Stars and Galaxies 9th Edition Seeds Test Bank

Stars and Galaxies 9th Edition Seeds
Test Bank
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Chapter 08 - The Sun
True / False
1. The visible surface of the Sun is composed of solid matter.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 8-1 The Solar Photosphere and Atmosphere
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.8-1 - What can be learned about the Sun by observing its surface and
atmosphere?
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
2. Granulation is caused by convection currents just below the photosphere.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
atmosphere?
3. The layer above the chromosphere is the photosphere.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
atmosphere?
4. The upper chromosphere is hot enough to emit X-rays.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
atmosphere?
5. The corona is so dim that it is not visible in Earth’s daytime sky.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
atmosphere?
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6. Almost all the light we receive from the Sun escapes from underneath its photosphere.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
atmosphere?
7. Sunspot numbers follow a seven-year cycle.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 8-2 Solar Activity
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.8-2 - What are the dark sunspots?
8. Sunspots are parts of active solar regions dominated by magnetic fields that encompass all layers of the Sun’s
atmosphere.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
9. Helioseismology maps of rotation in the Sun’s interior show that its internal gases rotate with equal periods.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.8-3 - Why does the Sun go through 11- and 22-year cycles of activity?
10. Sunspots tend to occur in groups, or pairs, with the magnetic field around the pair resembling that around a bar
magnet.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
11. Spicules can trigger communications blackouts and auroras on Earth.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
12. The Sun is a ball of hot gas held together by its own gravity.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 8-3 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.8-4 - What is the source of the Sun's energy?
13. When the Sun generates its own energy, it uses weak forces to bind together atomic nuclei.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
14. Nuclear fusion within the Sun proceeds step by step in a series of reactions called the neutron–neutron chain.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
15. Nuclear fusion in the Sun is tremendously powerful.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
Multiple Choice
16. What is the average distance between the Sun and Earth?
a. 20 AU
b. 10 AU
c. 5 AU
d. 2 AU
e. 1 AU
ANSWER: e
atmosphere?
17. What is the approximate average temperature of the Sun’s surface?

a. 5000oC
b. 5800 K
c. 10,000oC
d. 6400 K
e. 5800oC
ANSWER: b
atmosphere?
18. Which is the correct order of the Sun’s atmospheric layers, from the innermost to outermost?
a. photosphere → chromosphere → corona
b. chromosphere → corona → photosphere
c. chromosphere → photosphere → corona
d. corona → chromosphere → photosphere
e. photosphere → corona → chromosphere
ANSWER: a
atmosphere?
OTHER: Bloom's: Understand
19. Which two elements are most abundant within the Sun?
a. hydrogen and carbon
b. helium and nitrogen
c. helium and carbon
d. hydrogen and oxygen
e. hydrogen and helium
ANSWER: e
atmosphere?
20. What are the dark regions that give the Sun’s photosphere a mottled appearance?
a. CMEs
b. sunspots
c. spicules
d. granules
e. flares
ANSWER: d
atmosphere?
21. What causes granulation on the photosphere?

a. bursts of energy
b. magnetic fields
c. solar cycle
d. differential rotation
e. convection
ANSWER: e
atmosphere?
22. Granulation is evidence that energy in the photosphere ____.

a. is flowing upward
b. is flowing downward towards the core
c. stays horizontal on the surface
d. is spiraling westward
e. is spiraling eastward
ANSWER: a
atmosphere?
Figure 8-2b

23. What process on the Sun’s photosphere does this figure represent?
a. sunspot cycle
b. differential rotation
c. magnetic field shifts
d. solar cycle
e. convection currents
ANSWER: e
PREFACE NAME: sun photosphere
atmosphere?
OTHER: Bloom's: Analyze
24. The pink color of the chromosphere is produced by the combined light of three emission lines of hydrogen: ____.
a. red, magenta, and violet
b. red, blue, and violet
c. indigo, blue, and red
d. blue, green, and yellow
e. green, blue, and violet
ANSWER: b
atmosphere?
25. Of the following parts of the Sun, which is the hottest?

