Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ain Shams Engineering Journal

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com

Seismic response analysis of connected dual-tower isolated structure under

three-dimensional earthquakes
Fusong Peng a, Jialin Li a, Dewen Liu a, *, Zhiang Li a, Hang Shan a, Xiaoxuan luo a, Gengjie Liao a,
Min Lei b
a
College of Civil Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650000, China
b
College of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The study primarily concentrates on investigating the high-rise connected dual-tower frame-shear wall structure,
Connected dual-tower structure aiming to enhance its vibration control and overall stability. Furthermore, it seeks to assess the effectiveness of
Inter-layer isolated the corridor system under rare earthquake conditions and analyze the flexibility of the composite isolation
Time history analysis
scheme. The specific research methodology involves proposing the installation of isolated layers on both sides of
Earthquake response
the corridor within the tower structure, utilizing composite three-dimensional isolation bearings in these layers.
Shock absorption performance
The corridor and tower are connected flexibly to create a structural control system that incorporates energy
dissipation through isolation techniques. Additionally, nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses are conducted
on three different structural configurations: the base-fixed dual-tower structure, the single-tower isolated
structure, and the dual-tower isolated structure. The primary focus is on discussing the advantages of the dual-
tower isolation system. The analysis indicates that both the conventional isolated scheme and the composite
isolated scheme exhibit effective control over inter-story displacement and internal forces in the dual-tower
structure. The composite isolated scheme demonstrates double-isolated effect of the seismic scheme when sub­
jected to vertical seismic actions. The implemented composite isolated bearings successfully manage the seismic
response of vertical displacement and vertical acceleration at the top floor of the tower, reducing the degree of
seismic impact by 49.6% and 42.5% respectively, compared to traditional horizontal seismic conditions. By
positioning the isolated layer lower, the impact of the corridor on the tower is reduced. The seismic gap between
the corridor and the dual-tower provides reference values for designing the dual-tower isolated control system.

1. Introduction
High-rise interconnected building structures feature distinctive de­
signs and optimal connectivity between each tower. They are broadly
utilized in various regions around the globe. The interconnecting
structure amalgamates multiple or dissimilar buildings through corri­
dors, resulting in a diverse range of complex and intricate shapes. The
mechanical behavior of these structures under seismic activity is highly
variable, making it a paramount concern for structural designers and
researchers. Consequently, architects and researchers have turned their
focus toward the design challenges associated with this type of building.
The seismic isolated scheme design and corridor connection features
of dual-tower structures have a significant impact on the force mecha­
nism, dynamic characteristics, and seismic performance of the entire
structure. Both domestic and foreign scholars have conducted extensive
research on the reliability and seismic behavior of this building type
under earthquake conditions. Liang-kun, L. et al.[1] investigated
optimal parameter characteristics and seismic reduction effects of con­
trol systems for three different types of conjoined structures. Peyman M.
Osgooei et al.[2]propose the Pivot-Elastic model for the load–displace­
ment relationship of FREIs load and displacement, using two techniques
for modeling isolated systems and considering three types of seismic
motions. This model simplifies the time history analysis of isolated
structures. Darwin, D. et al.[3] briefly introduced a nonlinear constitu­
tive model for plain concrete subjected to biaxial cyclic loading. Wu
Qiao-yun, W. U. et al.[4] introduced a new hybrid passive control system
that combines segmented isolated and adjacent building connection
dampers for energy dissipation. They conducted dynamic analysis on the
segmented isolated system under earthquake excitations in vario us
frequency ranges, derived an optimal expression for the damper

