BIODIVERSITY LOSS

Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth. It can be used more
specifically to refer to all of the species in one region or ecosystem.

Biodiversity loss refers to the decline or disappearance of biological diversity, as the variety of
living things that inhabit the planet, its diverse levels of biological organization and their
respective genetic variability, and the natural patterns present in ecosystems.

● Scientist have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals
in existence.
● Areas with extremely prominent levels of biodiversity are called hotspots.
● Endemic species –species that are only found in one particular location are also found in
hotspots.

Much of the Earth’s biodiversity, however, is in jeopardy due to human consumption and other
activities that disturb and even destroy ecosystems. Pollution, climate change, and population
growth are all threats to biodiversity. These threats have caused an unprecedented rise in the
rate of species extinction. Conservation efforts are necessary to preserve biodiversity and protect
endangered species and their habitats.

Distribution of Variation

1. CLIMATE CHANGE

Long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns. These changes could be due to
natural causes, such as through variations in the solar cycle, burning of fossil fuels including coal,
oil, gas, and fossil fuel combustion.

Our climate is changing, both naturally and as a result of human activity. There is already
clear evidence that climate change and global warming are affecting the distribution and
behavior of animals, birds, and plants.

How is it related to biodiversity?

The relationship between climate change and biodiversity have long been recognized.
Although the climate has always changed as ecosystems and species came and went throughout
Earth’s history, rapid climate change affects ecosystems and species’ ability to adapt, resulting in
increased biodiversity loss.

How is it affecting biodiversity loss?

Climate change can have a wide range of effects on species, including habitat expansion,
contraction, and migration of habitat, increased disease and invasive species incidence, changes
in temperature, cloudburst, and other environmental conditions, convey in food availability, and
failure of ecological relationships with other species.

Climate change is already affecting biodiversity and is expected to become a more serious
threat in the coming decades. Ecosystems are already conveyed negative consequences as a
result of current levels of climate change, which might be affect to future projected changes.
 Before: On the left side the nature is ruined, soil
cracks and pollution coming from factories.

After: On the right side, there is a peaceful nature,

lush grass and no smoke.

https://images.app.goo.gl/C8i3Ao5VfwjYLVFG8

Effects of Climate Change

• Damage to your home

Floods are the most common and lethal natural disasters, and they will almost certainly
be worsened and intensified by sea-level rise and intense weather.

• More expensive home insurance

Insurance firms are raising premiums to mitigate their costs as they pay out large sums to
homeowners whose homes have been destroyed by climate change.

• Outdoor work could become unbearable

Heat waves are anticipated to become more often, last longer, and be more intense as
global warming continues.

• Higher electric bills and more blackouts

Increased electricity demand, particularly at peak periods, can strain the electrical grid,
resulting in brownouts or blackouts. Power outages can also be caused by extreme
weather, such as hurricanes, heat waves, or snowstorms.

• Food will be more expensive, and variety may suffer

Droughts and extreme weather have an impact on food stability and price.

• Water quality could suffer

Storms with enormous amounts of precipitation can contaminate water supplies.

How to Prevent Climate Change

● Walk, bike, or take public transport

● Eat more vegetables
● Consider your travel
● Throw away less food
● Reduce, reuse, repair & recycle

2. HABITAT FRAGMENTATION

Habitat fragmentation is a major problem across the world, that fragmentation happens
whenever parts of a habitat are completely destroyed and leave a separation in it (Martin, 2018).
How is it related to biodiversity?

Habitat fragmentation has rapidly increased primarily because of human activities such
as deforestation. Since our population is continuously growing the demand for food and material
goods is also expanding. We convert land for agricultural purposes and livestock while the
materials that we use on it come from the wood by logging. Even though we follow sustainable
logging practices such as clear-cutting and manually planting seedlings, these practices impact
our environment negatively.

How is it affecting biodiversity loss?

Some of our biodiversity is close to losing and others are destroyed resulting in lower
survival rates for animals since they only have a small portion of land where there is less food for
them, and we need to take note of the competition between the other species.

