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 Socialism was the philosophy

 (VK) HISTORY BY VK JAIN SIR  D.D Kosambi wrote culture & civilization of India
 SOURCE and said history can be studied from above and
 6th + 11th NCERT below
 6th :- R.Thapar  Above:- kings, queens, nobles
 11th :- RS Sharma  Below:- commons, artisans, farmers etc
 11th NCERT:- Fine arts volume-I e) 1961:- NCERT project approved for school
 Ancient India = NIOS education
 TN Board- +1 200 pages book f) 1969:- JNU Founded
g) 1976:- 42nd amendment , Socialist, secular
 TOPIC FOCUS ON h) 1977:- NCERT written
 Archeology
 Epigraphy:- Inscriptions
 Numismatics (coins)
 Literature
 Dating
 BC:- Before Christ
 BCE:- Before common era
 CE:- Common era
 RECOGNIZE TRANSFORMATION
 Caves  villages  towns
 Hunter  Farmer  Traders
 Stone  Copper  Iron
 PREHISTORY
 People didn’t know writing
 No written records
 PROTOHISTORY
 Writing is there but still not interpreted
 HISTORY
 Writing + Inscriptions
 Ancient + Medieval + Modern  SYLLABUS OF ART & CULTURE
 Prehistory proto history  history
 ART FORMS
ancient medieval  modern history
 Culture :- belief and traditions of a community
 SOME IMPORTANT TIMELINES gives identity to a particular community
a) 1786:- royal Asiatic society of Bengal  Classical culture
 First society  Folk/ regional culture
 Sir william Jones = head translated the Sanskrit  Popular culture :- for entertainment
Kalidas’s “Abhigyanshkuntla” to English language 1. PERFORMING ART (BODY ACTION)
b) 1818 first book on history (J.S Mill)  Dance ,Drama, Music
 History of India (three volumes)  Also called intangible art by UNESCO
 Hindu India, Muslim India and British India  Based on particular tradition like Natyasastra
 Just talked about our (dark spots ) bad points of  Natyasastra written by Bharatmuni around
our culture (e.g about sati) 200BC consists all the performing art forms of
c) 1833: Education bill passed India
 William Bentinck a) Bha:- Bhava :- emotions (Rasa- 9 Rasa
 English medium is introduced basically)
 It gave India a linguistic unity lead to national b) Ra:- Raga ,
movement  6 in total change in every 4 hour
 Now Indian understand british ideology and  6×4 = 24 hours
started writing our culture in glorifying manner;  6 seasons in India
nationalist way of writing  Music + Painting Raga used to depict
d) 1947: Indian Independence Act mood
 Nehruvian era after 1947 c) Ta:- Tala ( dance)

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 Listen Langa Chunriye song on youtube to 6. Secular literature (No god, No rituals, non-
know about tala religious literature, Arthashastra)
 Hindustan music= North= romantic + Non-
romantic
 TIMELINE OF ALL INDIAN HISTORY
 Karnatic music= Emotional only= south India 1. PRE-HISTORY: STONE: FOOD GATHERERS
2. VISUAL ARTS (DEPICTED BY HAND)  Harrapan ;3500-1500BC
 Paintings, sculpture  Origin + Decline
 Also called tangible art by UNESCO  Town planning + Architecture
 PAINTINGS  Art and crafts
 What is thought  Society- economy
a) Importance :- it tells us contemporary  Religion
period & situation at that time  Seals , scripts
b) Source Of:- 2. VEDIC PERIOD: 1500-600BC
a. Socio (jewelry, dress)-economic history  Early:- 1500-1000BC
b. Changing time is depicted by paintings  Later:- 1000-600BC
c. It carries ideas  Vedanta :- Upanishads :- philosophy of India –
 SCULPTURE how we are different from other world like
 Idol worshippers (culture part) Islam, Christianity
 Get ideas from sculpture 3. 600-400BC : POLITICAL CHANGE
 Contain religious ideas  Mahajanpadas
 Contain mythologies of creatures (features)  Society-economy
 Stone:- sculpture  Beginning of coins
 Metallic :- Bronze image like  Merchant associations (guilds)
 Terracotta:- baked clay figures (art of  Beginning of iron
common man)  New 6 schools of philosophy (heterodox schools
 ARCHITECTURE Anti Vedas)
 Earliest evidence= a) Jainism
 mauryan period = stone + bricks b) Buddhism
 First evidence :- c) Charvaka
 Stupas (sanchi)= world heritage site = relics d) Ajivika
place) 4. 400-200BC MAURYAN PERIOD
 Was of Rock cut cave architecture  New literature like kautilya Arthashastra
 Both was time period of Ashoka  Indica book in Greek
 As monks were not allowed to stay at one place.  Inscriptions first time knowledge
However, during the season of monsoon when  Ashoka King:- Dhamma (only Buddhist
rain comes, (4 months= Chaumasa) they were principles)
allowed to live outside the settlements in rock  Ashoka’s Dhamma:- how Ashoka’s perspectives
cut caves on Buddhist principles
 Rock cut temples  Art and architecture
 Monolithic
5. 200BC-300AD TIME PERIOD
 Ellora = world heritage site, it was built from top
 Outsiders
to down
a) Indo Greeks
 Structural temples
b) Parthiars
 Made from ground
c) Sakas
 Guptas period began temples building
d) Kushans :- from China:- important king was
a) Northern:- naga style temples
Kanishka
b) Southern :- Dravidian style temples
 Multicultural nature of the north India
c) Mixed:- Vesara temples like in Karnataka
 Kanishka :- Buddhism split into two sects
 Buddhism split up at the Buddhist council held
 LITERATURE during the reign of Kanishka in AD 72 into
1. Sanskrit literature 1. Hinayana :- earlier Buddhism
2. Pali literature 2. Mahayana sects :- idols of Buddha (first time
3. Prakrit literature Buddha worshipped as idol)
4. Tamil literature  Two school of art formed
5. Religious literature (God + rituals) a) Gandhara school of arts

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b) Mathura school of arts

 Amravati stupas (Sathvahanas)
 Sangam period :- Tamil literature , history of
north and south mixed culture
 Rivers :- Krishna , Godavari, Kaveri
6. 300AD-550AD GUPTA PERIOD
 New religion like pouvaranic religion (Puran)
 Temples built first time
 Bhagvatism Vishnu worship
 Shiva
 Scientific paintings
 Ajanta period
 Growth of art, architecture
 Literature :- Golden age
7. 550AD- 750AD HARSHA PERIOD
 No tangible contribution to art & architecture
 Chinese Hiuen tsang visited and told harsha
greatly promoted “Nalanda University”
(patronized) which was important center of
Mahayana Buddhism
 Focus shifted to south India
8. 750AD-1000AD TIME PERIOD
 King Krishna built Kalishnath temple at Ellora
 New Buddhism :- Vajrayana (tantric Influence)
10.1200AD-1761AD MUSLIM IDEOLOGY
 New art and architecture
 Islamic architecture called Hindu-Islamic
architecture
a) 1200AD-1526 AD:- PERIOD OF CONFLICTS
 Turks came from Turkmenistan (also formed
Turkey at Constantinople)
 Delhi Sultanate (Sultan= King)
 Fight b/w locals and outsiders
b) 15TH-16TH PERIOD
 Bhakti + Sufi movement period
 Rise of :- Vijaynagar empire (Karnataka)
c) 1526AD -1761AD MUGHAL DYNASTY
 Dynasty from Babur
 Period of conciliation
 New art and architecture + tools
 GDP 65% India Increased and India was richest
country of world reflected from architecture
 1707 Aurangzeb died and vacuum created till
1761
11. 1761AD-1857AD EAST INDIA COMPANY
 Company rule
 Revolt occurred
12.1857AD- 1947AD CROWN RULE
 Transfer of powers from company to crown
 National struggle of India for Independence

