPICAL VALUES FOR HAUL
CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS, M AND N
q
EXAMPLES
Consider the following data for a municipal waste collection system:
• Travel time garage to first container =15 min.
• Time back to garage= 20 min.
• Compaction ratio = 4
• Time loading per stop = 1min.
• Weighted container utilization factor, f = 0.67
• Off-route factor, w = 0.15
• Quantity of daily collected wastes= 150 m3/day
• Container capacity =10 m3/container
• Times per trip = 3 hrs/trip
• Daily working hours = 7 hours / day

How much truck need to collect the above waste based on

stationary container system?
 EXAMPLES
Based on traffic studies at similar parks, it is estimated that the average
time to drive from the garage to the first container location and from the
last container location to the garage each day will be 15 and 20 min,
respectively.

Two trucks are being considered:

Truck volume (m3) 15 27

Off-route factor, w 0.15 0.15
Times per trip , hrs/trip 4 4.5
Solid waste generation per day, ton 7 8.5
Density of solid waste, kg/m3 35 35

How many hours per day would each truck and crew have to operate
to fill the trucks each day for Hauled Container System?
 EXAMPLES
Based on traffic studies at similar parks, it is estimated that the average
time to drive from the garage to the first container location and from the
last container location to the garage each day will be 15 and 20 min,
respectively.

Two trucks are being considered:

Truck volume (m3) 15 27

Off-route factor, w 0.15 0.15
Times per trip , hrs/trip 4 4.5
Solid waste generation per day, ton 7 8.5
Density of solid waste, kg/m3 35 35

How many hours per day would each truck and crew have to operate
to fill the trucks each day for Hauled Container System?
TYPE OF COLLECTION
VEHICLES
Some of these vehicles have been specially designed for this purpose, while
others modified.

Most vehicles depended on types of collection bodies adapted and available with a
compaction mechanism, can be divided into 2 main categories

• Compaction vehicle (3-5 tons)

• Container hauling system
COLLECTION
VEHICLES
The general considerations for selecting a suitable vehicle are

1. Territory- hilly, plain land, density of housing

2. Type of properties - Low, medium, high – rise. etc
3. Quantity of waste- rate of generation and frequency of
collection
4. Waste characteristics- constituents, abrasive, dense,
low-density
5. Technical - availability of skilled labor for operation and
maintenance
6. Cost- capital, operation, and maintenance cost
COLLECTION
VEHICLES
The general considerations for selecting a suitable vehicle are

7. Transport regulation - permitted maximum load

8. Load capacity - the amount of waste that can be carried by
vehicles.
9. Travel distance - distance to communal/transfer station or final
disposal
10.Integration - possibility of integration with existing practices
11.Performance - convenience( loading height), material loading/
unloading efficiency, minimize overall maintenance costs.
12.Operating dimensions, and turning radius, safety mechanism
13.Access road- width of road, type of surface, corner radius,
maneuvering space
14.Traffic levels- vehicles should be harmonious with existing
traffic
EXAMPLE
A new household area serves about 800 homes. The average
occupancy is 3 cap/house.
The director of public works wants to know how many compactor
truck needed for collection of once per week.

Compactor truck capacity = 4 tonne

Assume compacted waste = dry weight
Ignore excess capacities

Organic Paper Plastic Glass Metal Textiles Wood Yard Others

Waste
45 23 4 4 2 3 3 13 3

Waste composition (% by weight)

COLLECTION SYSTEMS
ECONOMICS
Labor requirements
• Productivity/efficiency of worker on collection routes
• Parameters: crew size, service time, travel time, time at
discharge site, manual vs automated collection, route & vehicle
congestion, space availability on route
Collection costs
• Include: equipment's capital & maintenance costs, labor costs
COLLECTION ROUTES
Use a heuristic (common sense), trial and error approach consistent
with the philosophy of collecting the most waste with least
resources in the context of constraints such as equipment
breakdowns, holidays and vacations, good labor practices and
the following guidelines:

• Crew size and vehicles must be known and coordinated.

• Routes should begin and end near highways
• Start at the top of a hill and work downward.
• Last collection point should be near disposal site.
• Traffic problems should be dealt with early in the morning.
• Extremely large load should be dealt with early in the morning.
COLLECTION ROUTES
Layout of Collection Routes
• Location maps showing
data concerning the
sources including location,
number of containers
(GIS useful for large cities)
• Topographic, physical &
political boundaries
should be route
boundaries.
• Identification of existing
policies as regard
collection and its frequency.
• Data analysis, try to
balance the routes in
accordance with pickups
and time.
COLLECTION ROUTES
Assessment of route overlap
COLLECTION ROUTES
Mapping the routes
COLLECTION ROUTE
OPTIMIZATION
Economic perspective: The minimization of distance,
costs, time and vehicle, the maximization of route
compactness.

Environmental perspective: Minimization of carbon

emission and energy usage.

Social perspective: Balance work among workers or

equity, and safety
CONSTRAINTS
Capacity constraint: the capacity of a vehicle is limited
Labor constraints: the duration of the shift of each crew has to
be taken into account
Demand constraints: more than unusual volume
Environmental constraints: noise control, traffic congestion, and
hazardous materials;
Political constraints: certain recycling percentages are imposed
by law
Time constraints: time windows imposed by law
Navigation constraints: forbidden turns such as addresses one-
way streets or streets that are too small
GIS-BASED TOOLS FOR
OPTIMIZATION OF COLLECTION
AND TRANSPORT
OPTIMIZED ROUTE
USING GIS
DATA IMPORTANT FOR
GIS
• Bins: for each bin its type, location, associated stop point of
the vehicle, waste type, mass and volume of the waste, service
time, and the required time interval between visits.
• Stop points: a stopping point is a location where the vehicle is
parked for loading or unloading.
• Distance and time matrices: distance and drive time for
paths connecting the stop points.
• Vehicles: for each vehicle, the volume and weight capacities
for different waste types.
• Facilities: the depot and waste disposal sites location, facility
type (depot or waste disposal site), service time, and operating
time windows.
EXAMPLE

; 1.6 kg/person . d

; 20 m3

; 325 kg/m3
Residences = 332
Volume of waste per week = 40m3
Trip/wk = 2
Average residences covered per trip = 166
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