a. chromosphere
b. supergranules
c. photosphere
d. corona
e. sunspots
ANSWER: d
atmosphere?
26. Astronomers often record solar images in the ____ part of the electromagnetic spectrum because the gaseous layers
high in the Sun’s atmosphere are very hot and emit most of their light at short wavelengths.
a. microwave
b. gamma
c. visible light
d. ultraviolet
e. infrared
ANSWER: d

atmosphere?
Figure 8-1b
27. Which layer of the Sun’s atmosphere is represented in the accompanying visual-wavelength image?
a. heliosphere
b. corona
c. magnetic carpet
d. solar wind
e. chromosphere
ANSWER: b
PREFACE NAME: visual-wavelength
atmosphere?
28. Why does the temperature of the corona rise with latitude?
a. Atoms undergo fission when repelled by the corona.
b. Atoms become neutralized as they dissipate in higher altitudes.
c. Atoms within the corona become more ionized at higher altitudes.
d. Atoms are forced upward from the chromosphere to the corona.
e. Atoms are less excited as they move from the photosphere to the corona.
ANSWER: c
atmosphere?
OTHER: Bloom's: Apply

29. The corona can reach temperatures of up to ____.
a. 500,000 K
b. 1,000,000 K
c. 10,000 K
d. 5800 K
e. 2,000,000 K
ANSWER: e
atmosphere?
30. What methodology do astronomers use to map the inside of the Sun?
a. coronagraphy
b. magnetic field mapping
c. helioseismology
d. chromography
e. heliogeology
ANSWER: c
atmosphere?
31. When mapping the interior of the Sun, astronomers must measure _____ as the photosphere moves up and down.
a. Doppler shifts
b. magnetic fields
c. sunspots
d. limb darkening
e. supergranules
ANSWER: a
atmosphere?
32. Galileo proposed that the Sun is a rotating sphere after he ____.
a. noted how the Sun rose in the east and set in the west
b. discovered the parallax of the Sun
c. timed a full rotation of the Sun’s equator
d. observed sunspots move across the surface of the Sun
e. measured different spectral lines of emission on different days
ANSWER: d
33. Astronomers refer to the dark center of a sunspot as a(n) ____

a. spicule
b. flare
c. penumbra
d. umbra
e. eye
ANSWER: d
34. Astronomers can measure the magnetic fields of sunspots using the ____, which splits spectral lines into multiple
components.
a. Galileo effect
b. Babcock effect
c. Zeeman effect
d. Maunder effect
e. Payne effect
ANSWER: c
35. Consider the complete magnetic cycle of sunspot activity on the Sun. Approximately how many years is this cycle?
a. 100 years
b. 11 years
c. 7 years
d. 40 years
e. 22 years
ANSWER: e
36. The Babcock model of the solar magnetic cycle explains the sunspot cycle as primarily a consequence of the Sun’s
____.
a. differential rotation
b. helioseimologic activity
c. coronal mass ejections
d. convection currents
e. meridional flow
ANSWER: a
37. When two arches in a magnetic field encounter each other, ____ can cause powerful eruptions called ____.
a. solar winds; convective zones
b. prominences; limb darkening
c. filaments; coronal holes
d. supergranules; Coulumb barriers
e. reconnection events; flares
ANSWER: e
38. What occurs on the surface of the Sun during a solar cycle minimum?
a. decreased temperature of the photosphere
b. reversal in rotation of the Sun
c. little to no solar wind
d. little to no sunspot activity
e. partial dissipation of the corona
ANSWER: d
39. The _____ occurs when some of the energy in the convective motion of gas is converted into magnetic field energy.
a. meridional flow
b. Maunder minimum
c. dynamo effect
d. reconnection event
e. Zeeman effect
ANSWER: c
40. How many nuclear reactions occur in a proton-proton chain?