 Vikramshila university introduced center of

tantric Buddhism by Palas (Vajrayana )
9. 1000AD-1200AD OUTSIDERS INVASION
 Mahmud ghaznvi invasion
 Two important temples built in this period
 Khajuraho temple (MP)
 Konark sun temple (Odisha)
 Biggest + best south Indian temples built in this
time
 Tamil literature flourished

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 TOPIC:- THE PRE-HISTORY
 Man’s journey from caves to villages
 Nomadic life  farming, settlements
1. PALEOLITHIC :- OLD STONE AGE
 coincides with the world climate period
(Pleistocene ice age)
 Areas concerned
a) panjal area of Kashmir
b) Attirampakkam in TN
c) Garo hills Meghalaya
 Paleolithic is not isolated to India ,it is a Pan-
Indian character (all over the India) that humans
have been living from 6 lakh years ago
 Recent research showed India can be origin of
Humans also
2. MESOLITHIC :- MIDDLE STONE AGE
 Climate become Holocene- warm-, rivers,
forests, oceans, everything have been emerging
 Tools started to be used
3. NEOLITHIC :- NEW STONE AGE
 During the Neolithic age time period, the best-
known Neolithic site in the Northern Himalayas
is Burzahom in Kashmir, where pit dwellings with
conical roofs characterized the earliest
occupation. Gufkral, meaning “the cave of the
potter,” is another important Neolithic site in
Kashmir. It was inhabited by potters who utilized
the caves cut into the Karewa.
 The advent of sedentary rural societies led to
mud-brick houses rather than grass huts. These
houses were somewhat more permanent than
the grass huts.
 “Community-festivals” also began during this
time period. The butchering-place at Budihal
denotes the importance of communal animal
butchering. The people of Cachar Hills of Assam
lived in mud-walled houses, and their handmade
pots were decorated with basket impressions.
Koldihwa and Mahagara lying south of Allahabad
have evidence of many strata of circular huts
along with crude handmade pottery. The most
intriguing finding is evidence of rice dating from
between 5440 and 4530 BC, which is the earliest
evidence of rice in India and elsewhere on the
globe.
 Neolithic Age People were aware of making
boats and could weave cotton and wool to make
cloth. At this age, the man started growing
cotton and learned about clothes. Instances of
earlier cave dwellings have also been discovered,
with walls decorated with hunting and dancing
scenes.
 MAINS QUESTIONS:- WRITE A NOTE ON
PRE-HISTORIC PAINTINGS?
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 Answers:-
 Paintings are earliest means adopted by man to
express his thoughts and daily activities.
 In context of India, earliest use of paintings
belongs to upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic
periods.
 These have been found almost all over the
country but most important site is “Bhimbetka
(MP), where around 6 rocks found painted
 Some paintings have been superimposed
___as______ and these paintings depict horses
and soldiers which are not pre-historic
 Themes of paintings
a) Hunting
b) Fishing
c) Honey collection
d) Family schemes with children playing around
females
e) Burial scenes
f) Group dancing
 Hunted animals
a) Boars ,bison, tiger, elephant etc
b) Deers = Nilgiri
c) Hunting done individually and collectively
d) Weapons used as bow & arrow, pointed
stick, barbed spear (could be bone)
 Colored paintings
 Red and white colors used
 Red color made from minerals
 White color from limestone
 Rock walls
 Painting made on rock walls
 Why made these paintings
 May be ritualistic paintings (like dancing
paintings as tribal from Africa have similar
paintings)
 Difference b/w modern & pre historic paintings
 Chemical colors used today on canvas
 However, pre-historic were on rock walls & had
mineral colors particularly
 Only two red and white and not depicting
agriculture (showing absent or no knowledge of
warning)
 THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
A. SOME FACTS
 Evidence:-archeology (no script)
 Largest among all
 1st urban civilization
 Have many religious beliefs (no temples
structure –worships of Icons)
 No coins (have been found)= only barter
 No iron but aware of other
 No horse but aware of other
 1920-22:- discovered “Harappa 1921” :- DR
Sahani :- Ravi river
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 1922:- Mohenjo-Daro :- Indus river by Banerjee
 1924:- John Manshele :- coined term
 Indus valley civilization as that time many sites
across it
 Today new sites coming J&K to Maharashtra and
From UP to Gujarat
 Across sarswati and Indus river :- many sites are
now found
 Called Harrapan because a site Harrapan first
site discovered
B. ORIGIN OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
 Origin from Mesopotamia rejected because of
no similarities in culture , script etc (harappan
script is not yet deciphered )
 So these were Indigenous of here never came
from anywhere
 Chalcolithic:- Copper + Stone age ,Bronze age
 Indigenous culture by gradual growth of earlier
stone age culture
 Hunting (Paleolithic):- Hunting+ Domestication
 Mesolithic:- Hunting+ Domestication + farming
(Neolithic)
 Due to farming they settled down “river plains”
as river plains have
a) Irrigation :- gabara burds (smaller bands) ,
first time evidence of wells
b) Plough cultivation:- surplus (trade)
c) Terracotta model of plough in banawali –
evidence
d) Kalibangan (RJ):- field with plough marks {
vertical lines are larger / border than
horizontal lines}= knowledge of great
agriculture
C. DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
1. WHEELER SAID
a) Invasion of Aryans but rejected
b) Gave evidence :- purandar (Rig-Veda):-
Purandar, who breaks the forts . Indra is the
purandar (who was worshipped by Aryans)
who fought
 Rejected now
c) Gave another evidence
 Massacre at Mohenjo-Daro as 3 dozen
skeletons on roads without purely buried
and one person’s skelton had cut part at face
but rejected because these skeletons
belonged to different periods even after
Aryans
d) Conclusion:- decline of harappan by coming
of Aryans rejected now
2. BY FLOODS
 Rejected as only one major town Mohenjo-
Daro situated on river bank not all. How
could we say.
3. BY DRYING UP OF SARASWATI RIVER
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 Coming from shivalik hills as two rivers filling
water satluj + Yamuna and leading to Rann
of Kutch and due to a large earthquakes
 These two rivers diverted satluj joined +
Indus, Yamuna :- Gangas so saraswati dried
up
 It was a period of droughts across central
Asia (no rain0 :- rivers dried up :- pasture
destroyed as shortage of water :- migration
of people
 Argument:- accepted upto large extent
 That is the reason of also “Aryans”
migration to look for pasture for their
“cattle” due to lack of pasture , drying up of
rivers and they come to India for grass and
settled
 Early harappan= 3600-2600BC
 Mature harappan= 2600-1900BC
 Late harappan= 1900-1400BC
D. HARAPPAN ARCHITECTURE
 TOWN PLANNING
 Towns Have
a) Upper town :- citadel, fortification, elite
b) Lower town
 Road networks = grid system
 Example:- Chandigarh planned on this basis
 Sectors = easy location
 Kalibangan:-
 6 feet roads = evidence of bull carts (Madhya
Marg)
 Others are 3 feet roads
 Other roads of 1.8, 3.6, 5.4 feet
 Open backyard and courtyard
 Mohenjo-Daro
 Every house = bathroom
 Have wells + private toilets
 House was self sufficient unit (rare example of
architecture)
 Mathematical knowledge as from roads
evidence got
 Most important = drainage = not found in other
civilization
 Every house has drain = service lane
 Main road (main hole) has slope represented
gradient knowledge {note it}
 Drains were covered with burnt bricks (loose
bricks) (to maintain) and to not let it dried up
 It shows the knowledge of hygiene to protect
from water borne diseases , not found in any
contemporary civilizations
 1:2:4 bricks size
 Great bath to check seepage
 Biggest among Harrapan sites
a) Pakistan:- Mohenjo-Daro
b) India:- Rakhigarhi
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 Seals found at Mohenjo daro a) Gold and silver:- ornaments

