Principles of Animal Physiology Canadian 3rd Edition Moyes Test Bank

Principles of Animal Physiology
Canadian 3rd Edition Moyes Test Bank

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Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)
Chapter 6 Cellular Movement and Muscles
1) Which of the following is a motor protein?

A) myosin
B) microtubules
C) microfilaments
D) intermediate filaments
Answer: A
Page Ref: 209
2) Which of the following types of movement may NOT require use of a motor protein?
A) muscle contraction
B) flagellar movement
C) vesicle transport
D) amoeboid movement
Answer: D
Page Ref: 209
3) Microtubules are strings of tubulin proteins that are formed from a

A) dimer of α-tubulin.
B) single string of α-tubulin.
C) dimer of one α-tubulin and one β-tubulin.
D) hexamer of α-tubulins and β-tubulins twisted together.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 212
4) Microtubule growth will stop if

A) concentration of tubulin drops below a critical point.
B) cholchicine binds to free tubulin.
C) GTP on the β-tubulin is hydrolyzed.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 213-214
5) The microtubule disruptor, vinblastine

A) is derived from the autumn crocus.
B) kills dividing tumor cells by disrupting the mitotic spindle.
C) kills cells that line blood vessels, thus cutting off blood flow to tumors.
D) B and C
Answer: D
Page Ref: 215
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-1

6) __________ vesicles are transported to the membrane by the motor protein __________.
A) Filled; kinesin
B) Filled; dynein
C) Empty; kinesin
D) Empty; dynein
Answer: A
Page Ref: 216
7) Kinesin-associated proteins have the ability to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) affect kinetics of movement.
B) affect the type of cargo binding to kinesin.
C) affect the isoforms used to build kinesin.
D) affect the ATP hydrolysis rate.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 216
8) Dyneins generate movement in cilia and flagella by

A) the dynein moving along its own microtubule, pulling the cell membrane with it.
B) the dynein on one side of the flagella moving along its neighbor's tubule.
C) all dyneins moving along their neighbors' tubules in a synchronized fashion.
D) the dynein pushing on the neighboring tubules, generating movement.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 216
9) The microfilament __________ is commonly used with its motor protein, __________.
A) actin; dynein
B) nexin; dynein
C) actin; myosin
D) nexin; kinesin
Answer: C
Page Ref: 217
10) What is the function of capping proteins?

A) to prevent increased growth of microfilaments
B) to stabilize the microfilament, allowing for increases in length
C) to attach microfilaments together at a common point
D) to allow the microfilament to bind to the cell membrane
Answer: B
Page Ref: 217
11) Which of the following statements about movement via actin polymerization is true?
A) Movement can be generated using actin polymerization by itself (no motor proteins).
B) Movement occurs only when motor proteins move across actin polymers.
C) Actin polymerization prevents growth of filapodia.
D) During cell movement there is always a net growth of actin polymer length.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 218

12) Filapodia
A) are rodlike extensions of cells formed by myosin fibers.
B) are used by nerve cells to make physical contact with neighboring cells.
C) resemble pseudopodia found in protists.
D) arise from sheetlike networks of microfilaments.
Answer: B
Page ref: 218
13) Actin and myosin work together to allow

A) movement of vesicles throughout the cell.
B) movement of muscle.
C) movement of the cell itself.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 218-219
14) The __________ of the myosin is where ATP is broken down, providing energy for
movement.
A) tail
B) neck
C) head
D) light chains
Answer: C
Page Ref: 219
15) In the cross-bridge cycle, the power stroke of myosin is immediately preceded by which of
the following events?
A) the hydrolysis of ATP
B) binding the actin
C) releasing Pi
D) binding new ATP
Answer: C
Page Ref: 221
16) The unitary displacement of the myosin refers to

A) how many actins are displaced by myosin.
B) how far along the actin filament the myosin can move in one cycle.
C) how many units of time pass during one cross-bridge cycle.
D) how much time the myosin stays bound to the actin before it is displaced.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 222
17) When myosin moves along the actin, it goes through cycles of binding and releasing (duty
cycle). How does myosin keep from losing its place on the actin when it releases?

A) The time of the duty cycle is large (.99) so that it is only unattached a short time.
B) The myosin is still attracted to the actin by weak electrostatic forces that prevent it from
moving too far away during release.
C) The myosin is attached to the actin by another protein that it uses as a safety line to
prevent it from slipping too far back.
D) The myosin is arranged in dimers so that when one releases, the other is bound.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 222
18) The main component in __________ of a muscle cell is polymerized actin.