a. two
b. three
c. one
d. four
e. five
ANSWER: b


41. Which of the natural forces bind atomic nuclei?

a. Newtonian force
b. gravitational force
c. weak force
d. electromagnetic force
e. strong force
ANSWER: e
42. During the first reaction of the proton-proton chain of nuclear fusion, a weak force causes one of the protons to
transform into a neutron and emit ____.
a. a deuterium and an electron
b. a positron and a deuterium
c. a positron and a neutrino
d. a neutrino and a deuterium
e. a neutrino and an electron
ANSWER: c
43. During nuclear fusion, four hydrogen nuclei fuse into how many helium?
a. one
b. eight
c. three
d. four
e. two
ANSWER: a
44. Which equation represents the overall nuclear fusion process of the Sun?
a. 4H => 8He + energy
b. 2 1H => 1He + energy
c. 4 1H => 2 1He – energy
d. 4 1H => 4He + energy
e. 4 4H => 4He – energy
ANSWER: d

45. What is released from the proton-proton chain and is immediately absorbed by the surrounding gas, thereby heating it?
a. positrons
b. gamma rays
c. deuterium
d. electron motion
e. neutrinos
ANSWER: b
46. In order for nuclear fusion to occur, atomic nuclei must overcome the ____ by colliding violently.
a. coronal hole
b. radiative zone
c. convective zone
d. dynamo effect
e. Coulomb barrier
ANSWER: e
47. Why was the Davis experiment only able to detect one-third of the neutrinos originally predicted?
a. The number of neutrinos was too great to be held in the tank that Davis designed.
b. The neutrinos combined with other particles as they entered Earth’s atmosphere.
c. The neutrinos distributed evenly among three different flavors while traveling to Earth.
d. Most of the neutrinos were absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere.
e. The other two-thirds of neutrinos dissipated while traveling to Earth.
ANSWER: c
Matching
Match the solar characteristic to its definition.

a. coronal mass ejection
b. photosphere
c. sunspots
d. spicules
e. solar wind
f. corona
g. prominences
h. neutrinos
8-2 Solar Activity
8-3 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
atmosphere?
ASTR.SEED.16.8-2 - What are the dark sunspots?
ASTR.SEED.16.8-4 - What is the source of the Sun's energy?
48. Flame-like structures that extend upward into the lower corona
ANSWER: d
49. Arches of magnetic field visible in the chromosphere and corona

ANSWER: g
50. A breeze of low-density ionized gas streaming away from the Sun
ANSWER: e
51. Violent bursts of ionized gas ejected from magnetic fields that flow outward in the solar wind
ANSWER: a
52. The layer in the Sun from which visible photons most easily escape
ANSWER: b
53. Cool, relatively dark spots on the Sun's photosphere, usually appearing in group
ANSWER: c
54. The outermost part of the Sun's atmosphere

ANSWER: f
55. Subatomic particles released from the proton-proton chain of nuclear fusion
ANSWER: h

b. photosphere
c. sunspots
d. spicules
e. solar wind
f. corona
g. prominences
h. neutrinos

56. Arches of magnetic field visible in the chromosphere and corona
ANSWER: g
57. Violent bursts of ionized gas ejected from magnetic fields that flow outward in the solar wind
ANSWER: a
58. Cool, relatively dark spots on the Sun’s photosphere, usually appearing in group
ANSWER: c

b. photosphere
c. sunspots
d. spicules
e. solar wind
f. corona
g. prominences
h. neutrinos
59. Subatomic particles released from the proton-proton chain of nuclear fusion
ANSWER: h
Completion
60. The _______________ is a thin layer of gas from which Earth receives most of the Sun’s light.
ANSWER: photosphere
atmosphere?
61. The _______________ of the solar disk is dimmer than the center, which is caused by the absorption of light in the
photosphere.
ANSWER: limb
atmosphere?
62. The chromosphere is roughly _______________ times fainter than the photosphere.
ANSWER: 1000
1,000
one thousand

atmosphere?
63. The images produced by _______________ reveal streamers in the corona that follow magnetic lines of force in the
Sun’s magnetic field.
ANSWER: coronographs
atmosphere?
64. Gas flows away from the Sun in the _______________, which can be considered an extension of the corona.
ANSWER: solar wind
atmosphere?
65. The solar wind extends to the _______________, marking an outer boundary of the Solar System.
ANSWER: heliopause
atmosphere?
66. The most abundant gas making up the Sun’s composition is _______________.
ANSWER: hydrogen
67. The number of _______________ visible on the Sun varies in a cycle with a period of 11 years.
ANSWER: sunspots
68. The _______________ predicts that pairs of sunspots should occur where magnetic tubes burst through the Sun’s
surface.
ANSWER: Babcock model
69. The magnetic polarities of sunspots _______________ at the end of an 11-year cycle.
ANSWER: reverse

