ORAL COMMUNICATION | GRADE 11
MESSAGE
Definitions of Communication:
• The process of understanding and
sharing meaning. (Pearson, Nelson
2000)
• The flow of information from one (1)
person to another. According to Axley
(1984) cited in Dainton & Zelley
(2015)
• It viewed it as one (1) activity among
many others, such as planning,
controlling, and managing. (Deetz,
1994)
• It is a complex process associated with
sending, receiving, and interpreting
messages. Also, it is the art and
process if creating and sharing ideas
(McPheat, 2010).
Communication Principles: (Adler &
Elmhorst, 2012)
1. Communication is unavoidable
2. Communication operates on two
levels:
Two kinds of messages:
• Content messages
• Relational messages
a. Affinity
b. Control
c. Respect
3. Communication is irreversible
4. Communication is a process
5. Communication is not a panacea
Elements of Communication:
1. SENDER
- this is the person that initiates the
process. The sender delivers or
transmits ideas to the receiver.
2.
- this is the idea encoded by the sender.
- The message entails both (a) the content
(the ideas) (b) structure (the
formulation of the ideas.
3. CHANNEL
- it is the medium or vehicle through which
the message is sent. It may be verbal or
visual.
4. RECEIVER
- it is the target of the communication. The
destination of the message—the listener
that decodes the messages transmitted by
the sender.
5. FEEDBACK
- it is the reaction of the listener to the
sender of the message.
- It is what completes the communication.
6. CONTEXT
• it is the setting and the situation in
which communication takes place.
7. NOISE
• it is the interference that affects
the message being sent, received,
or understood.
Models of Communication:
• Aristotle Model
- Speaker-centered model
- Primary elements: speaker, speech,
occasion, audience, and effect.
- This model shows communication process
as one-way, from speaker to receiver.
- This process of communication can be
used to develop public speaking skills and
create a propaganda.
- Example: During a meeting, the President
orders the Coast Guard to capture, not to
kill poachers venturing in local waters.
Speaker: the President
Speech: about his order regarding
poachers
Occasion: meeting
Audience: members of the Coast Guard
Effect: capture the poachers instead of
killing them
• Berlo’s SMCR Model
- David Berlo, an American Communication
Theorist, adapted this model from Shannon
and Weaver's Model (1949), where it
focuses on encoding and decoding which
happens before the sender sends the
message and before receiver receives the
message. Each of the four (4) main
components of this model is affected by
five (5) factors.
- Communication Skills: an individual must
possess excellent communication skills to
make his communication effective and
create an impact among listeners.
- Attitude: start with a smile, present eye
contact, know your limitations, and be
authentic to show your audience that you
care about the topic.
- Knowledge: as a speaker you must always
prepared to questions from the audience.
- Social System: suitability of the topic to
your audience and the amount of
information you can access.
- Content: message
- Structure: organized
- Code: body language
• Laswells's Model
- According to Harold Laswell, a convenient
way to describe an act of communication is
to answer the following questions: "Who?",
"Says what?", "In which channel?", "To
Whom?", and "With what effect?"
• Shannon-Weaver's Model
- Also known as 'Mathematical Theory of
Communication’, this model was created by
the American mathematician Claude Elwood
Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver
model deals with various concept like
information source, transmitter, channel,
noise, information destination, encoder,
and decoder.
- Example: Mr. Lim phoned his assistant and
said, "Come in the office, I want to see
you." Unfortunately, due to the noise of his
colleagues, his assistant only heard the
phrase "I want." Then, the assistant
replied, "What do you want Mr. Lim?"
Sender: Mr. Lim
Message: "Come in the office, I want to see
you."
Encoder: Mr. Lim
Channel: Telephone and Cable
Noise: Noise of the assistant's colleagues
 Receiver: Assistant Message received: "I
want."
Feedback: "What do you want Mr. Lim?"
• Schramm's Interactive Model
• According to Wilbur Schramm, the
communication is a two-way process where
both sender and receiver take turns to
send and receive a message.
Types of Communication:
1. Verbal Communication: It refers to the
sharing of information between individuals
by using speech. Verbal communication
can be spoken words or written.
• Written Communication: It refers to printed
messages such as memos, proposals,
emails, letters, etc. They may be printed on
paper, handwritten, or appear on the screen.
2. Nonverbal Communication: It refers to
messages expressed by other than
linguistic means (Adler & Elmhorst, 2012)
• Nonverbal cues: Body language, eye contact,
facial expressions, and space convey a lot of
meaning.
• Personal appearance: appearance can
indicate our profession. It can tell the
interest and your taste.
• Haptics (touch language): refers to
intensions and feelings whether positive or
negative like brushing arms, high five,
tapping shoulder.
• Chronemics: time language
• Paralanguage: attributes in speaking the
pitch, tone, and voice.
Etiquette and Ethics in Communication:
• Etiquette: the customary code of polite
behavior in society or among members of a
particular profession or group. Good
behavior which distinguishes human beings
from animals; protocols, manner.
• Ethics - moral principles that govern a
person's behavior or the conducting of an
activity; morality.