 Pasupati seals b) Copper:- arrows, knives
 Ox-carts, boats, dancing girl, piece of cotton also c) Bronze:-
found with it a) metallurgy knowledge (copper 90%,
 At Harappa Tin=10% = alloy)
 Granaries b) Evidence:-
 Workers quarters  Mohenjo-Daro:- dancing girl
 Coffin buried  Kalibangan :- bull
 Cremations  Near Pune:- diamond, ox cart, buffalo, rhino,
 Most common form of burial elephant
 Extended burial:-  Made by lost wax method
 N-S Orientation, in North=head and south foot d) Stone:-
(most common)  Mohenjo-Daro:- beard man
 Believe life after death so they buried things  Harappan :- red stone torso
with people  India was pioneer in Bead of :- agate stone, lapis
 Pit burial:- circular / oval shape lazuli, Cornelia stones
 Symbolic burial:- (kalianbangan evidence),  Found all by drilling
ritually pots are there but bone could not found e) Seals
 Twin burial evidences are found (sati system  Steatite stone (soft stones)
claimed by british = rejected)  Unicorn = Marshall said
 Dholavira (Kutch)  Hump less bull
 Terracotta pipes found  Intaglio:- printing done from ink below surface
of plate in reverse order
 Lothal
f) Terracotta
 Ports :- trade with Mesopotamia
 Beautiful women, toys (moving)
 Also to Sumerian (Iran)
 Whistling bird
 Surkotada  Rattle toy
 Bones found but not of a true horse but of  Strong & highly glazed (very well fired = black,
someone from horse family like red)
 Still in controversy g) Paintings
 Society wise peaceful people  Pipal leaf
 No armour found  Fish scales
 No palace found indicating non-empire type rule  Peacock
 Mainly they were merchants  Mahadevan collected all letters and studied
 No evidence of slavery and sati and concluded that
E. SOME FINDINGS AND OTHER  Harappan used 400 letters all around , not
 combs of ivory found alphabetical , non-pictographic. Only logo
 antimony rod = found symbolic
 bead and bangles found  Written from right to left then left to right then
 girdle found (waist cover belt) right to left then again left to right and continues
 Boustrophedon type of writings
 earrings, choker, dice games
 chess evidence found TOPIC THE ARYANS
 Meluha
a) The Mesopotamians referred to the Indus  Evidence
Valley as "Meluha". Meluha was the chief  Philosophy :- study of languages = max miller
city of the Indus Valley Civilisation (trade  Archeology:- horse evidence path traced ,proved
with India) they are outsiders
b) Precious stones trade like Agate and  MAX MILLER:- studied all languages and said
Cornelia certain words are common in all the languages
c) Wood types like Indo-European name then given to Aryans =
 Silver:- came from Mesopotamia in India as in said they were outsiders
return of goods sent from India  VEDIC LITERATURE
 Vedas are religious texts of Aryans dealing with
F. HARAPPAN ARTS AND CRAFTS rituals and ceremonies
 Made from metal, stone, ivory, terracotta,  1500-600BC
seashell

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 4 Vedas  No sabha , no smiti

a) Rig Veda= early vedic period, hymns
b) Sama Vedas= 1st book on music
c) Yajur Vedas= mantras + rituals
d) Atharva Vedas= charms / spells ( - ),
1st book on medicine, Dhanuvantri 1st person
 SRUTI
a) Heard and composed orally
b) Oral transmission
 Around 600 BC Vedas were written down in a
particular style and each Vedas is divided into 4
parts
 RIG VEDAS DIVIDED INTO 4 PARTS
a) Samhita:-
b) Brahmina= literature on rituals done by
Brahmins
c) Aranyaka:-
d) Upanishad:- Vedanta= philosophy
 King became powerful with help of Brahmins =
ruling class developed
 Yava:- barley :- in early vedic period cannot be
considered a crop as it does not require anything
to grow
 No industry in early vedic period
 HOWEVER, IN LATER VEDIC PERIOD
 Yava + other crops words like godhuma (wheat) ,
vrihi (rice)
 Use of plough “satapatha Brahmana” part of
“Yajur vedas” -1st evidence of plough mentioned
(agriculture) ,8-10 ox pulled plough (heavy)
(made of iron)
 POTTERY:-
 Ochar color pottery:- simple and weak in early
period
 Painted greyware pottery:- in later vedic period

 VEDANGA  SOCIETY
 Deals with subject  Early vedic period
 Appendix of vedas  Equality was there for women
 6 are in number in total  Women were educated, recited hymns mantras,
1) Kalpa= rituals participated in ceremonies,
2) Shiksha = pronunciation of hymns ,mantras  No sati, no parda practice/ system
should be correct  Ladies that contributed to rig vedas are
3) Vyakarana= use sentence carefully , know a) Appala
male/ female etc b) Ghosha
4) Niryukta= etymology = study of words , root c) Lopamudra
words study how are words constructed  No Varna
5) Chanda  Anybody can take any profession
6) Jyotish = astronomy  LAST PART OF RIG VEDAS (STARTING OF
Early vedic period Later vedic period LATER VEDIC PERIOD)
Area Sapt sindhu Indo-gangetic area
 Purusha suktam (Sanskrit )
& ‘ayas’ term is in rig ‘shyam ayas’= black
Terms vedas= copper copper beginning of is hymn 10.90 of the Rig-Veda, dedicated to
Aryans the Purusha, the "Cosmic Being”
Political Tribes = all equal Jana pad= state  Purusha Suktam {X mandala (Chapter)}
Change but have elected Then Mahajanpadas  Prajapati (Purusha = adipurusha= creator)
head (Jana) related to Brahma as four parts come out of
ECONO. Pastoral people Agriculture lymph of Brahma
Society Simple Varna a) From Mouth= Brahmin= teach
No caste b) From Arms= Kshatriyas= fight
No varna c) From Thigh= vaishya = maintain
religion Mantra reading Brahmin dominated d) From Feet= Shudra =serving
mantras + sacrifice then
 In later vedic period they became independent
philosophical
Varna
 POLITICAL STRUCTURE  Varna came from word= varya means “to
 Jana= head = rajana choose”
 Sabha + Smiti = help to take decisions of rajana  GOTRA
 No taxes  Atharva vedas
 Bali:- only a voluntary tribute given by person to
king  UPANAYAR
 After vedic period Bali became a tax on
 Those sanskara allowed to only upper three
Agriculture classes when child is started to go for school
 MAHAJANPADAS OR JANAPAD  Denied to shudras as they have no right to
 Smrat , virat = head
education , only they need to serve

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 SANSKARA ceremony where the marrying couple encircles