Natural Habitat Fragmentation Due to Typhoon Habitat Fragmentation Due to Human Activities

https://www.bulakenyo.ph/sierra-madre-shields-bulacan-from-typhoons/ https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/travel/816948/siargao-s-sugba-lagoon-before-and-after-typhoon-

odette/story/

The only difference between these two is that natural phenomena can’t be prevented
while human activities destroy our natural environment in order to meet the needs of the people.
The first photo is taken in Sugba Siargao by Nico Waje on January 4, 2022, due to typhoon Odette
the trees in the mountain are leafless and some are completely destroyed, we can see the
reflection of the lake in its dark brown surroundings unlike before it is completely full of life. In
the next image, this is the Sierra Madre Mountain before and after deforestation. It is known as
the backbone of Luzon and serves as a protective barrier from typhoons that are coming from
the Pacific Ocean. We can notice in the before and after of it was a total disaster even though it
is just a portion it will still create an impact on our wildlife and the mountain itself.

Effects of Habitat Fragmentation

● Patch-Size Effects

Negatively impact large-bodied or wide-ranging species that depend on large areas of

favorable habitat to survive by reducing landscape patch-size and increasing movement
barriers.

● Edge Effects

Increases the amount of "edge" in landscape, which can negatively impact wildlife by
causing changes in abiotic (increased sunlight and higher wind speeds) and biotic
(increased risk of predation and brood parasitism, invasion of non-native species)
conditions, making the habitat unsuitable for some native species.
 ● Isolation Effects

Impact species that require access to multiple small habitat patches to survive by reducing
their access to resources. Increased isolation if habitat leads to inbreeding, which leads
to genetic abnormalities and weaknesses.

How to Combat Habitat Loss.

● Create a Certified Wildlife Habitat near your home, school, or business.

● Plant native plants and put out a water source so that you can provide the food, water,
cover, and places to raise young that wildlife needs to survive.
● Encourage to protect and preserve natural habitats by implementing laws that regulate
activities such as cutting trees, dredging rivers, clearing forests for farming, and filling in
wetlands.
● Use non-toxic, nature-based products for household cleaning, lawn, and garden care.
● Never spray lawn or garden chemicals on a windy or rainy day, as they will wash into the
waterways.
● Plant only native species of trees, shrubs, and flowers to preserve the ecological balance
of local habitats, such as wetlands.
● Volunteer with organizations in your area to restore native forests, grasslands, and
coastal ecosystems by planting native species, manually removing invasive plant species,
and taking out old fences.

3. URBANIZATION

Urbanization is when people move from rural farmland to cities and towns. Rural areas are
more densely packed and offer greater opportunities to their residents in the form of higher
paying jobs and a larger variety of job opportunities. Urbanization is a natural part of developing
society.

How is it related to biodiversity?

Most developing countries experience the process of urbanization, especially once they
start becoming industrialized. Cities and towns become hubs of trade and culture, and more
people start moving out of the country to gain access to some of these social and financial
benefits.

As cities grow in number, spatial extent and density, their environmental and ecological
footprints increase. Urban expansion that takes place in forests, wetlands and agricultural
systems leads to habitat clearing, degradation and fragmentation of the landscapes. Urban
lifestyles, which tend to be consumptive, requiring great natural resources and generating
increasing amounts of waste also lead to increased levels of air, water, and soil pollution.

How is it affecting biodiversity loss?

● Spiders are growing bigger, and birds are becoming tamer and bolder compared to birds
that live in the country.
● Certain songbirds are also changing the songs they sing to make them more noticeable
against the noisy urban setting.
● Fewer species that live in an urban environment than before.
 ● Introducing toxic pollutants; novel stimuli such as noise, light, and increases in
temperature; urbanization also decreases the supply of food of water.

Images of Urbanization

https://www.ryerson.ca/carrotcity/board_pages/_graphics/community/ryerson_urban_farm/_images/2014-07-18-13.08.jpg

http://hochiminhvietnam.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Saigon-Zoo-Ho-Chi-Minh-Vietnam-1.jpg

https://ioby.org/sites/default/files/Urban-Orchard.jpg

Before the urbanization, rural areas are well cultivated which became the source of
healthy food that we can eat every day. We breath fresh air that can lead us to a healthy living.
Animals lives on their natural habitats where they can take their own food and live with other
animals of their kind where the environment was peaceful and the only noise that they can hear
are their natural voice. Water is clear and potable, even people can drink on it.