A) thin filaments
B) thick filaments
C) A-bands
D) Z-disks
Answer: A
Page Ref: 224
19) The thin filaments are stabilized by being capped by __________ at one end and CapZ at the
other.
A) troponin
B) tropomodulin
C) tropomyosin
D) a polymer of all three
Answer: B
Page Ref226
20) The sarcomere, or contractile unit of striated muscle, extends from one __________ to the
next.
A) Z-disk
B) M-line
C) A-band
D) I-band
Answer: A
Page Ref: 226
21) In what ways is muscle myosin II the same as the myosin used in vesicle travel?
A) They have the same unitary displacement.
B) They have the same length of duty cycle.
C) Myosin attaches to actin.
D) There is a chance myosin can drift away from actin.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 226
22) A single skeletal muscle cell is referred to as a

A) cardiomyocyte.
B) sarcomyocyte.
C) myofibril.
D) myofiber.

Answer: D
Page Ref: 228
23) During which phase of an excitation-contraction cycle does depolarization occur?

A) excitation
B) inhibition
C) contraction
D) relaxation
Answer: A
Page Ref: 234
24) When Ca2+ is present at high levels in the sarcoplasm of striated muscles, then
A) TnI has a strong interaction with actin.
B) TnC has a strong interaction with TnI.
C) TnT has a strong interaction with myosin.
D) TnT has a weak interaction with Ca2+.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 229
25) Muscle contraction kinetics can be affected by

A) affinity of troponin for Ca2+.
B) pH.
C) temperature.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 229-230
26) Contraction of striated muscle is regulated by

A) TnC's affinity for Ca2+ (and nothing else).
B) alternating the two available isoforms of myosin.
C) utilizing different combinations of muscle protein isoforms.
D) the rate at which Ca2+ is able to bind to actin.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 229
27) Which myosin isoform is found in fast-twitch muscle?

A) perinatal
B) extraoccular
C) type I
D) type IIb
Answer: D
Page Ref: 229-230
28) Skeletal muscle may be used in a __________ contraction.

A) shortening
B) isometric
C) lengthening
D) both A and B

E) all of the above

Answer: E
Page Ref: 230
29) What is the underlying mechanism that allows striated muscles to contract more rapidly
when very little force is required?
A) The muscle is shortening so rapidly that some myosin heads are moved to their new
position without actually generating any force.
B) Fewer myosin heads actually attach to the actin, increasing the rate of shortening.
C) Lighter loads stimulate only a very high speed, low tension isoform of myosin.
D) Lighter loads stimulate a myosin isoform with a very long unitary displacement.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 232-234 (Box 6.2)
30) Cardiomyocytes have a much longer repolarization period than skeletal muscles due to their
A) voltage-sensitive Na+ channels.
B) voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels.
C) voltage-sensitive K+ channels.
D) voltage-sensitive Cl- channels.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 235-236
31) Factors such as adenosine and catecholamines alter heart rate by affecting the kinetics of
A) voltage-sensitive Cl- channels.
B) voltage-sensitive Na+ channels.
C) funny channels.
D) voltage-independent K+ channels.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 238
32) Motor neurons release __________ into the neuromuscular synapse, which may generate
depolarization at the motor end plate.
A) acetylcholine
B) adenosine
C) catecholamines
D) GABA
Answer: A
Page Ref: 237
33) Action potentials can be conducted into the muscle along invaginations of the sarcolemma,
or __________.
A) sarcoplasmic reticulum
B) T-tubules
C) terminal cisternae
D) sarcotubes
Answer: B
Page Ref: 238

34) Most of the Ca2+ stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is bound to

A) parvalbumin.
B) troponin.
C) calsequestrin.
D) ryanodine.
Answer: C
35) 2+
Dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR) are also called __________ because of their large Ca
conductance.
A) T-type Ca2+ channels
B) N-type Ca2+ channels
C) L-type Ca2+ channels
D) Na+/ Ca2+ exchangers (NaCaX)
Answer: C
Page Ref: 240
36) Which of the following pumps is specifically used to return Ca2+ to the sarcoplasmic
reticulum?
A) Ca2+ATPase
B) NaCaX
C) parvalbumin
D) SERCA
Answer: D
Page Ref: 242
37) Muscle fiber types may be termed glycolytic or oxidative in reference to