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Civil_liudewen@sina.com (D. Liu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102538
Received 7 August 2023; Received in revised form 9 October 2023; Accepted 19 October 2023
2090-4479/© 2023 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
F. Peng et al.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of isolated analysis model.
parameters, and determined the optimal number and location of
dampers. D. De Domenico et al. [5]conducted a comprehensive study on
the hysteresis behavior exhibited by full-scale unbounded fiber-
reinforced elastomeric isolators (UFREI) when subjected to triaxial
loading. This investigation involved a combination of experimental and
numerical frameworks. They specifically explored the impact of lateral
coupling among the isolators on the performance of base-isolated
structures under bidirectional seismic excitation conditions. According
to research conducted by Li Chunfeng, Du Yongfeng, Villi. et al.[6],
flexible energy dissipation and damping isolated connection is the rec­
ommended method for connections. Meanwhile, Ehle, F., Stark, S. et al.
[7] have proposed a novel approach to model lumped elements of
magnetic shape memory alloys, which resolves the typical problems
associated with hysteresis representation and small signal behavior in
existing models. Wangchen, T. M. et al.[8] conducted seismic perfor­
mance and deformation difference control research on an asymmetric
complex coupled structure, and recommended reducing section size
while ensuring the bearing capacity and stability of connecting mem­
bers, and adopting hinged connections to reduce the impact on main
structural components. In recent years, as structural complexity has
increased, numerous complex coupled structures have emerged
frequently. These structures commonly exhibit significant torsional ef­
fects caused by their apparent symmetry. Guo, W., Zhai, Z. Lu, X., Lu, X.
et al.[9,10] used a certain engineering example to demonstrate how they
increased the thickness of the floor that connects to the tower and the
tower floor itself by pouring it as a whole, and implemented double-
layered bidirectional reinforcement to enhance its strength. They also
arranged vertical members in a reasonable manner and took appropriate
measures to mitigate its torsional deformation during earthquakes. Wu,
Q., Feng, H. et al.[11] compared three different structural control
methods, including the traditional seismic isolated structure, the seismic
isolated structure with a Maxwell-type control device, and the com­
posite passive control method, using an equivalent single-degree-of-
freedom model for vibrational control analysis. The results indicate
that the composite passive control approach was more effective in
controlling the overall vibration of the structure and outperformed the
seismic isolated scheme. D. Cardone et al.[12] conducted an analysis on
the seismic performance of existing RC frame structures that underwent
base isolated retrofit. They found that isolated can effectively mitigate
damage at the design ultimate limit state level. De-wen, L. I. U. et al.[13]
developed an analytical model for a layered mixed isolated control
system that includes additional inertia containers. They derived dy­
namic characteristic formulas for the system and analyzed the effects of
calculation parameters on its dynamic behavior. Veletsos, A. S. et al.[14]
proposed a method of generalized modal superposition for evaluating
the dynamic response of linear systems with non-classical damping.
They compared the exact solution of the system with an approximate
solution that considers classical damping. Stefano Silvestri et al. [15]
conducted an extensive series of shake table tests on full-scale flat-
bottomed steel silos that were filled with soft wheat. And offers a concise
overview of the primary limitations entwined with the seismic design
standards pertaining to silos. Shu, T., Li, Q. et al.[16] conducted a study
on the isolated effectiveness of a novel laminated isolated structure
2
Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538
during long-period seismic activities. They also analyzed the damage
evolution of the structure under varying types of earthquake motion, as
well as the input of energy into the structure during unique seismic
events. Marco Furinghetti et al.[17] devised three independent isolated
systems, delving into the intricate nonlinear hysteresis characteristics
exhibited by high-damping rubber bearings, lead rubber bearings, and
sliding bearings within the broader structural system. Their study
further scrutinized and assessed the efficacy of these isolated systems.
Zhou, Y., Chen, P. et al.[18] investigated the seismic performance of a
large frame platform with a four-tower structure at the bottom of a
subway station by conducting vibration table experiments and numeri­
cal simulations. Their findings indicated that the primary mode of
structural damage was result from shear failure in the weak layer.
Gattulli, V. et al.[19], Luft, R. W. et al.[20] through an analysis of a
simple dynamic system consisting of two linear oscillators, studied the
passive control performance of viscoelastic dampers that connect adja­
cent independent structures. They proposed a design theory for opti­
mizing structures based on tuned mass dampers and demonstrated the
feasibility of the theory through verification. Manish Kumar et al.[21]
conducted compressive failure tests using a concrete strength testing
apparatus to examine the geometric and material characteristics, and
estimate the mechanical properties, of four different types of rubber
bearings. Zhu, H. P. et al.[22] optimized the parameters of dampers that
connect two adjacent structures and the dual-tower structure with a
large podium. The numerical findings demonstrated a significant
reduction in seismic response and vibration energy for the parallel
structures. P. Castaldo et al.[23,24] conducted an analysis of the optimal
friction coefficient and evaluated the reliability of friction pendulum
system (FPS) isolators in the context of seismically isolated bridges.
They specifically considered the response of FPS isolators with nonlinear
velocity-dependent behavior and put forward a design calculation
methodology that takes into account seismic reliability factors.
Building on the research and findings of the aforementioned
scholars, this article presents a research approach centered on inter-
story isolated structure to enhance vibration control and overall stabil­
ity of linked dual-tower structures. The proposed solution involves
implementing an isolated layer on both sides of the linked structure,
utilizing composite three-dimensional isolated supports, and establish­
ing a flexible connection between the corridor and tower to create a
structural control system with energy-absorbing isolated. This research
centers on symmetrical dual-tower high-rise frames linked together,
utilizing a sophisticated 3D nonlinear finite element program (SAP2000)
for elastic–plastic time-history analysis of the structure. Relevant pa­
rameters are analyzed to investigate the vibration isolated performance
of complex linked structures. Additionally, reaction spectrum analysis is
conducted on aspects such as the displacement of the isolated layer, base
shear, and inter-story shear. To provide optimized recommendations for
similar engineering designs, additional parameter analysis is conducted
through displacement difference control and corridor design.
We conducted innovative investigations into the simulated utiliza­
tion of a three-dimensional isolator, comprised of lead rubber isolators
and additional viscous dampers, in different types of dual-tower build­
ings. Inspired by the research on innovative energy dissipation support
F. Peng et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538

Table 1 2.2. Project overview

Frame section information table.
Component Section Reinforcement information The high-rise dual-tower connected frame shear wall structure
type size (mm) described in this paper has been designed with a seismic fortification
Net protective Diameter of Longitudinal
layer thickness stirrup (mm) reinforcement level of Class B and a seismic fortification intensity of 8 degrees, with a
(mm) size basic seismic acceleration of 0.2 g. The design earthquake is allocated to
Frame 800 × 60 10 24C 28
the second group and the site category to Class III. The structure com­
column 800 prises of 19 floors (each with a height of 3.3 m), with an isolated floor of
Frame beam 700 × 40 8 Top 2C 18 1.6 m height set on the 6th floor. The 140 mm thick isolated floor has
300 Bottom 4C 22 been selected based on these specifications. Please refer to Table 1 for
more information regarding frame columns and beams. Reinforced bars
have a strength grade of HRB400, the strength grade of stirrups is
systems known as “support-type ductile shear walls” by Giannuzzi, D.
HPB300, and the strength grade of concrete such as beams and columns
et al.[25], we made adjustments to the shear wall design to prevent
is C40. The floor constant load considered is 3 kN/m2 while the floor live
potential component buckling and reduce lateral displacement in dual-
load is 2 kN/m2. The self-weight of the external infilled wall is uniformly
tower structures. Furthermore, we examined the feasibility of imple­
distributed on the exterior frame beam with a uniform load of 10 kN/m.
menting energy dissipation support systems at the connection point of
As for the corridor, a steel frame structure with a span of 15 m has been
the dual towers.
adopted. Fig. 2 illustrates the three-dimensional model of the structure,
with shear walls present on the left and right sides of the four towers.
2. Model description