 Scared / holy rituals performed only by princely the sacred fire seven times. It is also known as
class 'Saptapadi.'
 1st = garbhadhana 15) Tretagnisangraha is the auspicious ritual that
 Total 16 in number starts the couple on their domestic life.
 2nd punswana sansakara 16) Antyeshti is the final rite of passage or Hindu
1) Garbhadhana is the conception ritual for having funeral rite that is performed after death.
healthy children. Lord Brahma or Prajapati is
appeased by this ritual.  Gods
2) Punswana is the fertilization ritual performed on  Indra, Agni, Varuna (water= peace tribal)
the third month of pregnancy asking for life and  Upanishds
safety of the fetus. Once again Lord Brahma is  Vedantic philosophy = hindu philosophy
prayed to in this ceremony.  Main part= karma = conduct of behavior= most
3) Seemantonnayana ritual is observed in the important even more than mantras and sacrifice
penultimate month of pregnancy for safe and  Concept of soul = aatma= rebirth based on
assured delivery of the baby. This is a prayer to karma or moksha (no rebirth)(paramatma)
the Hindu God Dhata.  Hell and heaven came to known by Ashokan
4) Jatkarma is a birth ceremony of the new-born Inscription first time
baby. On this occasion, a prayer is observed for  There are 108 Upanishads ,which are most well
goddess Savita. known or most important are as following–
5) Namkarana is the naming ceremony of the baby, 1) Katha, 8) Brihadaranyaka= gargi
which is observed 11 days after its birth. This 2) Kena, / yagyavalkya
gives the new-born an identity with which he or 3) Isa, 9) Mandukya,
she will be associated all his life. 4) Mundaka= 10) Aitareya,
6) Niskramana is the act of taking the four-month- satyamev jayate 11) Kaushitaki,
old child out for the first time into the open to 5) Prasna, 12) Svetasvatara
sunbathe. The Sun God Surya is worshiped. 6) Taittiriya= atithi 13) Maitrayani
7) Annaprashana is the elaborate ceremony devo bhava
conducted when the child is fed cereal for the 7) Chhandogya
first time at the age of six months.
8) Chudakarma or Keshanta karma is the  Katha, All the 4 Vedas are compositions of
ceremonious tonsuring of the head and Lord different texts. Upanishads are in the last
Brahma or Prajapati is prayed and offerings section of any Vedas
made to him. The baby's head is shaved off and
the hair is ceremonially immersed in the river.
 INDIAN PHILOSOPHY (6 SCHOOLS)
9) Karnavedha is the ritual of having the ear 1) SAMKHYA: -
pierced. These days it is mostly girls who have  Samkhya is the oldest of the orthodox
their ears pierced. philosophical schools
10) Upanayana aka thread ceremony is the  it holds that everything, in reality, is derived
investiture ceremony of the sacred thread where from Purusha (self, soul, or intellect) and Prakriti
Brahmin boys are adorned with a sacred thread (matter, creative agency, energy).
hung from one shoulder and passed around their  Says only good conduct or karma derives you
front and back. This day, Lord Indra is invoked happiness
and offerings are made to him. 2) THE NYAYA SCHOOL
11) Vedarambha or Vidyarambha is observed when  holds that there are four valid means of
the child is initiated into study. In ancient times, knowledge:
boys were sent to live with their gurus in a  perception (pratyaksha),
'gurugriha' or hermitage to study. Devotees pray  inference (anumana),
to the Hindu God Apawaka on this occasion.  comparison (upamana), and
12) Samavartana is the convocation or the  sound, or testimony (shabda).
commencement to the study of the Vedas.  Invalid knowledge involves memory, doubt,
13) Vivaha is the lavish nuptial ceremony. After error, and hypothetical argument.
marriage, the individual enters the life of a  Gautama rishi
'grihastha' or conjugal life - the life of a
3) VAISHESIKA
householder. Lord Brahma is the deity of the day
in the wedding ceremony.
14) Awasthyadhana or Vivahagni Parigraha is a

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 In its classical form, however, the Vaishesika  Have revived "Hinduism" in the 8th century after
school differed from the Nyaya in one crucial centuries of Buddhism - didn't have the word
respect: "Hindu" in his consciousness or vocabulary.
 where Nyaya accepted four sources of valid  750CE dies at Kedarnath
knowledge, the Vaishesika accepted only two.  He founded 4 ठ Matths
 The epistemology of Vaiśeṣika school of 1) Badrikashram Jyotirpeeth in the north,
Hinduism accepted only two reliable means to 2) Dwarka's Shardha Peeth in the west,
knowledge – perception and inference. 3) Govardhan Peetha in Puri in the east,
 The Sanskrit philosopher Kanada Kashyapa (2nd– 4) Sringeri Sharada Peetham in Chikkamagalur
3rd century CE?) expounded its theories and is district, Karnataka
credited with founding the school. 
 Atom philosophy
4) PURVA MIMAMSA
 is a karma-Mimamsa system that examines
Vedic teachings through the lens of karma-kanda
rituals.
 Purva Mimamsa (or simply Mimamsa)
emphasizes the yagya's performance in order to
gain various spiritual and worldly benefits.
 Jaimini established the school about 400 B.C.
 Favors vedas , Upanishads
5) VEDANTA OR UTTARA MIMANSA.
 Mimamsa, (Sanskrit: “Reflection” or “Critical
Investigation”) one of the six systems (darshans)
of Indian philosophy. Mimamsa, probably the
earliest of the six, is fundamental to Vedanta,
another of the six systems, and has deeply
influenced the formulation of Hindu law
(see Indian law).
6) YOGA,
 (Sanskrit: “Yoking” or “Union”) one of the six
systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy. Its
influence has been widespread among many
other schools of Indian thought. Its basic text is
the Yoga-sutras by Patanjali (c. 2nd century BCE
or 5th century CE).
 The ultimate goal of Yoga is a sustained state of
pure awareness called Moksha or Samadhi. Yoga
is the transcendence of the mind to realize the
“true self” or “highest self.”
 Note:-
 One person gave new touch to Vedantic
philosophy = Adi Shankaracharya
 Adi Shankaracharya is renowned for his in-depth
and insightful commentaries on ancient texts.
The review of Brahma Sutra that he wrote is
famous as Brahmasutrabhasya and is the oldest
commentary on Brahma Sutra. He also wrote
views and commentaries on the 10 principles of
Upanishads and Bhagvad Gita
 Adi Shankaracharya was born at Kalady in Kerala
(Chera kingdom) in 700 C.E. Adi Shankaracharya
was best known for his the doctrine of Advaita
Vedanata. He is believed to have revived
Hinduism along with other great religious figures
like Madhava and Ramanuja

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 POST VEDIC PERIOD 600-400BC

 1500-1000BC= early vedic = jana
 1000-600= later vedic = janapada
 600-400BC many changes happened like rise of
Buddhism, Jainism etc
 Reasons
 Core area= PB and Haryana
 Indo-gangetic = Bihar (+Odisha) region = iron
resources (Raurkela and Durgapur )= tools
 Iron started in later vedic period but better use
of iron started in the post vedic period
 This period is marked as surplus production
therefore the trade started = beginning of towns
 This period is called second civilization
 NEW ECONOMIC BASE:-
 most economic base is the food. All changes
have to be viewed in the light of new economic
base in this period which was provided by the
use of iron in fertile region of Bihar
 POLITICAL CHANGE
 Mahajanpadas =great state= big territorial state
= because of strong economic base
 Taxes were collected
 16 MAHAJANPADAS
 Source of Mahajanpadas + Info:-
a) Buddhist text:- Aṇguttara Nikāya, known by
the title of Manorathapūraṇī, was composed
by Buddhaghoṣa in the 5th century {part of
Suta pitakas}
b) Jaina Text:- bhagwati sutra
c) Some were monarchial and some were
republic (Gara Sangha)