A) the amount of myoglobin.
B) the speed of contraction.
C) the metabolic processes.
D) the myosin heavy chain isoforms used.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 242
38) Smooth and striated muscle share many common features, including
A) organization of filaments into sarcomeres.
B) use of actin and myosin in contraction.
C) a ratio of 2:1 thin to thick filaments.
D) dependence on T-tubules for spread of depolarization.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 245

39) Muscle fiber types can be changed in response to

A) activity levels.
B) temperature.
C) thyroid hormone levels.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 244-245 (Box 6.3)
40) Invertebrate muscle, like vertebrate muscle,

A) has two major forms of muscle (striated and smooth).
B) utilizes thick and thin filaments in contraction.
C) makes use of obliquely striated muscle.
D) both A and C
Answer: B
Page Ref: 248
41) Vertebrate striated muscles composed of twitch fibers are able to produce a graded
contraction by
A) recruiting different numbers of motor units.
B) summing EPSPs in the motor end-plate region.
C) having excitatory and inhibitory input to a single muscle.
D) Vertebrate muscles are unable to produce graded contractions.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 249
42) Asynchronous flight muscles in insects are able to achieve contractions in the range of 250-
1000 Hz because
A) they have very fast Ca2+ ATPase pumps.
B) they have muscles that don't depend on Ca2+ regulation at all.
C) they have very high amounts of parvalbumin in the cytosol.
D) the TnC can rapidly change its affinity for Ca2+, leading to rapid contraction/relaxation
cycles.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 250-251
43) Mollusc catch muscles are able to generate tension for long periods of time without
consuming much energy. We do not understand everything about how this is accomplished,
but there are unique proteins, such as __________, that seem to play a role.
A) twitchin
B) myosin
C) titin
D) all of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 251

44) Which of the following statements is true concerning sonic muscles?

A) They contract at much higher frequencies than the locomotor muscles found in the
same organism.
B) They utilize completely different muscle proteins.
C) They have a very slow rate of cross-bridge cycling.
D) They are able to contract rapidly while producing large amounts of force.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 252
45) Which of the following statements is inaccurate with respect to sonic muscles?
A) Rattlesnakes, cicadas, and toadfish are examples of animals with sonic muscles.
B) Animals can modify their muscles to operate some 10 times faster than the fastest
locomotor muscles in that animal.
C) The fast speed can be attributed to some muscles being able to lengthen sarcomeres.
D) Sonic muscles must have fast Ca2+ transport.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 252
46) How does the heater organ of a swordfish produce heat?

A) The muscle contracts very rapidly, producing large quantities of heat.
B) The myosin binds very weakly to the actin, utilizing large amounts of ATP that
ultimately produces heat, but no tension.
C) The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases and recovers large amounts of Ca2+, releasing heat
as a by-product of these processes.
D) The muscle fibers are rapidly generated and degraded, which produces large quantities
of heat as a by-product.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 253
47) Animals are capable of movement because they have a unique type of cell, the __________.
Answer: muscle cell
Page Ref: 208-209
48) Microtubules are organized in cells with the ends near the nucleus in a region known as the
__________, or MTOC for short.
Answer: microtubule-organizing center
Page Ref: 211
49) Microtubule-associated proteins that stabilize the tubules are called __________.
Answer: stable-tubule only polypeptides (STOPs)
Page Ref: 213
50) The Pacific yew tree produces the microtubule disrupter known as ___________.
Answer: taxol
Page Ref: 215
51) When microfilaments remain the same size by increasing length on one end and decreasing
their length on the other, we say they are __________.

Answer: treadmilling
Page Ref: 217
52) An increase in surface area of a membrane, or contact with another cell, can be achieved by
generating __________, thin, rodlike extensions produced by polymerizing actin fibers.
Answer: filapodia
Page Ref: 218
53) The __________ explains how the myosin head moves down the actin polymer, generating
movement.
Answer: sliding filament model
Page Ref: 219
54) The term ______________ refers to the time in each cross-bridge cycle that myosin is
attached to actin.
Answer: duty cycle
Page Ref: 222
55) Specialized animal cells that have contractile properties are called __________, or muscle
cells.
Answer: myocytes
Page Ref: 223
56) The thick filament of striated muscle is indirectly connected to the Z-disk by the
compressible protein __________.
Answer: titin
Page Ref: 226
57) An __________ contraction is one in which the length of the muscle does not change
significantly.
Answer: isometric
Page Ref: 230
58) The axon termini of motor neurons are found in the __________ of the sarcolemma of
vertebrate skeletal muscles.
Answer: motor end plate
Page Ref: 237
59) __________ muscle cells can depolarize and contract on their own, as opposed to neurogenic
muscle cells which require neuronal innervation.
Answer: Myogenic
Page Ref: 238
60) In skeletal muscle, the dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors are linked to allow for
__________ Ca2+ release that is independent of local Ca2+ concentrations.
Answer: depolarization-induced
Page Ref: 240-241