2.1. The comparison of model schemes 2.3. Layout scheme of conjoined structure and isolated bearing

A combination isolated scheme of inter-story isolated and corridor
dissipating system is proposed in this article to ensure the optimal design
of the inter-story isolated structure for dual-tower. The adverse effects of
the corridors on the main buildings can be reduced by connecting the
corridors to both side tower structures using sliding friction pendulum
bearings. The isolated layers are located below the corridors to further
improve the control performance of the isolated structure and adapt to
seismic actions at a wider frequency domain. Fig. 1(a) shows the cor­
responding schematic diagram of the seismic performance analysis,
while Fig. 1(b) shows the corresponding single-tower isolated structure
and Fig. 1(c) shows the schematic diagram of the dual-tower isolated
structure.
Based on research conducted by Nan, Z., Kai, M. et al. [26] on seismic
isolated of contiguous structures using energy dissipation isolated
layers, it is advisable to install the isolated layer on lower floors for
optimal seismic isolated effects. To connect contiguous structures, a
steel truss structure and elastic seismic isolated device can be utilized to
attach the corridor with the main building structure. This method has
demonstrated excellent seismic performance in various aspects,
including structural performance and connection components. Consid­
ering the anti-torsion effect of the isolated layer and considering the
three-dimensional earthquake conditions in combination with the en­
gineering practice, the isolated bearing LRB800 is adopted at the bottom
of each column at the 6th floor of the left tower and the right tower, and
a viscous Damper is connected in parallel with it. Rubber isolated

(a) Dual-tower model of

(b) Single-tower isolated model (c) Dual-tower isolated model
base-fixed
Fig. 2. Three-dimensional model of structure.

Table 2
Mechanical properties of bearings.
1
Model Effective diameter Total rubber thickness Yield stiffness /kN • Equivalent horizontal stiffness Vertical stiffness /kN • mm− Yield force /kN
/mm /mm m− 1 /kN • m− 1

LRB800 800 160 17,310 1859 4022 167.5

Vertical compressive Coefficient of kinetic Static friction Effective Variation parameter of friction Radius of sliding
stiffness friction coefficient stiffness coefficient surface
FPS3000 2000 kN/mm 0.05 0.02 1833 kN/m 20 sec/m 3600 mm

3
F. Peng et al.
Fig. 3. Layout of isolated bearings.
Fig. 4. Elevation of corridor structure (mm).
bearings, lead-core rubber isolated bearings, and curved surface sliding
isolators have been evaluated as potential options for the isolated
bearings. The final selection of the isolated bearings for the model was
determined through calculations of the inter-layer and base reactions, as
well as referencing the research conducted by D. De Domenico et al [5].
The specific parameters for the selected isolated bearings are provided in
Table 2. In terms of the damping characteristics, the equivalent viscous
damping ratio remains constant regardless of the applied deformation
and is directly influenced by the type of elastic material utilized.
Consequently, a low damping ratio has been chosen for this model. The
parameters of the viscous damper are: damping coefficient C is
1200kN • (s/m) 0.5 , damping ratio is 0.5, and Damper element simula­
tion is adopted. The layout of single-tower bearings is shown in Fig. 3,
and the bearing parameters are shown in Table 1.
When compared to sliding friction pendulum bearings, energy
dissipation support systems exhibit superior energy dissipation capacity,
enhanced control performance, and reduced maintenance costs. How­
ever, these systems entail more intricate design and manufacturing
processes that necessitate the utilization of advanced materials and
4
Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538
Fig. 5. Acceleration response spectrum of earthquake wave.
technologies, leading to higher overall costs in comparison to sliding
friction pendulum bearings. Consequently, a study analysis was con­
ducted employing sliding friction pendulum bearings. Based on the
research of P. Castaldo et al.[23,24] on FPS and in order to reduce the
adverse impact of the corridor on the main buildings on both sides, 15
friction pendulum bearings FPS3000 are arranged at the left and right of
the connection position with the main building, and their parameters are
shown in Table 2. In order to avoid a collision between the corridor and
the main body, the interval width of 400 mm is set. The corridor adopts
steel frame shear wall structure, the upper and lower chords adopt H-
beam (HW 500 × 500 × 20 × 30 mm), and the other components adopt
box-shaped steel beams with specifications of 500 × 500 × 20 mm. The
connection details are shown in Fig. 4.
2.4. Selection of earthquake waves
The earthquake waves employed in the analysis were derived by
considering the geographical location of the actual site and specific
characteristics of the building. This approach facilitated the creation of
acceleration response spectra. Suitable combinations of earthquake
waves were obtained from the PEER database. Recognizing that the
previous model solely incorporated isolated bearings, which were
deemed inadequate to ensure structural stability during infrequent
earthquake events, the addition of parallel viscous dampers was
implemented to enhance overall stability. According to the Technical
Specification for Concrete Structures of High-rise Buildings, if the span
of connected structures exceeds 12 m, the standard value of vertical
seismic action effect should adopt either the time-history analysis
method or the vibration mode decomposition response spectrum
method. The maximum value of seismic acceleration input in time-
history analysis should be no more than 65 % of the maximum value
of horizontal input, while the maximum value of structural vertical drop
influence coefficient in response spectrum analysis can be no more than
65 % of horizontal seismic influence coefficient. The first earthquake
group is usually used for design. For this particular example, the “High
Code” has selected the time history analysis method, with the maximum
acceleration input of earthquake waves adjusted with an X: Y: Z direc­
tion ratio of 1:0.85:0.65. The earthquake is categorized into two groups
with a structural damping ratio of 0.05.
This study adheres to seismic design codes and incorporates
intensity-increasing natural records. The analysis is divided into
frequent and infrequent ground motions. High PGA/PGV (Peak Ground
Acceleration and Velocity) ratios are linked to short-duration, high-
F. Peng et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538

Table 3 3. Scheme comparison

Working conditions of earthquake action.
Working condition Earthquake Principal Peak acceleration/ 3.1. Structural modal analysis
number wave direction (cm/s2)