Communication Etiquette (Giang, 2013):
• Phone
1. Be aware of your speaking volume.
Speak calmly. You don't want to
sound as if you are shouting to the
person on the other side of the line.
2. Don't answer your phone or place
your phone on the table when
meeting with others. If you answer a
call, you're basically telling the person
you're meeting that someone else is
more deserving of your time than they
are.
3. Let the other person know when you
have them on speakerphone. As a
sign of courtesy, ask the permission
of the person you are talking with if
you will put him/her on speakerphone.
• E-mail
1. Use a professional email address.
Never use email addresses that are
not appropriate for workplace such as
"bHosxzmh4ph4gm4h41@gmail.com"
or mr_pogi@yahoo.com.
2. Use exclamation points sparingly. If
you choose to use an exclamation
point, use only one (1) to convey
excitement.
3. Think twice before hitting "reply all."
No one (1) wants to read emails that
have nothing to do with them.
 4. Be cautious with humor. What may be
funny when said out loud can come
across differently when written
• Texting and Instant Messaging (IM)
1. You should know the person. If you
know the person through social media
but never actually met them, you
shouldn't IM them.
2. Keep the conversation short. If the
message will require the receiver to
take time to think about their
response, you might want to send an
email or call them instead.
3. Never send bad news via IM. IM is too
casual as a medium to have an
important conversation, particularly
one (1) that's negative.
4. Be careful with abbreviations.
Shortcuts are more common today,
but make sure it's appropriate for you
to be that informal.
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION:
• Globalization: lt is the process of
interaction and integration among the
people, companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment and
aided by information technology.
• Intercultural Communication: it refers to the
process of interpreting and sharing
meanings with individuals from different
cultures. There are different forms of
intercultural communication namely:
According to Guydkunst. W. & Y. Kim
(1992) cited in Gamble, T. & Gamble M.
(2013)
1. Interracial Communication - interpreting
and sharing meanings with individuals from
different races
Example: Kekou-Kela
o In China, it means “a female horse
stuffed with wax.”
2. Interethnic Communication - interaction
with individuals of different ethnic origins.
3. International Communication -
Communication between persons
representing different nations.
4. Intracultural Communication – interaction
with members of the same racial or ethnic
group or co-culture as yours;
o Culture: system of knowledge, beliefs,
values, customs, behaviors, and
artifacts that are acquired, shared,
and used by its members during daily
living.
o Co-culture: composed of members of
the same general culture who differ in
some ethnic or sociological way from
the parent culture.
Effects of Globalization in Communication:
1. Availability of Information. Through the
world-wide-web and other communication
technologies, the economic and cultural
barriers are continuously minimized.
Information can now be easily accessed
and spread in different countries not only
through traditional mass media such as
television and newspaper but also through
the Internet.
2. Improved Business Conduct. Globalization
has influenced global communication
implementing new techniques for business
conduct amor workers at international
corporations. Long-distance travels al no
longer necessary for business people
should they require meeting with a partner
overseas. Furthermore, internet technology
makes it possible to exchange business
information and conduct video
conferences. Additionally, enhanced
communication allows businesses to
promote their products more efficiently on
the international market.
 5. Past tense verbs: You will also find
3. Increased Social Awareness. Social media some small differences with past
platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and forms of irregular verbs. For example,
Twitter, became the fastest way to express, the past tense of learn in American
communicate, gain knowledge, and inform. English is learned. British English has
the option of learned or learnt. The
Intercultural Communication-American and same rule applies to dreamed and
British English: dreamt, burned and burnt, leaned and
leant.
5 Differences Between British and American
6. Spelling: You can see Webster’s
English:
legacy in the American spelling of
1. Vocabulary: The most noticeable
words like color (from colour), honor
difference between American and
(from honour), and labor (from
British English is vocabulary. There
labour). Webster dropped the letter u
are hundreds of everyday words that
from these words to make the spelling
are different. For example, Brits call
match the pronunciation. For example,
the front of a car the bonnet, while
in British English and other varieties,
Americans call it the hood.
the spelling “practise" is used as a
2. Collective nouns: There are a few
verb and the spelling practice is used
grammatical differences between the
as a noun. American English uses
two (2) varieties of English. Let’s start
practice as both the noun and verb
with collective nouns. We use
form.
collective nouns to refer to a group of
individuals. In American English,
Denotation and Connotation:
collective nouns are singular. For
example, staff refers to a group of • Denotation: is the precise, literal definition
employees; band refers to a group of of a word that might be found in a
musicians; team refers to a group of dictionary.
athletes. Americans would say, “The • Connotation: refers to the wide array of
band is good.” positive and negative associations that
3. Collective nouns: But in British most words naturally carry with them.
English, collective nouns can be
singular or plural. For example, you
might hear someone from Britain say,
“The team are playing tonight” or
“The team is playing tonight.”
4. Auxiliary verbs: Let’s look at the
auxiliary verb shall. Brits sometimes
use shall to express the future. For
example, “I shall go home now.”
Americans know what shall means but
rarely use it in conversation. It seems
very formal. Americans would
probably use “I will go home now.”