61) In smooth muscle, bundles of filaments attach to the plasma membrane at points referred to
as __________.
Answer: adhesion plaques
Page Ref: 245-246
62) In smooth muscle, the actin is bound by __________, a functional parallel to troponin C
because it prevents myosin from binding actin.
Answer: caldesmon
Page Ref: 246-247
63) Insect flight muscles contract at frequencies much higher than the stimulation rates they
receive from the nerves that innervate them. For this reason, they are termed __________
flight muscles.
Answer: asynchronous
Page Ref: 250
64) Sonic muscles are able to shorten even more than most muscles because of perforations in
their __________ that allow the thick filaments to pass into adjacent sarcomeres.
Answer: Z-disks
Page Ref: 252
65) Some muscle tissues undergo trans-differentiation during development, causing them to
have novel properties that are not typically associated with muscles, like the billfish
__________, for example.
Answer: heater organ
Page Ref: 253
66) Microtubules are important as structural proteins. They may be used to support the cell, as
pathways for the movement of motor proteins, and to ensure the even division of
chromosomal material during mitosis. Thus, having the ability to regulate the growth of
these proteins is necessary for survival. Discuss some of the ways in which microtubule
growth can be regulated.
Answer: One of the most basic methods of control is supplying the necessary building blocks
for making microtubules. When concentrations of tubulin are low, microtubules tend
to shrink. When the concentration is high, their length increases. At concentrations
between critical levels, the length stays the same. Even when there is sufficient
tubulin, growth is controlled in other ways. GTP is bound to the end of β-tubulin.
While it remains a whole GTP, growth continues, but when it is hydrolyzed, the
length actually decreases. Lastly, there are microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)
which are a large group of proteins capable of destabilizing and stabilizing
microtubule length. They can also regulate ways in which the microtubules interact
with each other and the cell. In ectothermic organisms, temperature can also affect
formation.
Page Ref: 211-213

67) Actin and myosin interactions are utilized in many types of movement, including the
movement generated by muscles. Explain how the movement of myosin down an actin
filament can generate contraction of a muscle.
Answer: On the microscopic level, it is important to realize that the actin filaments align with
each other and are connected directly or indirectly to some portion of the cell
membrane. Myosin is also anchored to proteins inside the cell. When myosin
undergoes its cycle of binding, pulling actin, then releasing so it can rebind to a point
farther down, it pulls the actin filaments past itself. Since myosin is anchored by
proteins in the cell, it is unable to move. This means that eventually the points of actin
that are attached to the cell membrane also need to move. As a result, the cell shape is
changed, frequently by becoming shorter. If all the muscle cells are attached end to
end and they all shorten, then this means the muscle as a whole becomes shorter. It is
the shortening of the muscle as a whole that is referred to as a contraction.
Page Ref: 219-223
68) The tension that a sarcomere can produce is related to its length. The same is true for a
skeletal muscle, as it is composed of sarcomeres arranged end to end. Explain how the
structure of a sarcomere allows the most tension to be generated at an intermediate length,
while the longest and shortest lengths will produce very little tension.
Answer: A sarcomere extends from one Z-disk to the next. Actin filaments are attached to the
Z-disks, while the myosin bundle is attached at the M-line and stretches out toward
the Z-disk. Neither group of proteins reaches completely across the sarcomere. When
the myosin heads bind to the actin, they are able to generate tension. Thus, the more
myosin is able to form cross-bridges with actin, the more tension can be generated. At
the longest lengths, there is very little overlap between actin and myosin, making it
difficult for any cross-bridges to form. As the sarcomere shortens, the amount of
overlap, and therefore cross-bridge number, begins to increase. There is a small range
of maximum overlap before the actin fibers from opposite Z-disks begin to overlap
each other. At this point, they prevent the normal formation of cross-bridges, and
tension begins to decrease. Thus, the more cross-bridges that are formed, the more
tension is generated. At the extremes of length, few cross-bridges exist so that little
tension is produced. The intermediate length is the point where the maximum
number of cross-bridges formed means the most tension is generated as well.
Page Ref: 226-227