1 FRN wave X 400 Due to the non-linearity of the selected isolated bearings, which
2 Y 340 deviate from the linear vibration theory assumed in modal analysis, the
3 Z 260 main emphasis of modal analysis is on determining the inherent vibra­
4 El-Centro wave X 400 tion modes and frequencies of the structure. This analysis aims to
5 Y 340
6 Z 260
calculate the modal shapes, natural frequencies, and various factors such
7 F-FRN wave X 400 as mass and stiffness participation related to each modal mode. In order
8 Y 340 to address this, the simulation analysis in the present study was con­
9 Z 260 ducted utilizing the Rubber Isolator element available within the
SAP2000 software package. Modal analysis of three-dimensional rare
earthquake waves input by dual-tower model of base-fixed, single-tower
energy seismic inputs in the low-frequency range, while seismic inputs
isolated and dual-tower isolated are carried out respectively. Table 4 is
with low PGA/PGV ratios exhibit longer-duration impulsive motions
the first five natural vibration periods of the three structures.
with high energy content in the high-frequency range. However, these
Table 4 shows that under the rare three-dimensional earthquake, the
ratios alone cannot fully represent ground motion inputs, and the se­
low-order natural vibration period of the dual-tower isolated structure is
lection of records has a minimal impact on seismic response. Hence, rare
prolonged by an average of 212.26 %, and the uplifting effect is
or extreme earthquake records are selected. To further investigate the
approximately 2.1 times larger than that of single-tower isolated struc­
damping effect of the dual-tower isolated seismic structure system under
tures. This result can be attributed to the dual-tower isolated structure’s
three-dimensional earthquake conditions, three earthquake waves
installation of more vertical isolated devices compared to traditional
suitable for Class III sites have been selected for analysis, including the
seismically designed structures, leading to greater flexibility in the iso­
El-Centro wave, FRN wave in Borrego earthquake, and an artificial F-
lated structure system. As a result, the structural natural vibration
FRN wave, with the peak value of earthquake acceleration adjusted to
period prolongation effect is more pronounced, especially for the dual-
400 cm/s2, which corresponds to a rare earthquake with a basic
tower isolated structure. Additionally, the low-order natural vibration
earthquake intensity of 8 degrees. The acceleration response spectrum
period of the horizontal isolated bearing structure is significantly longer
curve of each earthquake wave is displayed in Fig. 5. Earthquake waves
than that of traditional dual-tower model of base-fixed under the in­
are inputted in X, Y, and Z directions simultaneously, with each earth­
fluence of horizontal earthquakes.
quake wave being calculated in X, Y, and Z directions as primary ori­
entations, resulting in a total of 9 working conditions, as summarized in
Table 3.

Table 4
First five natural vibration periods of three structural.
Natural Natural vibration period /s
vibration order
Dual-tower model of base-fixed Single-tower isolated model Dual-tower isolated model

Isolated Traditional horizontal Three-dimensional rare Traditional horizontal Three-dimensional rare Traditional horizontal Three-dimensional rare
category earthquakes earthquakes earthquakes earthquakes earthquakes earthquakes

1 2.45 2.45 6.19 6.19 6.82 7.20

2 2.43 2.43 5.87 5.87 6.45 6.90
3 2.34 2.34 2.90 2.90 5.99 6.39
4 1.22 1.22 2.56 2.56 5.33 5.41
5 1.10 1.10 2.55 2.55 3.03 2.95

Fig. 6. Inter-story displacement of dual-tower isolated structure under three-dimensional earthquake.

5
F. Peng et al.
Fig. 7. Inter-story displacement of single-tower isolated structure under three-dimensional earthquake.
Fig. 8. Inter-story displacement of dual-tower model of base-fixed under three-dimensional earthquake.
3.2. Seismic response analysis of structural scheme
3.2.1. Comparative analysis of isolated effect
To examine the effects of rare, three-dimensional earthquake waves
on isolated structures with an identical isolated layer position, three
earthquake waves were inputted into three structures. To simulate the
nonlinear behavior of structures, the geometric nonlinearity theory is
employed to account for large deformations and displacements occur­
ring during the deformation process. The story displacement results for
each structure under the influence of every earthquake wave are illus­
trated in Figs. 6, 7, and 8. During the calculation of inter-story dis­
placements, the relative displacement difference criterion is utilized.
Convergence is established when the relative difference between the
inter-story displacements is below the predefined tolerance value of 5 %.
As depicted in Fig. 6, during the rare three-dimensional earthquake,
the inter-layer displacement of some of the left tower’s structures on the
isolated layer is greater than that of the right tower. However, the dif­
ference in amplification range is minor, and overall, both towers’ inter-
layer displacement responses are relatively steady under seismic
conditions.
Based on the findings in Fig. 7, during a three-dimensional ground
motion event, seismic conditions have an adverse impact on the left
tower of the structure. The structures below the eighth floor of the left
6
Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538
tower experience significant inter-layer displacement mainly because
the corridor is connected to the isolated layer’s upper part in the right
tower. When subjected to rare earthquakes, the isolated layer of the
right tower also experiences about 450 mm of inter-layer displacement,
which contributes to an increase in the left tower’s inter-layer
displacement stimulated by the corridor. As observed, the single-tower
isolated structure’s stability is inferior to that of a dual-tower isolated
structure, thus demonstrating the superior advantages of connecting
dual-towers with story-isolated structures.
When examining the impact of the corridor on the dual-tower
without considering their isolated layers and damping devices during
rare earthquakes, the inter-layer displacement of such dual-tower is
presented in Fig. 8. The horizontal earthquake has substantial effects on
both the left and right towers, with the inter-layer displacement of the
upper and lower structures near the corridor experiencing differing in­
creases to varying degrees. The inter-layer displacement close to the
corridor of the left tower is more susceptible than that of the right tower.
Compared with the single-tower isolated structure, the seismic response
of the single-tower isolated structure has a strong orientation, and the
overall stability of the structure is not as good as the dual-tower isolated
structure.
F. Peng et al.
Fig. 9. Comparison of vertical acceleration and vertical basement shear of towers with different schemes under three-dimensional earthquake and traditional
horizontal earthquake.
3.2.2. Vertex vertical acceleration comparison
Fig. 9(a) and (b) depict the top floor accelerations of three different
models, including a three-dimensional isolated structure, a traditional
horizontal isolated structure, and a seismic structure subjected to three-
dimensional and traditional horizontal earthquakes. Analysis of the
Fig. 9(a) and (b) shows that traditional horizontal earthquakes have a
much greater impact on the vertical acceleration of the conjoined dual-
tower seismic structure’s apex than the three-dimensional isolated
structure. After the dual-towers are equipped with vertical isolated de­
vices simultaneously, the impact of their vertices’ vertical acceleration
decreases by an average of 49.6 %. Upon installing the vertical isolated
device in the right tower, the vertical acceleration value of the single-
tower three-dimensional isolated structure is reduced by an average of
42.5 % when compared to the traditional horizontal isolated structure.
It is evident that significant reductions in transferred seismic energy
7
Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538
to the superstructure can be achieved through the use of effective ver­
tical isolated devices. This results in notable improvements to the ver­
tical isolated effect, ultimately lessening the impact on the vertex’s
vertical acceleration for single-tower isolated structures, which is
significantly influenced by adjacent tower structures.
3.2.3. Comparison of vertical basement shear force
Fig. 9(c) and (d) illustrate the input of three-dimensional rare
earthquake conditions simultaneously to three structural models, dis­
playing their vertical base shear values. It is observed that under both
traditional horizontal earthquake and three-dimensional earthquake
conditions, the dual-tower isolated structure exhibits smaller vertical
base shear than the other two structures. Meanwhile, for the action of
these same earthquakes, the vertical base shear of the single-tower
isolated structure closely corresponds to that of the dual-tower
F. Peng et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538