 MOST IMPORTANT MONARCH:-

 MAGADHA:-
 Bihar= southern Bihar= iron sources
 {North Bihar called Mithala}
 Important Kings= Bimbisara + Ajatashatru
{Akhand Bharat from Afghanistan to Bangladesh
and Nepal to Karnataka = Ashoka Inscription}
 Due to iron and some other resources Bihar
could go to the path of expansion and then to
Mauryan empire

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 Capital:- Rajgriha (south of Ganges)
 Due to taxes + Army:- they overpowered all
other Mahajanpadas
 MOST IMPORTANT REPUBLICS:-
 North of Gangas
1) Vrijji or Lichavi
 Capital=Vaishali
 Confederation of 8 tribes (strongest)
 Most important tribe was lichavi as Mahavir
belongs to this
2) Sakya Tribe (near Gorakhpur)= because of
Gautama Buddha
3) Mala tribe:- (capital Kushinagar )= Buddha
Died over here
 SOCIAL CHANGE
 Brahminical culture system was very strong in
Bihar
 Rigid and complex Varna system had become
 First time untouchability (Buddhist sources)
 ECONOMIC CHANGE
 Growth of trade and towns
 First time evidence = guilds
 GUILDS
a) Association of merchants and craftsmen
dealing in one specific commodity) and
b) Were organised on demographic rights
c) They used to elect their head
d) They has their residence and shops
(merchandise established) , e.g Mandis
e) King would not interfere in administration
and over he cannot have control over it
f) Very powerful organization because of taxes
g) Sresthi= head of merchants guild (led to
seth)
h) Jyestha :- Head of craftsmen guild
i) Sarthavaha:- head of caravan traders , very
organised and known to different languages
and had temporary leaders
 BEGINNING OF COINS
 For the first time, we see beginning of coins=
punch marked coins made of silver as
“karshapara” or “Pana”
 Punch marked coins= small pieces of metals
beaten flat , crude coins had symbols like sun,
moon, animal
 No name of king, no fixed weights, only symbols
 First time Money economy = note it, as first
money economy was Mauryan empire as
maximum punch marked coins were coming
from Mauryan empire
 Developments of towns= trade
 Economy= rural + urban
 TWO IMPORTANT CLASSES
1) Merchant class
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 Not happy with growing influence to Brahminical
culture therefore they started opposition to the
culture based on rituals , sacrifices, mantras
 They developed 6 schools of thoughts only 2
survived i.e. Jainism and Buddhism
 Heterodox in nature
2) Second consist 4 classes Brahmin, Kshtriyas,
vaishya , Shudras
 Vaishya economy :- cattle rearing, trade,
agriculture= main parts of economy
 NOTE:-
1) People shall not go out of town if it happens , he
will lose caste or position because when he
moves he will not have material to perform
rituals therefore loses his caste
2) New economic order (merchants)= opposed it
and believed in Jainism and Buddhism which was
also against this ideology, so these two survived
till present
3) Therefore Jainism and Buddhism were the result
of New Economic order
 SIX (6) SCHOOLS OF THOUGHTS
1) CHARVAKA
 Charvaka, also called Lokayata (Sanskrit:
“Worldly Ones”), a philosophical Indian school of
materialists who rejected the notion of an
afterworld, karma, liberation (moksha), the
authority of the sacred scriptures, the Vedas,
and the immortality of the self.
 Brihaspati is traditionally referred to as the
founder of Charvaka or Lokāyata philosophy,
although some scholars dispute this. It emerged
during the shramana movement as a non-vedic
philosophy
 Followed by: - Ajita Kesakambali was an ancient
Indian philosopher in the 6th century BC. He is
considered to be the first known proponent of
Indian materialism,
 Only anti-Upanishads philosophy in history and
not believed in aatma , paramatma
 It is a philosophy of materialism / hedonism
 Bhotika:- Kal ho na ho enjoy today
2) AJIVIKAS PHILOSOPHY
 It was founded by Goshala Maskariputra (also
called Gosala Makkhaliputta), a friend of
Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara
 Niyati:- (destiny) The Ajivikas philosophy held
that all things are preordained, and
 therefore religious or ethical practice has no
effect on one's future, and people do things
because cosmic principles make them do so, and
all that will happen or will exist in future is
already predetermined to be that way
 Ajivika, an ascetic sect that emerged in India
about the same time as Buddhism and Jainism
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and that lasted until the 14th century; the name
may mean “following the ascetic way of life.”
 For some time Bindusara also followed it
 Ashoka known to have built “rock cut” cave and
dedicated to Ajivikas after that we don’t hear
about them
3) SURVIVED PHILOSOPHIES:- JAINISM
& BUDDHISM
 They were product of the time otherwise would
not have been survived
 Reason
a) They were basically followed by mercantile
class as in Ancient period all important
classes were Buddhist
b) Today all of them are jains because
Brahminical culture was against this business
as they always talk about sacrifices of
animals
 Difference b/w two
 Main:- Madhya marg (Buddha Followed but jains
did not follow it}
 Madhya Marg:- policy of position b/w extreme
like
JAIN BUDDHA Brahminical
One side Madhya Marg 2nd side
No slaughtering Allowed meat Slaughtering
at all eating permitted
very strict and provided you
could not do not kill by
tolerate yourself
 Both believed in Varna but Brahminical was on
Karma
 Both doors of Buddhism and Jainism were
opened to all varnas whereas Brahminical
compartmentalized
 LIFE OF BUDDHA (EVENTS OF HIS LIFE
REFLECTED IN ART)
 5 important events = represented in art
 BIRTH (FIRST EVENT)
 Budha= Sakya head born at Lubini (Nepal)= elephant
symbbol
 Budha’s Mother= Maya (mahamaya under Ashoka
tree)
 Brought up by his aunt= Prajapati gautami , first lady
to join sangha allowed by Buddha but Buddha was
not happy though reluctantly allowed women entry
to Buddhism and he opened sangha for women
 Buddha allowed this on the advice of Ananda
(considered as distraction)
 As Budha saw miseries of the world he left his palace
at the age of 30 to find the cause and cure of miseries
or “Dukha”
 2nd EVENT:-RENUNCIATION OF LUXURIES
 He met 5 Brahmins = 5 jains monks as per Siri’s
opinion= at Uruvela (Bodhgaya now in Bihar) =
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they told Budha to continue to mediate without
food and water (as in Jainism it is practice to find
truth)
 But Budha almost got died then he took food
and water (these monks annoyed and said
Budha that you cannot find truth)
 3RD EVENT NIRVANA (PALI NIBBANA)
 Budha then continued meditation by his own
and got enlightenment (highest form of
happiness= nirvana)
 After that he got name Buddha means = Budhi
or gyan (enlighten person)
 4RD EVENT “SERMON”
 Then he went to sarnath (near Varanasi) and
looked for those 5 Brahmins to tell cause and
cure (Tathagata, (Sanskrit and Pali), one of the
titles of a Buddha and the one most frequently
employed by the historical Buddha, Siddhartha
Gautama, when referring to himself. The exact
meaning of the word is uncertain; Buddhist
commentaries present as many as eight
explanations.)
 At sarnath he founded his first sangha
 Shravasti was the capital of the ancient Indian
kingdom of Kosala and the place where
the Buddha lived most after his enlightenment
and gave maximum sermons
 AMARPALI: - The Angulimala Sutta is a riveting
tale from the Buddhist scriptures of a blood-
thirsty murderer who lived during the time that
the Buddha walked the earth. Terrorizing the
realm of King Pasenadi, Angulimala was known
for the garland of fingers that he severed from
his victims and wore around his neck
 5th KUSINAGARA
 KUSINAGARA:- asking Biksha and in return a , At
age 80 the Buddha, weak from old age and
illness, accepted a meal (it is difficult to identify
from the texts what the meal consisted of, but
many scholars believe it was pork) from a smith
named Chunda, instructing the smith to serve
him alone and bury the rest of the meal without
offering it to the other monks. Ananda (cousin of
Buddha ) asked why Buddha you ate this,
Buddha made him remember the middle path
 Buddhism sects
 Hinayana and Mahayana
 Yana:- Vehicle
 Hina- Small
 Maha:- Large
sects Hinayana Mahayana
Birth, symbol Elephant ,lion Maya/dreaming
renunciation Kanthaka- from Buddha, wife &
palace to bodhgaya child sleeping
enlightenment Bhumi-sparsh Mudra Swearing the
Pipal tree , bodhi earth is the
tree evidence of his
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Budha touching enlightenment as