69) In striated muscle, Ca2+ regulates contraction by interacting with troponin and tropomyosin.
Explain how Ca2+ is able to regulate the timing of contraction as well as affecting the
kinetics of contraction.
Answer: Typically, cytosolic Ca2+ levels are very low. When Ca2+ concentration rises, it can
bind to troponin. Troponin is actually composed of three protein subunits: TnC binds
to the Ca2+, TnI binds to the actin (inhibiting myosin/actin interactions), and TnT
binds to the tropomyosin. It is the tropomyosin that physically blocks the myosin
binding site on actin. When Ca2+ binds to TnC, it causes a conformational change so
that TnC and TnI become more tightly bound to each other. This, in turn, decreases
the interaction between TnI and actin, so that the whole troponin/tropomyosin
complex slides over, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin. As long as Ca2+ is
present, cross-bridge formation can occur. When Ca2+ is removed from the cytosol, it
is also released from TnC, causing the whole complex to return to its original position.
Clearly, the point of control is how quickly and tightly TnC binds to Ca2+, thereby
allowing the interactions between troponin, tropomyosin, actin, and myosin to occur.
By having different isoforms of all these proteins, organisms can regulate these
interactions and their sensitivities to physiological variables (pH, temperature, etc.).
Ultimately, this affects the time it takes for contractions to occur.
Page Ref: 228-229
70) Skeletal and cardiac muscle are both types of striated muscle. You have been given one type
of each sample, but the identifying labels have come off. You know that these muscles have
some similarities and some differences in terms of their rate of depolarization, rate of
repolarization, and length of action potential. Which of these features would not be useful in
identifying the two types of muscle? Which of these features will you use to correctly label
the samples? Explain what you would expect to see for skeletal and cardiac muscles for each
feature that you use.
Answer: Skeletal and cardiac muscles have similar rates of depolarization, largely because they
both use voltage-gated Na+ channels. As a result, this phase of the action potential
would not be useful in identifying them. The duration of depolarization is different
between the two: it is much longer for cardiac muscle. This is because cardiac muscle
uses voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels that remain open for longer periods of time. As
skeletal muscle does not possess these channels, the cells can repolarize more rapidly.
This difference relates to the second difference between the two categories of striated
muscle: length of action potential. Because cardiac muscle repolarizes slowly, its
action potentials also have a longer duration. By the same token, skeletal muscle has
an action potential with shorter duration because it repolarizes rapidly. Thus, by
stimulating each sample, recording the action potentials, and comparing the rate of
repolarization and duration of the action potential, it will be possible to correctly label
the two muscle samples.
Page Ref: 234-236

71) Contractions can occur in striated muscle as long as Ca2+ is present in the cytosol. As
cytosolic levels of free Ca2+ decrease, so does the ability for myosin to form cross-bridges
with actin. This leads to relaxation of the muscle. You have found a novel muscle and are
trying to determine if its relaxation processes are regulated in a manner analogous to
vertebrate striated muscle. Describe some of the features of Ca2+ regulation that you would
expect to see in this novel muscle.
Answer: One of the most common ways to decrease cytosolic Ca2+ levels is to remove the
Ca2+. This typically means that Ca2+ will have to move from an area of lower
concentration to an area of higher concentration. Under these circumstances, it is
necessary to have some sort of energy source. The energy (such as ATP) can be used
to pump Ca2+ back into a storage organelle (similar to the sarcoplasmic reticulum) or
to the extracellular fluid. These types of pumps are referred to as Ca2+ ATPases in
vertebrate skeletal muscle. Alternatively, energy from another concentration gradient
could be used to drive the transport of Ca2+. Again, vertebrate muscle exchanges
Ca2+ for Na+ (one ion traveling down its gradient and the other traveling up). In both
of these cases, Ca2+ would be returned to its origin. In other words, if most of the
Ca2+ has come from extracellular sources, most of it will be pumped back out of the
cell. The last analogous mechanism I might expect to find would be some type of
cytosolic buffer that binds free Ca2+. Once the Ca2+ is bound, then it can no longer
interact with the troponin, which allows the muscle to begin its relaxation.
Page Ref: 241-242
72) Discuss some of the important factors responsible for the diversity of muscle types.
Answer: The driving force behind the diversity of muscle types in more complex
animals was the trend toward greater body size. Diffusion of respiratory gases
work well for small animals, however, simple diffusion cannot meet the
demands of larger animals. Thus, the evolution of genes for muscle protein
was combined with evolution of primitive respiratory and circulatory
systems. For example, in arthropods, muscles control both ventilation and
movement.
Vertebrates, however, show the greatest diversity in muscle types. Two
rounds of genome duplication occurred in ancestors of vertebrates, resulting
in extra copies of genes for muscle proteins, which enabled the evolution of
specialized muscle types. As land animals evolved, they had to adapt to
challenges of movement on land combined with weight of gravity, and the
challenges were met by evolution of muscle genes resulting in muscle
specialization and diversification.
Page Ref: 243