Table 5
FPS bearing displacement (mm).
FRN El-Centro FFRN

X XY XYZ X XY XYZ X XY XYZ

Dual-tower isolated model Max 118.26 117.81 120.91 102.05 105.06 105.61 113.99 114.48 115.33
Min 96.52 95.06 94.61 92.89 92.38 91.45 103.79 103.63 104.39
Single-tower isolated model Max 542.10 547.13 565.06 538.27 536.46 537.69 339.52 389.07 391.23
Min 231.51 137.23 44.13 304.51 304.56 303.79 286.09 243.14 243.32
Dual-tower model of base-fixed Max 49.31 24.35 17.74 32.08 27.48 16.82 32.25 21.91 14.96
Min 40.58 21.82 14.99 22.96 22.83 13.85 14.32 11.78 12.83

Table 6
Internal force of connecting members.
Structure type Maximum amplitude of bending moment /kN m Maximum amplitude of axial force /kN

FRN El-Centro FFRN FRN El-Centro FFRN

Dual-tower isolated 26.45 10.18 16.13 − 2309.34 − 1513.65 − 1753.83

Single-tower isolated 107.48 37.08 77.06 − 4429.25 − 3883.42 − 3722.39
Dual-tower of base-fixed 106.76 46.30 101.39 − 1398.08 − 708.55 − 990.15

isolated structure. However, it is noteworthy that the vertical base shear
of the dual-tower isolated structure reaches high levels under all
working conditions.
By comparing the changes in vertical base shear values for the three
structural models under traditional horizontal and three-dimensional
earthquakes, it is evident that implementing effective three-
dimensional isolated devices can mitigate the impact of seismic energy
on the upper superstructure. Installing these devices across both dual-
tower structures further reduces transmission of vertical earthquake
forces to the upper structure, ultimately yielding a more stable vertical
base shear and improved vertical isolated effect.
3.2.4. Vibration reduction analysis of corridor
The sub-structure design for this project specifies the use of cross
steel truss structures for the corridors. In particular, a corridor with a
15.0 m span is installed at the the 7th and the bottom of the 9th floors of
each twin tower, with a cross spacing of 3.0 m. Seismic joints with a
width of 400 mm are employed between the main body and the corridor.
To address potential effects on the towers at either end resulting from
deformation properties, sliding friction pendulum (FPS) bearings
equipped with energy dissipation and shock absorption features are
fitted to both ends. Furthermore, FPS also contains a limit reset device to
prevent displacement under three-dimensional ground motion. Table 5
displays the FPS bearing displacements for all three structures.
Table 5 shows that the maximum displacement of the FPS bearing for
the dual-tower isolated structure is 120.91 mm during a rare three-
dimensional earthquake, and satisfies the requirement for the 400 mm
seismic joint. In contrast, the maximum displacement of the FPS bearing
for the single-tower isolated structure reaches 565.06 mm, which ex­
ceeds the preset limit for the seismic joint by 165 %. Notably, the
displacement of the corridor structure in this design is significantly
affected by the left tower structure. The displacement of the FPS bearing
for the model of base-fixed is much smaller than that of the other two
structure types. Therefore, implementing three-dimensional isolated
layers on both sides of the dual-tower greatly attenuates the influence of
seismic force on the offset of the corridor. These findings may have
significant reference value in selecting anti-seismic joints for corridors.
The connection between the tower and corridor is a crucial aspect of
the corridor structure’s design. Without proper design, vertical earth­
quakes can easily damage the corridor. The connecting part between the
corridor and tower utilizes sliding friction pendulum bearing FPS3000,
with a joint that generates bending moment. In Table 6, the amplitude of
the bending moment and the maximum axial force of sliding friction
pendulum bearing are displayed for different earthquake types. This
table reveals that the internal force of the members at the dual-tower
isolated structure’s joint is minimally influenced by vertical earth­
quakes, in contrast to the significant impact on the other two structures.
3.2.5. Comparison of vertical displacement of corridor
As sliding friction pendulum bearings at the junction of the corridors
and towers on both sides are key components, their selection is critical.
For all three structural designs, FPS bearings were chosen, and their
vertical displacement was analyzed to ensure that corridor safety stan­
dards have been met during rare three-dimensional earthquakes. The

Fig. 10. Vertical displacement of sliding friction pendulum bearing in various schemes.

