Lesson 1: Formation Of The Universe
CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background
 Big Bang Theory (1929) – Edwin Hubble
posited that the universe is continuously
expanding.
 This theory was then supported by the
discovery of cosmic microwave background
(CMB) by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in
1965
 It is theorized that the Big Bang Theory
happened 13 to 14 billion years ago
 Singularity – a point of infinite denseness and
heat
 Beginning of space and time
 Explosive expansion
 As expansion continues, the universe began
to cool
 After a few seconds = protons, neutrons and
electrons were formed
 After few minutes = hydrogen was formed
 With enough energy, nuclear fusion happened
and helium was formed electrons were
formed
 Clumps of matter were held together by
gravity and later formed stars then galaxies.
 Three Elements that were formed or used to
create stars; Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium
Georges Lemaitre
 Proposed Big Bang Theory
 The most accepted theory on the origin of the
universe
Fred Hoyle
 Coined the name BBT
 Proposed Steady State Theory
 Steady State Theory – Matter is constantly
created as the universe expands.
Edwin Hubble
 The Father Of Galaxy
 The farther the galaxy the faster it is moving
away from us
Basis Of The Big Bang Theory
1. Uniform Expansion of the Universe
 The farther the galaxy is, the faster it is
moving away from us (Hubble Law).
2. Red Shift
 shift of absorption bands toward the red end
of the spectrum
3.
Radiation)
 The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is
thought to be leftover radiation from the Big
Bang, or the time when the universe began.
 Today, the CMB radiation is very cold, only
2.725° above absolute zero
Lesson 1.2: Formation Of Solar System
FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
SOLAR NEBULA HYPOTHESIS
 Sol – Sun
 Nebula – giant cloud of dust and gas
 A spinning cloud of dust made of mostly light
elements, called ca nebula, flattened into a
protoplanetary disk, and became a solar
system consisting of a star with orbiting
planets.
 Our Solar System began as a giant cloud of
molecular gas and dust
 5 BILLION YEARS AGO the cloud collapsed
 pockets of dust and gas began to collect into
denser regions then it began to rotate and
heat up
 Most of the material ended up in a ball at the
center while the rest of the matter flattened
out into disk that circled around it.
 Accretion took place at the disk - dust and gas
gravitated together and coalesced to form
ever larger bodies.
 Only metals and silicates could exist in solid
form closer to the Sun, thus forming the
terrestrial planets. Because metallic elements
only comprised a very small fraction of the
solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not
grow very large.
 Jovian planets (Gas Giants) formed beyond
the point between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter
 Were able to capture large atmospheres of
hydrogen and helium.
 Leftover debris = Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt,
and Oort Cloud
Steps on how to make a solar system
1. Nebula collapsed
2. Flat spinning cloud of interstellar dust and gas
3. Nuclear fusion = sun
4. Planetisimals
5. Accretion = planets
Planets sa ating solar system
Mercury -Kulper Belt

 the smallest planet in our solar system and -Oort Cloud

closest to the Sun-is only slightly larger than
3 criteria of the IAU (International Astronomical
Earth's Moon. Mercury is the fastest planet,
Union) for a planet
zipping around the Sun every 88 Earth days.
 It is in orbit around the Sun.
Venus
 It has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic
 spins slowly in the opposite direction from equilibrium (a nearly round shape).
most planets. A thick atmosphere traps heat  It has “cleared the neighborhood” around its
in a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the orbit. (Ito ang nafail ni pluto, so sad) may
hottest planet in our solar system. debris kasi

Earth Lesson 2: Earth and Earth Subsystems

 our home planet-is the only place we know of System

so far that's inhabited by living things. It's also
 any entity that consist of interrelated parts or
the only planet in our solar system with liquid
components.
water on the surface.
2 TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Mars
Open System
 is a dusty, cold, desert world with a very thin
atmosphere. There is strong evidence Mars  a system that freely exchanges energy and
was-billions of years ago-wetter and warmer, matter with its surroundings.
with a thicker atmosphere.
Closed System
Jupiter
 a system that exchanges only energy with its
 is more than twice as massive than the other surroundings, not matter
planets of our solar system combined. The  Earth is a closed system
giant planet's Great Red spot is a centuries-
old storm bigger than Earth. Earth System

Saturn  interaction among a vast combination of

factors that enable it to support life.
 Adorned with a dazzling, complex system of
icy rings, Saturn is unique in our solar system. Earth Subsystems
The other giant planets have rings, but none 1. Atmosphere
are as spectacular as Saturn's.

Uranus  The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that

surround Earth
 seventh planet from the Sun-rotates at a
nearly 90- degree angle from the plane of its Nitrogen = 78%
orbit. This unique tilt makes Uranus appear to Oxygen = 21%
spin on its side.
Argon = 0.93%
Neptune
Carbon Dioxide = 0.04%
 the eighth and most distant major planet
orbiting our Sun-is dark, cold and whipped by Neon, Helium, Krypton, Methane and Hydrogen =
supersonic winds. It was the first planet 0.03%
located through mathematical calculations.  Makes Earth livable blocks some of the Sun's
dangerous rays traps heat OXYGEN

Other parts of our solar system Layers Of the Atmosphere

-Asteroid Belt Exosphere

  1000km above the surface Core
 Scientists are divided if it is still part of the
 Core is divided into two: outer core (liquid)
atmosphere.
and inner core (solid).
 Temperature decreases with altitude
 Both is made up metals.
 ISS (International Space Station) orbits here
Mechanical Layers
Thermosphere
Lithosphere
 85km to between 500km and 1000km above
 Temperatures increase with altitude  It includes the crust and upper portion of the
 Air density is low mantle.
 Auroras occur here.  It is rigid.