Whereas, after the urbanization, animals have lost their natural habitats. Trees were cut,
a wide space were needed for building and house where people in the cities can leave. While
people are continually motivated to live in the cities but not all of them are lucky enough to fulfill
their dreams. This situation had caused them to do dreadful things just to earn for living, some
were, snatching until they need to kill. Not all the people had become successful until they live
on slum areas where water are dirty, and environment were not pleasant to see. Animals live on
an artificial habitat like zoos and the like. When it happened, more land is needed for economic
growth, many farms were converted to infrastructure needed for past business transactions.

Acts of Urbanization

Land conversions and constructions of urban infrastructures:

● Altering the environment and the natural state of biodiversity.

 The act can totally change the environment we are used to live in and as well as
the animals who took their food on where they are staying.

● They also cause most pollution around us, be it air, water, noise, land, etc.

Many people are moving to the cities for more job opportunities. This place
became overpopulated, noisy. Since not everyone was lucky to get a decent job,
the tendency is that they live in slum area because they can’t afford to pay a
decent apartment.

● They also radiate heat from all the lights, electricity, buildings, asphalt roads used as
urban structures. It’s where “heat islands” came into the concept.

Since every household need electricity, heat was accumulated that can cause
humidity over the place. Even the asphalt roads can cause heat.

How to Prevent Urbanization

● More job opportunities for people in the provinces so that they don’t need to go the cities.
● The government should conduct seminars in the provinces and convince the people there
to be an entrepreneur and be successful even in their own place.
● If a place is not overcrowded, there will be enough space for every family.

4. AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into air-pollutants which are determined by
humans, animals, and the biodiversity of the planet as a whole.

Some examples of Air pollution (Manmade)

● Vehicle emission
● Fuel oil and natural gas to heat homes
● Production of manufacturing and power generation
o coal fuel power plants
o fume from chemical production

Air pollution may affect biodiversity if it;

● Alters genetic diversity within population (diversity within the species) (the greater the
genetic diversity the higher chance of a long-term survival).
● Reduce the reproductive potential of biota (biota means animals and plant life of
geological period).
● Reduce crop natural vegetation production (agriculture).
● Impairs the structure and function of the ecosystem.

How is it affecting biodiversity?

“If Biota reduces its reproduction, it can cause their species to be endangered or worse,
extinction.”

If all four of these happen may cause more problems that can affect the biodiversity.
Before our zone looked like this in 1985 which means less direct UV rays and less heat

https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2580

But as of 2021 October, the hole in our ozone looks like this and it affects diversity worldwide
because of the air pollution.

https://news.yahoo.com/ozone-layer-hole-once-larger-
211737147.h

How can we help to prevent biodiversity loss?

https://youtu.be/1cvMX82iwRM

Use renewable source of energy instead of non-renewable:

● Solar energy
● Wind energy
● Hydro energy
● Teal energy
● Geothermal energy
● Biomass energy

Changes start to us:

● Lessen the carbon footprint

● Lessen the transportation
● Lessen the over consumption of goods (natural resources)
● Lessen the greenhouse gases

5. WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution is the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water
unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Pollutants include
chemicals, trash, bacteria, and parasites. All forms of pollution eventually make their way to
water.

Some source of Water Pollution:

● Point Source –when contamination originates from a sole source

✔ Wastewater (also called effluent) discharged legally or illegally by a manufacturer
✔ Oil refinery
✔ Wastewater treatment facility
✔ Contamination from leaking septic systems
✔ Chemical and oil spills
✔ Illegal dumping

● Nonpoint Source –contamination derived from diffuse sources

✔ Agricultural or storm water runoff
✔ Debris blown into waterways from land

How is it related to biodiversity?

All forms of pollution pose a serious threat to biodiversity. Biodiversity is an essential

component of all water systems and most of the aquatic organisms are extremely sensitive to
any variation in the environment, they respond to any pollution by diverse ways.

How is it affecting biodiversity?

● Animals
The sharp increase in plastic entering our waters harms not only marine life but also
humanity. Plastic kills fish, birds, marine mammals, and sea turtles, destroys habitats and
even affects animals’ mating rituals, which can have devastating consequences and can
wipe out entire species.
● Nature
When water pollution causes an algal bloom in a lake or marine environment, the
proliferation of newly introduced nutrients stimulates plant and algae growth, which in
turn reduces oxygen levels in the water.
● Human
Water pollution can have disastrous consequences for human life. This is especially true
for those living in disadvantaged and undeveloped environments, where the struggle to
access clean, healthy water is a daily ordeal. Human health can be affected by consuming,
entering, or washing in polluted water.
Estero de Paco (Before and After) the Rehabilitation
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnation%2F11835-bringing-back-the-esteros-to-mitigate-floods-

inmanila%2F&psig=AOvVaw1bQiuvCBURS9xVMQbwbx5e&ust=1649671173041000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjhxqFwoTCKCt05aeifc

CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

Before: Devastated and immensely polluted.