earth no one was there
1. FIRST BUDDHIST COUNCIL 400BC
only earth itself is  The First Buddhist council convened at the
evidence Sattapanni caves in Rajgriha
st
1 sermon Chakra/ wheel Dhamma-ckakra  It was held under the patronage of King
sarnath parivartan Mudra Ajatashatru
Budha sitting in  The First Buddhist Council was presided by Monk
yogi position Mahakasyapa
Dhamma=  The Agenda of the First Buddhist council was to
Buddhist principle
preserve the teachings (Sutta) of the Buddha
and the monastic discipline and guidelines for
nirvana Stupa indicates final Maha-pari-
death free form cycle nirvana Mudra monks(Vinaya).
of birth Budha reclining  It was held just after the death of the Buddha.
one side , eyes  Suttas and Vinaya were recited by the monks
closed Ananda and Upali respectively
 SOME FACTS  Abhidhamma Pitaka was also recited in this
 Ashoka wheel/ chakra= 24= mauryan art council.
 Ashoka pillars= 4 lions 2. SECOND BUDDHIST COUNCIL- 383 BC
 4 animals = horse , elephant, bull, lion
 The second Buddhist council was held at Vaishali
 Buddha’s chakra= 8wheel
 It was under the patronage of Kalasoka
 Buddha died without any writing (written by his
 The Second Buddhist Council was presided over
followers ) therefore led to controversies
by Sabakami
 BUDHA’S TEACHING ARE OF TWO PARTS  The Agenda of the Second Buddhist council was
A. FOUR NOBLE TRUTH to settle the disagreements of different
1) truth of suffering, subdivisions.
2) the truth of the cause of suffering,  This council rejected the Mahasangikas as
3) the truth of the end of suffering, canonical Buddhist texts. For this reason, the
4) the truth of the path that leads to the end of council is considered historical.
suffering.  Conflict resulted into two groups
 Everybody is unhappy
 The first major split happened here – two groups
 Cause of unhappiness is desire
that would later evolve into Theravada (extreme
 Trishna= extreme desire
emphasis on monastic life= conservatives) and
 You can be happy if you follow 8 fold path
Mahayana. (liberals)= sleep on naked floor was
B. 8 FOLD PATH the issue (in vinaya pitaka)
1) Right Understanding,
2) Right Thought,  The first group was called Thera (meaning Elder
3) Right Speech, in Pali). They wanted to preserve the teachings
4) Right Action, of Buddha in the original spirit.
5) Right Livelihood,  The other group called Mahasanghika (Great
6) Right Effort, Community) interpreted the Buddha’s teachings
7) Right Mindfulness and more liberally.
8) Right Concentration.  Note no division though (note)
 Buddha’s teachings were written by his
followers= Tripitakas= books of Buddhism 3. THIRD BUDDHIST COUNCIL–250 BC
 3 BASKETS:-  The third Buddhist council was held at
1) Vinaya Basket which contains rules for monks; Pataliputra in the Magadha Empire
code of conduct to be followed by Buddhist  It was under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka
monks and nuns  The Third Buddhist Council was presided over by
2) Sutta Basket which contains the Dharma or Moggaliputta Tissa
teachings of the Buddha, and stories narrated by  The Agenda of the Third Buddhist council was to
Buddha to many principles of Buddhism , to analyze the different schools of Buddhism and to
follow good conduct purify them.
3) Abhidhamma Basket which contains  Ashoka sent several groups to different
commentaries on the Dharma. Like philosophy countries to spread Buddhism after this council.
 4 councils of Buddhists were held to write these Like to Ceylon
pitakas

