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MODULE II

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CURVE SURVEYING
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SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE

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PARTS OF A CURVE
• Back Tangent –AT1
• Forward Tangent- T2B

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• Point of Intersection -V
• Point of Curve – start of curve- P.C

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• Point of Tangency – End of curve- P.T

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PARTS OF A CURVE
• Intersection Angle (Δ) – angle bw AV produced and VB
• Deflection angle to any point of curve- angle at PC bw back
tangent and the chord from PC to point on the curve

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• Tangent distance (T) – distance from PC to PI (and PI to PT)
• External distance (E) – distance from mid point of curve to PI

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• Length of curve (l) – length of curve from PC to PT

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PARTS OF A CURVE
• Long Chord (L) – Chord joining PC to PT
• Mid ordinate (M) – ordinate from mid point of long chord to
mid point of curve

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• Normal chord ( C)–chord bw two successive regular stations
on the curve
• Sub chord ( c)- shorter than normal chord

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• Right hand curve – deflects to right of progression of survey
• Left hand curve - deflects to right of progression of survey

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 DESIGNATION OF CURVE

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 DESIGNATION OF CURVE

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 DESIGNATION OF CURVE

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ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE CURVE

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SETTING OUT SIMPLE CURVE
• Linear Methods
• Ordinates from long chord

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• Successive bisection of arcs
• Offsets from tangents

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• Radial offset
• Perpendicular offset
• Deflection distances (offsets from chords produced)
• Angular Methods
• Rankine’s method of Tangential or Deflection Angles
• Two theodolite method
• Tacheometric method
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By ORDINATES FROM LONG
CHORD

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BY SUCCESSIVE BISECTION OF
ARCS OR CHORDS

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RADIAL OFFSET FROM
TANGENTS

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PERPENDICULAR OFFSET
FROM TANGENTS

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DEFLECTION DISTANCES
(OFFSETS FROM CHORDS PRODUCED)

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DEFLECTION DISTANCES
(OFFSETS FROM CHORDS PRODUCED)

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RANKINE’S METHOD
OF TANGENTIAL
(DEFLECTION) ANGLES

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TWO THEODOLITE METHOD
• Two theodolites – one at T1 and other at T2

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 Tacheometric method

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 20 m
Examples

1192 m

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 Example 2.1

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 EXAMPLE 2.2

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 20 m
Examples
1192 m

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 EXAMPLE 2.3

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 20 m
Examples

1192 m

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 EXAMPLE 2.4

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 COMPOUND CURVE

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 CASE I

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 CASE II

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 CASE III

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 CASE IV

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 CASE V

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SETTING OUT COMPOUND
CURVE

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SETTING OUT COMPOUND
CURVE

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 REVERSE CURVE

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TRANSITION CURVES
• Function
• To accomplish gradually the transition from the tangent to

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circular curve so that the curvature is gradually increased fro zero
to a specified value.
• To provide medium for gradual introduction or change in require

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super elevation
• Conditions to fulfil
• Tangential to straight
• Meet circular curve tangentially
• Curvature zero at origin
• Curvature at junction of circular curve same as radius of curve
• Rate of increase of curvature same as increase of super elevation
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• Length such that full SE attained at junction with circular curve
SUPER ELEVATION

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• Equilibrium cant – if cant less than this, discomfort to
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CENTRIFUGAL RATIO
• Equlibrium cant

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LENGTH OF TRANSITION
CURVE
• By arbitrary gradient
• L=ne

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• N varies from 300 to 1200
• e=1.18V2/R

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• L= 1.18nV2/R metres
• By Time Rate
• L= ev/R

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1. By an arbitrary gradient
• Assume an arbitrary gradient of 1 in n (For
a length of n units of transition curve 1

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unit of cant)

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• Let e= required cant
• Length of TC = ne
• N varies from 300 to 1200

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2. By the time rate of cant
• Let r cm/s be the time rate (we get r cm/s of
super elevation in 1 second)

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• Let L be the total length of TC in m
• Let e be the required cant in cm

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• Let v= velocity of vehicle in m/s
• Time required to pass over the TC = L/v in
seconds
• Super elevation achieved in L/v seconds = Lr/v
• L = ev/r 48
3. By rate of change of radial
acceleration
• α = 1 ft/s2/s
• = 0.3 m/s2/s

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• Let L be the total length of TC in m
• Let v= velocity of vehicle in m/s

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• Time required to pass over the TC = L/v in
seconds
• Acceleration achieved in L/v seconds = Lα /v
• Radial acceleration = v2/R
• Lα /v = v2/R
• L = v3/αR 49
Problem
• A transition curve is required for a circular curve of 200 m
radius. The gauge being 1.5 m and maximum super
elevation is restricted to 15 cm. The TC is to be designed in
such a way the lateral pressure is imposed on the rails. Rate

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of change of radial acceleration is 30 cm/s2/s. Calculate the
required length of TC and design speed.

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R=200m α = 0.3
e=15cm
G=1.5m
15/150 = v2/9.81*200
e/G = v2/gR
Ans: v = 14 m/s
L = v3/αR
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Ans: 45.8 m
Ideal TC - Clothoid
• l α 1/r
• lr = constant

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Shift of TC
• The amount by which the circular curve is shifting inwards to
accommodate transition curve
• S= L2/24R
• L= length of TC, R= radius of curve

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VERTICAL CURVE
• Joins intersecting grade lines
• Parabola – riding quality

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• Grade expressed as% or 1 in n
• Rate of change of gradient –gradient per distance

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Types of Vertical Curves

• Upgrade followed by downgrade(+-)

• Downgrade followed by upgrade (-+)

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• Upgrade followed by upgrade (++)- two cases
• Downgrade followed by downgrade (--)- two cases

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• https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oT5EeEDrK04C&printsec
=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

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