8
F. Peng et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of different isolated layer position models.

displacement, with greater fluctuations between the bearings. Notably,

Table 7
the single-tower isolated structure experiences the most significant
First 5 natural vibration periods of dual-tower isolated structures with different
vertical displacement. Therefore, it is apparent that, of the three designs,
isolated layers.
the dual-tower isolated structure provides the highest level of corridor
Natural vibration Natural vibration period /s safety.
order
Base- 3rd floor 9th floor 12th floor
isolated isolated isolated isolated 4. Analysis of position change and control effect of dual-tower
1 11.19 8.87 5.03 3.65 isolated layer
2 10.51 8.36 5.03 3.65
3 7.30 6.38 5.00 3.61
4.1. Structural modal analysis
4 6.33 6.34 4.97 3.56
5 3.29 3.16 2.97 2.73
Because the position of the isolated layer and corridor significantly
impacts the structure, the initial focus was studying the influence of
vertical displacement of sliding friction pendulum bearings for each isolated layer positioning on the overall structure. Fig. 11 portrays the
design scheme is depicted in Fig. 10. structural schematic diagram featuring intermediate isolated layers at
In this study, the incorporation of additional viscous damping in the the basement, as well as the 3rd, 9th, and 12th floors, respectively.
entire system has been considered. The analysis takes into account the The position of the corridor remains unchanged, and rare three-
inherent damping, as well as the damping characteristics of materials dimensional ground motion was used as input to obtain the first five
and structures. Appropriate viscous dampers have been implemented to natural vibration periods for each structure. These are presented in
further enhance system stability and reduce vibration response. Upon Table 7.
conducting thorough analysis and evaluation, the data variations in From Table 7, it can be deduced that the lower the position of the
Fig. 10(a)-(c) clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the three- isolated layer in the connected dual-tower base-isolated structure, the
dimensional seismic isolators parallelly connected with viscous greater the extension of the low-order natural vibration period of the
dampers in achieving these objectives. Based on the analysis of sliding structure.
friction pendulum bearing vertical displacement within the corridor
during rare three-dimensional earthquake conditions for each of the 4.2. Time history analysis of structural dynamic response
three structural designs, the dual-tower isolated structure has demon­
strated smaller vertical displacement and minimal fluctuation between Three-dimensional rare earthquake waves were input simulta­
different bearings. Meanwhile, the single-tower isolated structure and neously into the isolated structure with seismic layers at different po­
dual-tower seismic structure have exhibited larger vertical sitions. Result from the left tower bearing the brunt of the rare

Fig. 12. Inter-story displacement and shear force of left tower of base-isolated.

9
F. Peng et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538

Fig. 13. Inter-story displacement and inter-story shear force of the left tower of the 3rd floor isolated structure.

Fig. 14. Inter-story displacement and inter-story shear force of the left tower of the 9rd floor isolated structure.

earthquake, Figs. 12-15 shows the inter-layer displacement and inter-
layer shear force of the left tower.
When the isolated layer is set on the basement without changing the
position of the corridor, Fig. 12 shows the displacement and shear force
of the left tower’s each story. It can be observed that the isolated layer
effectively absorbs earthquake energy, leading to strong stability in the
upper part of the structure when rare earthquakes occur. However, the
story shear force is impacted by the corridor. The corridor is incorpo­
rated between the 9th and 10th floors, resulting in a reduction of over
60 % in the story shear force in the parts of the structure above the 10th
floor. This highlights the significant impact of the corridor positioning
on the story shear force of the structure.
Fig. 13 depicts the stability of the conjoined dual-tower structure
under a rare three-dimensional earthquake when isolated on the 3rd
floor. It can be observed that inter-layer displacement is relatively
stable, however, the presence of the corridor leads to an increase in
inter-layer displacement in the upper part of the isolated layer. Addi­
tionally, inter-layer shear force is highly influenced by horizontal
earthquake waves in the lower part of the isolated layer which converge
towards the upper part of the isolated layer. Moreover, the inter-layer
shear force on the top of the corridor on the 10th floor appears to
converge again. This highlights the significant impact of both the posi­
tion of the isolated layer and the corridor on the overall stability of the
structure.
To visually demonstrate the impact of the corridor and isolated layer
positions on the dual-tower structure during rare three-dimensional
earthquake conditions, the isolated layer was installed at the 9th and
12th floors-above the corridor. Figs. 14 and 15 show that, compared to
the base-isolated structure and the 3rd floor of isolated structure, the
inter-story displacement and inter-story shear force of the structure were

10
F. Peng et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538

Fig. 15. Inter-story displacement and inter-story shear force of the left tower of the 12th floor isolated structure.

dimensional base isolated bearings at various positions within the iso­

Table 8
lated layer. These displacements are calculated considering the effects of
Maximum horizontal displacement of LRB800 isolated bearing (mm).
rare seismic actions. Likewise, Table 9 showcases the maximum
FRN wave El-Centro wave F-FRN wave displacement of the viscous dampers. It can be seen that the maximum
Base-isolated 275.15 254.64 255.98 horizontal displacement of the isolated bearing of the base-isolated
3rd floor isolated 197.23 191.52 195.92 structure is 275.15 mm, less than 440 mm, which meets the limit re­
6th floor isolated 176.15 172.84 174.96 quirements of LRB800. As the isolated layer moves up, the horizontal
9th floor isolated 116.92 114.65 115.62
12th floor isolated 81.49 79.54 81.79
displacement of the isolated bearing decreases gradually, and the
viscous damper and LRB800 isolated bearing work together to effec­
tively reduce the input of seismic energy to the superstructure.
In order to ensure that the isolated bearing of the dual-tower isolated
Table 9
structure can work normally under the rare earthquake of 7 degrees, it is
Maximum horizontal displacement of viscous damper (mm).
necessary to check the tensile and compressive stress of the isolated
FRN wave El-Centro wave F-FRN wave bearing. According to the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings, under
Base-isolated 273.49 253.23 252.17 the action of rare earthquakes, the tensile stress of isolated bearings
3rd floor isolated 197.43 191.56 195.26 should not exceed 1 MPa, and the limit value of compressive stress
6th floor isolated 175.72 172.761 174.39
should be 30 MPa. Among the 100 base-isolated bearings in the dual-
9th floor isolated 116.91 113.15 115.36
12th floor isolated 81.23 79.18 80.45 tower isolated structure, the maximum compressive stress is 17.53
MPa, which is less than the limit value of the compressive stress code.
When the load is − 1.0(Horizontal earthquake), the maximum tensile
significantly reduced. Furthermore, the displacement of the isolated stress of the base-isolated bearing is 0.72 MPa, which meets the
layer decreased substantially, and there was no deviation between the requirement of less than 1.0 MPa in the code. The maximum horizontal
inter-story displacement of the upper and lower parts of the isolated axial force of viscous damper is 519.48kN and the minimum is
structure. The inter-story shear force of the lower part of the corridor 446.197kN, which further controls the displacement of isolated layer to
was higher than that of the upper part, resulting in a more pronounced some extent and effectively prevents the displacement of bearing from
effect under horizontal seismic activity. exceeding the limit.
Setting the isolated layer above the corridor has been proven to
effectively reduce the impact of the corridor on the overall structure and
4.4. Seismic response analysis of corridor
enhance the safety of the main structures of the left and right towers.