Mesosphere Asthenosphere

 Starts at 50km up to 85km above the surface  The layer after lithosphere
 Meteors vaporize here  The region of the mantle that flows relatively
 Temperature decreases with altitude. easy.

Stratosphere Mesosphere

 Starts at the top of troposphere (12-20km) up  The layer beneath asthenosphere

to 50km.  Includes the lower mantle, where material
 Ozone layer is here. flow in slower rate.
 Temperature increases with altitude.
Outer Core
Troposphere
 The only layer that is true liquid.
 12-20km above the surface  Responsible for Earth’s magnetic field.
 75-85% of atmosphere’s mass is here
Inner Core
 Increase in altitude = decrease in temp.
 Most water vapor is here.  Composed of solid metals.

2. Geosphere 3. Hydrosphere

 includes the rocks and minerals on Earth –
from the molten rock and heavy metals in the
deep interior of the planet to the sand on
beaches and peaks of mountains.
 also includes the skeletons of animals that
may become fossilized over geologic time.
Compositional Layers
Crust
 Outermost solid layer of a planet
 Composed of silicates
-Continental Crust
-Oceanic Crust
Mantle
 the total amount of water on a planet.
 that is on the surface of the planet,
underground, and in the air. A planet's
hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice
 oceans, lakes and rivers, groundwater
 Water vapor is most visible as clouds and fog.
 glaciers, ice caps and icebergs = cryosphere.
Ocean = 97%
Freshwater = 3%
Freshwaters
-Ice caps and Glacier = 79%
-Ground water = 29%
-Accessible Surface Freshwater = 1%

 Layer between the crust and core. Accessible Surface Freshwater

 Mostly composed of aluminum and silicates
 Lakes = 52%
 Mantle is not liquid. But described as plastic
 Soil Moisture = 38%
or ductile which causes it to flow.
  Water Vapor = 8%  Property of minerals to break along parallel
 Rivers = 1% repetitive planes of weakness to form smooth,
 Water within living Organisms = 1% flat surfaces.

FRACTURE
4. Biosphere
 the parts of Earth where life exists.  Some minerals may not have cleavages but
 extends from the deepest root systems of exhibit broken surfaces that are irregular and
trees, to the dark environment of ocean non-planar.
trenches, to lush rain forests and high
mountaintops. MAFIC

 dominated by Fe, Mg, Ca, Al, SiO2

 DARK COLOR
Lesson 3: Earth Materials and Processes  BASALT & GABBRO
Minerals FELSIC
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS  silica and oxygen, aluminum, and potassium
Properties  LIGHT COLOR
 GRANITE & RHYOLITE
 HARDNESS
 COLOR Quarts
 LUSTER  glassy looking, transparent or translucent
 CLEAVAGE mineral which varies in color from white and
 TENDENCY TO FRACTURE grey to smoky.
 Quartz is hard - it can easily scratch a steel
LUSTER
knife blade. In many rocks, quartz grains are
 Quality and intensity of reflected light irregular in shape because quartz does not
exhibited by the mineral. have a cleavage

HARDNESS Feldspar

 Measure of the resistance of a mineral to  Instead of being glassy like quartz, it is

abrasion. generally dull to opaque with a porcelain-like
appearance. Colour varies from red, pink, and
Friedrich Mohs – Mohs Hardness Scale
white (orthoclase) to green, grey and white
I 1 Talc (plagioclase). They cleave or break along flat
2 Gypsum faces. The grains, in contrast to quartz, often
N
-Fingernail have straight edges and flat rectangular faces,
C 3 Calcite some of which meet at right angles.
R 4 Fluorite
5 Apatite Mica
E
-Knife/Glass  peels into many thin flat smooth sheets or
A 6 Feldspar flakes. the cleavage planes are in only one
S -Steel
direction and no right angle face joins occur.
7 Quartz
I  Mica may be white and pearly (muscovite) or
8 Topaz
dark and shiny (biotite).
N 9 Corundum
G
10 Diamond
Pyroxene
COLOR  The most common pyroxene mineral is augite.
 Could be a unique identifying property of Augite is generally dark green to black in
certain minerals colour and forms short, stubby crystals which,
if you look at an end-on section, have square
CLEAVAGE or rectangular cross-sections.
Amphibole

 hornblende crystals are generally longer,

thinner and shinier than augite and the
mineral cross-sections are diamond-shaped.

Olivine

 Olivine, or peridot in the jewelry trade, is

yellow-green, translucent and glassy looking.
Crystals are not common; it usually occurs as
rounded grains in igneous rocks or as granular
masses. Olivine is almost as hard as quartz; no
well-developed cleavage.

Rocks

 Aggregate of various types of minerals or

individual grains of the same kind of mineral

3 TYPES OF ROCKS

Igneous Rocks

 Molten rock material cools and solidifies

EXTRUSIVE

 Solidifies at the surface (lava)

INTRUSIVE

 Solidifies inside the crust (magma)

Sedimentary Rocks

 are a product of the surface processes of the

earth such as weathering & erosion

Sediments

 rocks, minerals, and remains of plants and

animals that are deposited in new locations

Clastic

 composed of fragments of other rocks

(igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary)

Chemical & Organ

 form by inorganic or organically mediated

mineral precipitation

Metamorphic Rocks

 Changes form due to enormous heat and

pressure