73) Smooth muscle, like striated muscle, utilizes Ca2+ as a signal molecule that can allow
contraction to occur. However, smooth muscle does not have troponin. Therefore, Ca2+
must interact with other proteins. Describe these relationships and then comment on how
this alternate control system affects the rate and duration of smooth muscle contraction.
Answer: In smooth muscle, actin is bound by caldesmon, which prevents myosin from forming
cross-bridges. When Ca2+ enters the cell, it binds to a cytosolic protein, calmodulin.
The calmodulin is then able to bind to caldesmon, and it dissociates from the actin. If
[Ca2+] falls, then the Ca2+-calmodulin-caldesmon complex dissociates, and
caldesmon can bind to actin again. If the caldesmon is phosphorylated, it will be
unable to bind to actin, regardless of [Ca2+]. This action can dramatically extend the
duration of a contraction. In addition to opening up binding sites on actin, Ca2+ also
affects the myosin by activating a myosin light chain kinase. MLCK phosphorylates
the myosin, increasing its affinity for the actin. It is important to note that other factors
may affect contraction states via these second messenger pathways, rather than
directly affecting actin or myosin. It should also be noted that phosphorylation is a
type of covalent modulation that has a slow and long-lasting time frame, resulting in
the slow, long contractions typically seen in smooth muscle (compared to striated
muscle).
Page Ref: 246-247
74) Compare smooth and striated muscles in terms of thick and thin filaments, calcium
trigger, sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulation of contraction, and rate of contraction.
Answer: The thick and thin filaments differ between smooth and striated muscle; in the
former, the filaments are not arranged into sarcomeres, whereas in the latter,
the filaments are arranged as sarcomeres. In smooth muscle, the calcium
trigger is calmodulin, while in striated muscle it is troponin. There is not
much sarcoplasmic reticulum in smooth muscle, while it is often abundant in
striated muscle. Thick and thin filaments regulate contraction in smooth
muscle, while the thin filament is mostly responsible for regulating
contraction in striated muscle. When it comes to rate of contraction, the rate is
lower in smooth muscle compared to striated muscle.
Page Ref: 248, Table 6.5

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Principles of Animal Physiology

Canadian 3rd Edition Moyes Test Bank

Chapter 6 Cellular Movement and Muscles

1) Which of the following is a motor protein?

3) Microtubules are strings of tubulin proteins that are formed from a

4) Microtubule growth will stop if

5) The microtubule disruptor, vinblastine

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-1

7) Kinesin-associated proteins have the ability to do all of the following EXCEPT

8) Dyneins generate movement in cilia and flagella by

10) What is the function of capping proteins?

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-2

13) Actin and myosin work together to allow

16) The unitary displacement of the myosin refers to

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-3

18) The main component in __________ of a muscle cell is polymerized actin.

22) A single skeletal muscle cell is referred to as a

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-4

23) During which phase of an excitation-contraction cycle does depolarization occur?

25) Muscle contraction kinetics can be affected by

26) Contraction of striated muscle is regulated by

27) Which myosin isoform is found in fast-twitch muscle?

28) Skeletal muscle may be used in a __________ contraction.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-5

E) all of the above

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-6

34) Most of the Ca2+ stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is bound to

37) Muscle fiber types may be termed glycolytic or oxidative in reference to

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-7

39) Muscle fiber types can be changed in response to

40) Invertebrate muscle, like vertebrate muscle,

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-8

44) Which of the following statements is true concerning sonic muscles?

46) How does the heater organ of a swordfish produce heat?

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-9

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-10

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-11

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-12

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-13

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-14

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-15

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