The numerical model of the conjoined twin towers depends on a

4.3. Checking calculation of three-dimensional isolated layer
The maximum horizontal displacement of each isolated bearing in
the isolated layer under the action of a rare earthquake should be less
than 0.55d = 440 mm (in this calculation example, the unified isolated
bearing LRB800 with a diameter of 800 mm is adopted). And less than 3
tr = 640 mm (the total thickness of the rubber layer of the isolated
bearing is 160 mm), the load combination used for calculating the
horizontal displacement of the isolated layer is: 1.0 × (Dead load) + 0.5
× (Live load) + 1.0 × (Horizontal earthquake). Table 8 displays the
maximum horizontal displacement of LRB800 within the three-
range of parameters and numerical methods, including material prop­
erties and site conditions. These parameters are usually obtained
through experiments or estimations, which introduce a certain level of
error and uncertainty. Therefore, the accuracy and reliability of the
numerical model are influenced by these parameters.
The dynamic time-history response analysis of dual-tower isolated
structures with different isolated layers and comparison results of
various structural indicate that the corridor has a significant influence
on story displacement and shear force of both side towers during
earthquakes. To further study this impact, three major structural models
were selected: the base-isolated structure model,the 3rd-floor isolated

11
F. Peng et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538

Fig. 16. Comparison of relative displacement (mm) nephogram of corridor of base-isolated structure,3rd-floor isolated structure and 6th-floor isolated structure.

Fig. 17. Comparison of relative velocity (mm/s) nephogram of corridor of base-isolated structure,3rd floor isolated structure and 6th floor isolated structure.

Fig. 18. Comparison of relative acceleration (mm/s2) nephogram of corridor of base-isolated structure,3rd-floor isolated structure and 6th-floor isolated structure.

structure model, and the 6th-floor isolated structure model, which
exhibited considerable impact on story displacement and shear force in
the dual-tower’ time history analysis results. Additionally, under rare
three-dimensional earthquake conditions, The deformation of the
corridor structure was compared and analyzed, as well as relative
displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the three structures under
the most unfavorable working conditions.
From Fig. 16, it can be observed that the relative displacement of the
corridors of the three structures is small under the rare three-
dimensional earthquake. From Fig. 17, it can be seen that the relative
speed of the corridors in the base-isolated structure has changed greatly,
and the whole structure of the corridors is obviously in a loaded working
state. Compared with other structures, the relative position of the iso­
lated layer of the base-isolated structure is the farthest, which proves
that the working state of the corridors is restricted by the position
change of the isolated layer. The closer the corridor structure is to the
isolated layer, the higher the relative speed of the corridor structure is.
Fig. 18 shows that the relative acceleration of the lower part of the
corridor gradually decreases from the bottom of the corridor in the
model of dual-tower isolated structure with isolated layer at the the 3rd
floor, and it can be concluded that the setting of sliding friction
pendulum bearing has a obvious buffer effect on this type of
deformation.
When compared to other models, the 6th-floor isolated structure
model has higher deformation stability and more effective isolated in
terms of seismic response impact on the corridor structure.
5. Conclusion
This paper establishes an isolated layer in the dual-tower on both
sides of the jointed structure, creating a corridor structure control sys­
tem that is flexibly connected and incorporates energy dissipation and
shock absorption. The positioning of isolated layers, conjoined structure
design, and overall isolated performance response of the conjoined dual-
tower structure type are analyzed. Our study undertakes an innovative
exploration of the benefits offered by the conjoined dual-tower struc­
tural design, the selection methodology for critical energy dissipation
devices, as well as the individual analysis of the performance demon­
strated by the connecting elements within diverse structures. This
research showcases the exceptional seismic performance of the overall
structure, particularly in the face of rare seismic events.
The significant conclusions are listed as follows:

12
F. Peng et al.
(1) The dual-tower isolated structure is capable of extending the
structure’s natural vibration period effectively, which slows
down seismic response. Furthermore, the location of the isolated
layer determines the seismic response effect on the complete
structure. When subjected to a three-dimensional rare earth­
quake, its isolated performance and safety surpass that of the
single-tower isolated structure, and it is also more stable.
(2) When the isolated layer is situated beneath the corridor structure,
it has a notable impact on the overall dual-tower structure.
Typically, the lower the position of the isolated layer, the better
the isolated engineering effect. However, the influence of the
corridor structure cannot be disregarded. Through sliding friction
pendulum bearings, the corridor and main structure can be
flexibly connected, thus providing the conjoined dual-tower with
improved seismic performance, isolated engineering, and safety.
(3) In comparison to traditional isolation structures, the introduced
composite three-dimensional isolation bearings within the inte­
grated dual-tower structure showcase a more robust isolating
effect, successfully achieving the anticipated level of isolation
performance. Furthermore, the energy dissipation control system
employed in the corridor displays exceptional performance,
particularly in the face of infrequent earthquake events, out­
performing other structural types.
(4) Introducing a three-dimensional story-isolated structure can be
effective in reducing the vertical acceleration of the top floor.
This diminishes the energy transmitted from the earthquake to
the upper structure, creating a favorable vertical isolated effect.
(5) The dual-tower structure and corridor structure are mostly
impacted by horizontal earthquakes, which primarily determine
the seismic response of the structure in terms of horizontal
displacement and inter-layer shear force. To prevent the entire
corridor from colliding with the dual-tower during a horizontal
earthquake, the reserved distance is of vital importance for these
types of buildings.
To further enhance the design and performance of conjoined dual-
tower base isolated structures, it is necessary to bolster the accuracy
of relevant parameters and adopt more precise and comprehensive
simulation methods. Additionally, reinforcing the implementation and
research of base isolated technology is crucial to improve the reliability
and practical value of numerical models.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The writers gratefully acknowledge the financial bearing of National
Natural Science Fund of China (No.52168072 & No.51808467), High-
level Talent bearing Project of Yunnan Province, China (2020). The
corresponding author is Dewen Liu and the email is civ­
il_liudewen@sina.com.
13
Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 102538
References
[1] Liang-kun LIU, Zhao-dong PAN, Ping TAN. Damping performance analysis of the
connected structure with energy-dissipation story. Eng Mech 2021;38(S):202–8.
[2] Osgooei PM, Tait MJ, Konstantinidis D. Non-iterative computational model for
fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators. Eng Struct 2017;137:245–55.
[3] Darwin D, Pecknold DA. Analysis of RC shear panels under cyclic loading. J Struct
Div 1976;102(2):355–69.
[4] Qiao-yun WU, Wan-cheng HE, Hong-ping ZHU. Seismic reduction-isolated effect of
hybrid passive control system in case of different frequency-domain ground motion
with. J Lanzhou Univ Technol 2020;46(2):121.
[5] De Domenico D, Losanno D, Vaiana N. Experimental tests and numerical modeling
of full-scale unbonded fiber reinforced elastomeric isolators (UFREIs) under
bidirectional excitation. Eng Struct 2023;274:115118.
[6] Li Chunfeng Du, Yongfeng V. Influence of connection mode on dynamic reliability
of asymmetric dual-tower connected structure [J]. J Vibrat Eng 2015;28(03):
425–33. https://doi.org/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2015.03.
[7] Ehle F, Stark S, Neumeister P, Neubert H. A thermodynamically consistent lumped-
element model for magnetic shape memory components. J Intell Mater Syst Struct
2023;34(12):1389–405.
[8] Wangchen TM, Mingzhe C. Case study of on seismic behavior and displacement
difference control of complicated asymmetric connected structures. J Build Struct
2020;4:59–70.
[9] Guo W, Zhai Z, Wang H, Liu Q, Xu K, Yu Z. Shaking table test and numerical
analysis of an asymmetrical twin-tower super high-rise building connected with
long-span steel truss. Struct Design Tall Spec Build 2019;28(13):e1630.
[10] Lu X, Lu X, Guan H, Ye L. Collapse simulation of reinforced concrete high-rise
building induced by extreme earthquakes. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2013;42(5):
705–23.
[11] Wu Q, Feng H, Xiao S, Zhu H, Bai X. Passive control analysis and design of twin-
tower structure with chassis. Int J Struct Stab Dyn 2020;20(06):2040010.
[12] Cardone D, Viggiani LRS, Perrone G, Telesca A, Di Cesare A, Ponzo FC, et al.
Modelling and seismic response analysis of existing Italian residential RC buildings
retrofitted by seismic isolated. J Earthq Eng 2023;27(4):1069–93.
[13] De-wen LIU, Ji-bing ZHAO, Wang-wang ZHOU, Yang LIU. Simplified analysis and
seismic response of inter-story isolated systems with an attached inerter. Eng Mech
2022;39(1):188–96.
[14] Veletsos AS, Ventura CE. Modal analysis of non-classically damped linear systems.
Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 1986;14(2):217–43.
[15] Silvestri S, Mansour S, Marra M, Distl J, Furinghetti M, Lanese I, et al. Shaking
table tests of a full-scale flat-bottom manufactured steel silo filled with wheat:
Main results on the fixed-base configuration. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2022;51(1):
169–90.
[16] Shu T, Li Q, Wang T, Jiang L, Guo Z, Lei M, et al. Study on the shock-absorbing
effect of a new staggered story isolated structure under the long-period earthquake
motion. Front Earth Sci 2023;10:1025231.
[17] Furinghetti M. Definition and Validation of Fast Design Procedures for Seismic
isolated Systems. Vibration 2022;5(2):290–305.
[18] Zhou Y, Chen P, Zhang L, Wang C, Lu Z. Shaking table tests and numerical analysis
of an over-track multi-tower building. Struct Infrastruct Eng 2019;15(2):230–43.
[19] Gattulli V, Potenza F, Lepidi M. Damping performance of two simple oscillators
coupled by a visco-elastic connection. J Sound Vib 2013;332(26):6934–48.
[20] Luft RW. Optimal tuned mass dampers for buildings. J Struct Div 1979;105(12):
2766–72.
[21] Kumar M, Whittaker AS, Constantinou MC. Experimental investigation of
cavitation in elastomeric seismic isolated bearings. Eng Struct 2015;101:290–305.
[22] Zhu HP, Ge DD, Huang X. Optimum connecting dampers to reduce the seismic
responses of parallel structures. J Sound Vib 2011;330(9):1931–49.
[23] Castaldo P, Amendola G, Giordano L, Miceli E. Seismic reliability assessment of
isolated multi-span continuous deck bridges. Ingegneria Sismica 2022;39(3):
26–51.
[24] Castaldo P, Miceli E. Optimal single concave sliding device properties for isolated
multi-span continuous deck bridges depending on the ground motion
characteristics. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 2023;173:108128.
[25] Giannuzzi D, Ballarini R, Huckelbridge Jr A, Pollino M, Valente M. Braced ductile
shear panel: new seismic-resistant framing system. J Struct Eng 2014;140(2):
04013050.
[26] Nan Z, Kai M, Shaoxue T, Ting L, Binlei C, Yifan S. Seismic response analysis on
isolated connected structure of science museum in Kelamayi. In: 2011 International
Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE; 2011,
April. p. 662–7.