After: Has now been refurbished to be environmentally sustainable.

Effects of Water Pollution

● Destruction of biodiversity
Water pollution depletes aquatic ecosystems and triggers unbridled proliferation of
phytoplankton in lakes (eutrophication).
● Contamination of the food chain
Fishing in polluted waters and the use of waste water for livestock farming and agriculture
can introduce toxins into foods which are harmful to our health when eaten.
● Lack of potable water
The UN says that billions of people around the world have no access to clean water to
drink or sanitation, particularly in rural areas.
● Disease
The WHO estimates that about 2 billion people have no option but to drink water
contaminated by excrement, exposing them to diseases such as cholera, hepatitis A and
dysentery.
● Infant mortality
According to the UN, diarrheal diseases linked to lack of hygiene cause the death of about
1,000 children a day worldwide.

How to Prevent Water Pollution

● Reduce CO2 emissions to prevent global warming and acidification of the oceans.
● Reduce the use of chemical pesticides and nutrients on crops.
● Reduce and safely treat wastewater so that, as well as not polluting, it can be reused for
irrigation and energy production.
● Restrict the use of single-use plastics that end up floating in rivers, lakes, and oceans,
many as micro plastics.
● Encourage sustainable fishing to ensure the survival of species and avoid depletion of the
seas.

BIODIVERSITY=STABILITY

⮚ Ecosystem diversity enables life support, gives livable climate, breathable air, and
drinkable water.
 ⮚ Food-crop diversity and pollinating insects and bats allow agriculture to support
population.
⮚ Plant and animal diversity provide building blocks for medicine. Provide industrial
products used to build houses and businesses.
⮚ Biodiversity plays a central mythic and symbolic role in our language, religion, literature,
art, and music, making it a key component of human culture with benefits to society.
⮚ Humans are dependent on rich natural environment for physical survival, psychological
and spiritual health.

The two key components of ecosystem stability are resilience and resistance.

Resistance is an ecosystem's ability to remain stable when confronted with a disturbance.

Resilience is the speed at which an ecosystem recovers from a disturbance.

For example, resistance refers to a forest's ability to withstand a windstorm; resilience

refers to how quickly felled trees would grow back.

POPULATION

The Convention of Biological Diversity states that there are both indirect and direct human
drivers (Climate, 2005).

Indirect human drivers are demographic, economic, sociopolitical, scientific, and technological,
and cultural and religious factors.

Direct human drivers are changes in local land use and land cover, species introductions or
removals, external inputs, harvesting, air and water pollution, and climate change.

This eco-wheel image shows natural resources provided by biodiversity, the benefits and
beneficiaries, and drivers of change.

https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-
04/ecowheel_biodiversity.jpg

● The growing human population and the land development that

comes with population growth can be especially detrimental because
land conversion and subsequent loss of habitats can affect the stability
or continued existence of species.
● Habitat loss is a challenge for virtually all species, as humans
convert natural habitats to other land uses.
● Overexploitation from extractive uses, such as commercial fishing and game hunting, can
reduce species numbers, sometimes to the brink of extinction.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that in 2008,
approximately 32% of fish stocks were overexploited, depleted, or recovering
from depletion.
● Overuse environment harms biodiversity. Outdoor recreation may be a positive, healthful
activity for humans, but high numbers of visitors to an area can damage plant life, stress
local animal populations, and introduce invasive species.
● Invasive species can outcompete or consume native species to the point of extinction.
● All forms of pollution, from chemicals to nutrient loading, can also pose serious threats
to aquatic and terrestrial species.
The Benefits of Conserving Biodiversity

● Supports food security and livelihoods through overall genetic diversity.

● Genes regulate all biological processes on the planet and increase the ability of organisms
to cope with environmental stressors.
● Preserving genetic diversity ensures the continuing existence of a wide range of crops that
are able to withstand disease, and potentially useful biochemical.
● Biodiversity has greatly contributed to modern medicine and advancements in human
health research and treatment.

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