Cell injury

Pathology team-New Mansoura

University
 Outlines
• Introduction
• Causes of cell injury
• Cellular adaptation.
 What is pathology?
• Scientific study of diseases.

• A bridge between basic science and clinical

practice.
 Disease
• Definition.
• Incidence.
• Etiology.
• Pathogenesis.
• Structural changes ( N/E & M/E).
• Functional changes.
• Prognosis.
• Management
Cell injury
 Cell Injurious
hemostasis agent
Etiology
 Injurious agents
• Physical.
• Chemical.
• Infectious agent
• Immunological
• Nutritional
 Physical agents
• Trauma.
• Hypoxia.
• Free radicals.
• Excess heat or cold.
• Radiation.
 Chemical agents
• Toxins.
• Poisons.
• Drugs.
 Nutritional agents
• Starvation.
• Debilitating diseases : T.B,
malignancy.
 Infectious agents
• Bacteria.
• Viruses.
• Fungi.
• Parasites.
 Adaptation.

Reversible
injury.

Irreversible
injury.
Adaptation
 Adaptation
• Hyperplasia
• Hypertrophy.
• Atrophy.
• Metaplasia.
 Hyperplasia
• Increase in cell number.
• Only in labile and stable cells.
• Physiological:
- Hyperplasia of female breast : puberty and
lactation.
• Pathological:
- Skin or mucous membrane ulcer.
- Gingival hyperplasia in case of malfitted tooth.
 Hypertrophy
• Increase in cell size.
• Physiological:
- Muscle hypertrophy in athletes.
• Pathological:
- Left ventricular hypertrophy in systemic
hypertension.
 Atrophy
• Decrease in cell size &/or number.
• Physiological:
- Uterus atrophy: after labor.
• Pathological:
- Ischemic atrophy.
- Pressure atrophy.
- Disuse atrophy: after bone fracture.
 Metaplasia
• Change of one type of tissue to another type of
same category.i.e. epithelium to epithelium or
C.T to C.T.
Examples:
• Intestinal metaplasia of esophagus in reflux
esophagitis.
• Squamous metaplasia of urinary bladder in
bilharziasis.
• Squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium
in smokers.
• Introduction
• Causes of cell injury
• Cellular adaptation.
Thank

You!