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4. FOURTH BUDDHIST COUNCIL- 72 AD
 The fourth Buddhist council was convened in
Kashmir (Srinagar )
 It was under the patronage of Emperor Kanishka
(Kushan King)
 The Fourth Buddhist Council was presided over
by Vasumitra and Asvaghosha
 The Agenda of this Buddhist council was the
reconciliation of various conflicts between
different schools of thought.
 Hinayana and Mahayana sects of Buddhism
diverged after this council.
a) Hinayana:- Conservatives
 Consider Buddha as Guide to show the path
 Pali language
 Gandhara, Mathura = 2 Schools of Art
presented in form of symbol
b) Mahayana:- (Liberals)
 Consider Buddha as God
 Buddha is a god and take us to there
 Sanskrit language
 Gandhara, Mathura = 2 Schools of Art
presented in form of idols
 Mahayana developed new concept
Bodhisattvas
 Bodhisattvas are enlightened beings who
have put off entering paradise in order to
help others attain enlightenment.
 There are many different Bodhisattvas, but
the most famous in China is Avalokitesvara,
known in Chinese as Guanyin. Bodhisattvas
are usually depicted as less austere or
inward than the Buddha
 Bodhi-sattavas:- in order to show Buddha
was god , minor gods were to be created (as
guide )
 in Mahayana Buddhism a person who is able
to reach nirvana but delays doing so through
compassion for suffering beings or may
refuse the nirvana and decided to stay back
in the world to teach or guide others the
path of Salvation
 Most Important:- Bodhisattva Padmapani
 Lotus-bearer Padmapani was a favored form
of Avalokiteshvara, the embodiment of
Buddhist compassion.
 His identifiers are the lotus (padma) held in
his left hand, and the small figure of the
Buddha Amitabha atop his head.
 South Asia= Amitabha
 Japan:- Amida
 Future Budha:- Maitreya, in Buddhist
tradition, the future Buddha, presently a
bodhisattva residing in the Tushita heaven,
who will descend to earth to preach a new
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the dharma (“law”) when the teachings of
Gautama Buddha have completely decayed.
 SOME NEW BUDDHIST COUNCIL
 FIFTH BUDDHIST COUNCIL- 1871
 The fifth Buddhist council was held at Mandalay
in Myanmar, then called Burma.
 It was under the patronage of King Mindon of
the Kingdom of Burma
 The Fifth Buddhist Council was presided by
Jagarabhivamsa, Narindabhidhaja, and
Sumangalasami
 The Agenda of this council was to recite all the
Buddhist learning and scrutinize them in
minuscule details
 This council is largely not recognized outside of
Myanmar as no major Buddhist countries apart
from Burma had representatives attending the
council.
 SIXTH BUDDHIST COUNCIL- 1954
 The Fifth Buddhist Council convened at Kaba Aye
in Yangon(Rangoon), Myanmar(Burma)
 It was under the patronage of Prime Minister U.
Nu of the Republic of Myanmar
 The Sixth Buddhist Council was presided over by
Mahasi Sayadaw and Bhadanta
Vicittasarabhivamsa.
 The Agenda of the Fifth Buddhist council was to
uphold and preserve the authentic Dhamma and
Vinaya of Buddhism.
 A special Maha Passana Guha (cave) was built
which was similar to the cave where the first
Buddhist council was held.
 TWO SCHOOLS OF ART
1. Gandhara of art
2. Mathura of art
 Merged with Hinduism as idols came, rituals
came because he was god
THE TOPIC OF JAINISM
 Enlightenment called as “Kaivalya”= final
knowledge= state of liberation (moksha:
literally, “release”) that the consciousness of an
individual (Purusha: “self” or “soul”) achieves by
realizing that it is separate from matter
(prakriti).
 A TIRTHANKAR IS REFERRED TO
 as ‘teaching god’ or ‘Ford Maker’ in Jainism. A
few points of discussions about Tirthankaras are:
 In Jainism, it is believed that each cosmic age
produces 24 Tirthankaras.
 The Tirthankaras in the art are shown in
the Kayotsarga pose (dismissing the body).
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 The other famous pose to depict tirthankar in art
is a mediation pose where he is seated cross-
legged on a lion throne.
 The 24 Tirthankaras are distinguished with each
other by the symbolic colours or emblems.
 The names of 24 Tirthankaras are inspired by the
dreams their respective mothers had before
their birth or related circumstances surrounding
their births.
 Kalpasutra is a religious text of Jains which
mentions the life histories of 24 Tirthankaras. (It
is apparently compiled by Digambara sect Jain
Muni Bhadrabahu 150 years after Mahavir’s
Nirvana.)
 Kalpasutra mentions the first Tirthankara to be
Rishabhnath.
 FACTS ABOUT MOST PROMINENT
TIRTHANKARAS
1. RISHABHNATH:
 He is said to exist before Indus Valley Civilization
 It is mentioned that in Bhagavata Purana, he is
referred to as Lord Vishnu.
 Vedas also mention the name of Rishabhnath.
(Read about types of Vedas in the linked article.)
 He had many sons including – Bharat and
Bahubali (Note: The Gomateshwara Statue is
dedicated to Bahubali; and is the tallest statue of
the world. It is located in Shravanabelagola in
Karnataka.)
 It is also believed that the name of the script
‘Brahmi’ is inspired by his daughter’s name.
2. MALLINATH:
 Malli was the 19th Tirthankara.
 It is often debated that Malli was a woman
however, some Digambara sect Jains believe
that she was reborn as a man and then became
a Tirthankara.
3. NEMINATHA:
 He is the 22nd Tirthankara.
 He is stated to be the cousin of Lord Krishna (A
Hindu God.)
 In paintings, he is depicted to adorn dark
complexion.
4. PARSVANATH:
 Parsvanath was the 23rd tirthankar.
 It is believed that he existed two centuries
before Vardhamana Mahavira.
 He was apparently born in Banaras (Uttar
Pradesh) around 817 BCE.
 He is said to have propounded Jain religion
which was later revived by Mahavira.
 He attained Kaivalya on Mount Sammeta
(Parasnath) in Jharkhand.
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 According to Svetambaras Sect (White-Clad Sect
of Jainism); Parsvnath founded four-fold
restraints:
1. Ahimsa= no killings
2. Satya = No lies
3. Asteya= no straling
4. Aparigraha = don’t collect more than
required
 Note:- The fifth one, ‘Brahmacharya’ (Chastity)
was added by Mahavira.)= control animal
instincts
 Navagraha Jain Temple in Karnataka houses the
tallest statue of Parsvanath.
5. MAHAVIRA
 He was the 24th Tirthankara of Jain religion.
 He was the son of Siddhartha and Trishla.
 He was born in Bihar.
 He was a contemporary of Gautam Buddha.
 At the age of 30, he left his worldly possessions
and sought ascetic life towards Kevala Gnan.
 He attained Kaivalya under a Sal tree.
 He attained Nirvana in Pavapuri, Bihar.
 Mahavir took to extreme:- removed his clothes
(Nakedness ), to not take anything from world
and detachment from world
 Vardhamana Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara,
was born in 540 B.C. in a village called
Kundagrama near Vaishali.
 He belonged to Jnatrika clan and was connected
to the royal family of Magadha.
 His father Siddharta was the head of the
Jnathrika Kshatriya clan and his mother Trishala
was a sister of Chetaka, the king of Vaishali.
 At the age of 30 years, he renounced his home
and become an ascetic.
 He practised austerity for 12 years and attained
highest spiritual knowledge called Kaivalya(i.e
conquered misery and happiness) at the age of
42 years.
 He delivered his first sermon at Pava. A symbol
was associated with every Tirthankara and
Mahavira’s symbol was a lion.
 His missions took him Koshala, Magadha,
Mithila, Champa etc
 He passed away at the age of 72 in 468 B.C. at
the Pavapuri in Bihar.
 INTRODUCTION JAINISM IS AN
ANCIENT RELIGION
 rooted in the philosophy that teaches the way to
liberation and a path to spiritual purity and
enlightenment through disciplined nonviolence
to all living creatures.
 When did Jainism Originate?
 Jainism came to prominence in the 6 th century B.C.,
when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion.
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 There were 24 great teachers, the last of whom was
Lord Mahavira.
 These twenty-four teachers were called Tirthankaras-
people who had attained all knowledge (Moksha)
while living and preached it to the people.
 The first Tirthankara was Rishabnatha. The word
‘Jain’ is derived from jina or jaina which means the
‘Conqueror’.
 CAUSE OF ORIGIN?
 Hinduism had become rigid and orthodox with
complex rituals and dominance of Brahmins.
 The Varna system divided the society into 4
classes based on birth, where the two higher
classes enjoyed several privileges.
 Kshatriya's reaction against the domination of
the brahmanas.
 Spread of the new agricultural economy in the
north-eastern India due to the use of iron tools.
 WHAT ARE THE TENETS OF JAINISM?
 It mainly aims at the attainment of liberation, for
which no ritual is required. It can be attained
through three principles called Three Jewels or
Triratna i.e.
1. Right Faith (Samyakdarshana)
2. Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana)
3. Right Action (Samyakcharita)
 Five Doctrines of Jainism
1. Ahimsa: Non-injury to living being
2. Satya: Do not speak a lie
3. Asteya: Do not steal
4. Aparigraha: Do not acquire property
5. Brahmacharya: Observe continence
 PHILOSOPHY & CONCEPT OF GOD IN
JAINISM
 Jainism believes that the universe and all its
substances or entities are eternal. It has no
beginning or end with respect to time. Universe
runs on its own accord by its own cosmic laws.
 All the substances change or modify their forms
continuously. Nothing can be destroyed or
created in the universe.
1. There is no need for someone to create or
manage the affairs of the universe.
2. Hence Jainism does not believe in God as a
creator, survivor, and destroyer of the
universe.
 However Jainism does believe in God, not as a
creator, but as a perfect being.
1. When a person destroys all his karmas, he
becomes a liberated soul. He lives in a
perfect blissful state in Moksha forever.
2. The liberated soul possesses infinite
knowledge, infinite vision, infinite power,
and infinite bliss. This living being is a God of
Jain religion.
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
3. Every living being has a potential to become
God.
 Hence Jains do not have one God, but Jain Gods
are innumerable and their number is
continuously increasing as more living beings
attain liberation.
 ANEKANTAVADA
 Anekantavada in Jainism is the ontological
assumption that any entity is at once enduring
but also undergoing change that is both constant
and inevitable.
 The doctrine of anekantavada states that all
entities have three aspects: substance (dravya),
quality (guna), and mode (paryaya).
1. Dravya serves as a substratum for multiple
gunas, each of which is itself constantly
undergoing transformation or modification.
2. Thus, any entity has both an abiding
continuous nature and qualities that are in a
state of constant flux.
 SYADVADA
 Syadvada, in Jaina metaphysics, the doctrine
that all judgments are conditional, holding good
only in certain conditions, circumstances, or
senses, expressed by the word syat (“may be”).
 The ways of looking at a thing (called naya) are
infinite in number.
 Syadavada literally means the ‘method of
examining different probabilities’.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANEKANTAVADA
AND SYADVADA
 The basic difference between them is that
Anekantavada is the knowledge of all differing
but opposite attributes whereas Syadvada is a
process of the relative description of a particular
attribute of an object or an event.
 WHAT ARE THE SECTS/ SCHOOL
OF JAINISM?
 Jain order has been divided into two major sects:
Digambara and Svetambara.
 The division occurred mainly due to famine in
Magadha which compelled a group led by
Bhadrabahu to move South India .
 During the 12 years famine, the group in South
India stick to the strict practices while the group
in Magadha adopted a more lax attitude and
started wearing white clothes.
 After the end of famine, when the Southern
group came back to Magadha, the changed
practices led to the division of Jainism into two
sects.
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1. DIGAMBARA:
 Monks of this sect believe in complete
nudity. Male monks do not wear clothes
while female monks wear unstitched plain
white sarees.
 Follow all five vows (Satya, Ahimsa, Asteya,
Aparigraha and Brahmacharya). Believe
women cannot achieve liberation.
 Bhadrabahu was an exponent of this sect.
 Major Sub-Sects
1. Mula Sangh
2. Bisapantha
3. Terapantha
4. Taranpantha or Samaiyapantha
 Minor Sub-Sets
1. Gumanapantha
2. Totapantha
2. SVETAMBARA:
 Monks wear white clothes.
 Follow only 4 vows (except brahmacharya).
 Believe women can achieve liberation.
 Sthulabhadra was an exponent of this sect.
 Major Sub-Sects
1. Murtipujaka
2. Sthanakvasi
3. Terapanthi
 REASON FOR THE SPREAD OF
JAINISM?
 Mahavira organised an order of his followers
which admitted both men and women.
 Jainism didn’t very clearly mark itself out from
the brahmanical religion, therefore it spread
gradually into West and South India where
brahmanical order was weak.
 The great Mauryan King Chandragupta Maurya,
during his last years, became a Jain ascetic and
promoted Jainism in Karnataka.
 Famine in Magadha led to the spread of Jainism
in South India.
 The famine lasted for 12 years, and in order to
protect themselves many Jains went to South
India under the leadership of Bhadrabahu.
 In Odisha, it enjoyed the patronage of Kalinga
King of Kharavela.
 WHAT IS JAIN LITERATURE?
 Prakrit language= Anga
 Jain literature is classified into two major
categories:
1. AGAM LITERATURE:
 Lord Mahavir's preaching was methodically
compiled by his followers into many texts. These
texts are collectively known as Agams, the
sacred books of the Jain religion. Agam literature
is also divided into two groups:
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
a) ANG-AGAMA:
 These texts contain the direct preaching
of Lord Mahavir.
 They were compiled by Ganadharas.
Lord Mahavir's immediate disciples were
known as Ganadhara.
 All Ganadharas possessed perfect
knowledge (keval-gyan).
 They orally compiled the direct
preaching of Lord Mahavir into twelve
main texts (sutras).
 These texts are known as Ang-agams.
b) ANG-BAHYA-AGAMS (OUTSIDE OF ANG-
AGAMS):
 These texts are expansions of Angagams.
 They were compiled by Shrutakevalin.
 Monks who had knowledge of a
minimum of ten Purvas were known as
Shrutakevalin.
 Shrutakevalin wrote many texts (sutras)
expanding the subject matter defined in
the Ang-agams.
 Collectively these texts are called Ang-
bahyaagams meaning outside of Ang-
agams. The twelfth Ang-agam is called
Drastivad.
 The Drastivad consists of fourteen Purva
texts, also known as Purvas or Purva-
agams.
 Among Ang-agams, Purvas were the
oldest sacred texts. They are written in
the Prakrit language.
2. NON-AGAM LITERATURE:
 This consists of commentary and explanation of
Agam literature and independent works,
compiled by elder monks, nuns, and scholars.
 They are written in many languages such as
Prakrit, Sanskrit, Old Marathi, Gujarati, Hindi,
Kannad, Tamil, German, and English.
 WHAT IS JAIN ARCHITECTURE?
 Jain architecture cannot be accredited with a
style of its own, it was almost an offshoot of
Hindu and Buddhist styles.
 Types of Jain Architecture:
1. LAYANA/GUMPHAS (CAVES)
 Ellora Caves (Cave No. 30-35)- Maharashtra
 Mangi Tungi Cave- Maharashtra
 Gajapantha Cave- Maharashtra
 Udayagiri-Khandagiri Caves- Odisha
 Hathi-gumpha Cave- Odisha
 Sittanavasal Cave- Tamil Nadu
2. STATUES
 Gometeshwara/Bahubali Statue-
Shravanabelagola, Karnataka
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 Statue of Ahimsa(Rishabnatha)- Mangi-Tungi 1. The concept of Ahimsa can also help to

hills, Maharashtra counter growing violence and terrorism.
3. JIANALAYA (TEMPLE)  The principle of Aparigraha (non-possession) can
 Dilwara Temple- Mount Abu, help to control consumerist habits as there is
 Rajasthan Girnar and great increase in greed and possessive
 Palitana Temple- Gujarat tendencies.
 Muktagiri Temple- Maharashtra 1. Global warming also can be healed with this
thought by doing away with unwanted
 NOTE luxuries, which produce carbon emissions.
 Manastambha: It is found in the front side of the
temple, having religious importance with an
ornamental pillar structure carrying the image of
Tirthankar on top and on all four cardinal
directions.
 Basadis: Jain monastic establishment or temples
in Karnataka.

 JAIN COUNCIL
 First Jain Council Held at Patliputra in 3rd
Century B.C. and was presided by Sthulbhadra.
 Second Jain Council Held at Vallabhi in 512 A.D.
and was presided by Devardhi Kshmasramana.
Final Compilations of 12 Angas and 12 Upangas.

 HOW IS JAINISM DIFFERENT FROM

BUDDHISM?
 Jainism recognised the existence of god while
Buddhism did not.
 Jainism does not condemn the varna system
while Buddhism does.
 Jainism believed in transmigration of soul i.e.
reincarnation while Buddhism does not.
 Buddha prescribed the middle path while
Jainism advocates his followers to even
completely discard the clothes i.e. life of
austerity.
 WHAT IS THE RELEVANCE OF JAIN
IDEOLOGY IN TODAY’S WORLD?
 Contribution of Jainism:
1. Attempts to reform the evils of varna order.
2. Growth of Prakrit and Kannada.
3. Contributed to architecture and literature
immensely.
 The Jain theory of Anekantavada translated into
practical terms in social context would mean
three principles:
1. Absence of dogmatism or fanaticism
2. Honouring the freedom of others
3. Peaceful coexistence and cooperation
 It brings the spirit of intellectual and social
tolerance.
 The principle of Ahimsa(non-violence) gains
prominence in today’s nuclear world to attain
long lasting peace in the society.

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