70. Historical records show that there were very few sunspots from about 1645 to 1715, a phenomenon known as the
_______________.
ANSWER: Maunder minimum
71. Stars, like our Sun, generate their energy by way of nuclear _______________.
ANSWER: fusion
Subjective Short Answer
72. What causes auroras and where are they most prominent on Earth?
ANSWER: Coronal mass ejections erupt from Sun’s surface, particles are blown off by solar wind,
hitting Earth’s magnetic field and exciting the particles in the Earth’s atmosphere, creating an
amazing light display.
We see the emission lines from gases in Earth’s upper atmosphere that are excited to glow by
a complicated interaction with the solar wind and Earth’s magnetic field.
73. Why do sunspots occur darker than the rest of the Sun’s surface?
ANSWER: Sunspots are cooler than the photosphere with a temperature of about 4200 K. The
photosphere has a temperature of about 5800 K. Because the total amount of energy radiated
by a surface depends on its temperature raised to the fourth power, sunspots look dark in
comparison.
74. What are the only four forces that can affect matter?
ANSWER: The four forces are gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong force, and weak force.
75. What is the safest way to view the Sun and its sunspots?
ANSWER: Looking at the Sun directly or through a telescope at the sun is dangerous, but you can
always view the Sun safely with a small telescope by projecting its image on a white screen.
If you sketch the location and structure of sunspots on successive days, you will see the
rotation of the sun and gradual changes in the size and structure of sunspots.
76. What forms of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun’s emissions do we experience here on Earth? Illustrate how we
know this to be the case with one practical example for each form.
ANSWER: Visible light:
We can see light and color, and color is reflected in our eyes.
Earth is not in blackness.
Ultraviolet light:
We need to wear sunscreen.
Humans have evolved with different skin pigments.
Infrared:
We feel heat.
Earth isn’t a frozen rock
atmosphere?
Essay
77. Explain the role of convection on the Sun’s surface.

ANSWER: Energy flowing toward the Sun’s surface backs up like water behind a dam, and the gas
begins to churn in convection currents. Hot blobs of gas rise, and cool blobs sink. In this
region, known as the convective zone, the energy is carried outward not as photons but as
circulating gas. Rising hot gas carries energy outward, but sinking cool gas is a necessary
part of the cycle.
Heat flows upward as rising currents of hot gas and downward as sinking currents of cool
gas. The rising currents heat the solar surface in small regions seen from Earth as granules.
atmosphere?
78. How is the Sun’s rotation different than that of Earth’s?

ANSWER: Earth is a solid body and rotates equally at all latitudes. The Sun does not rotate as a rigid
body; this is possible because the Sun is entirely gas. For example, the equatorial region of
the photosphere rotates faster than do regions at higher latitudes. At the equator, the
photosphere rotates once every 24.5 days, but at latitude 45 degrees, one rotation takes 27.8
days. This phenomenon is called differential rotation. Helioseismology maps of rotation in
the Sun’s interior reveal that the gas at different levels also rotates with different periods,
another type of differential rotation. Both types of differential rotation seem to be involved in
the Sun’s magnetic cycle.
79. Explain the Babcock model and why the solar cycle should really be considered as a 22-year cycle instead of 11-year
cycle.
ANSWER: The Babcock model explains the magnetic cycle as a repeated tangling and untangling of the
solar magnetic field.
The Babcock model accounts for the reversal of the Sun’s magnetic field from cycle to cycle.
As the magnetic field becomes more and more tangled, adjacent regions of the Sun are
dominated by magnetic fields that point in different directions. After years of tangling, the
field becomes very complicated. Regions of weak north or south polarity "flip" into
alignment with neighboring regions of stronger polarity. The entire field then quickly
rearranges itself into a simpler pattern, the number of sunspots drops nearly to zero, and the
cycle ends. Then, differential rotation and convection begin winding up the magnetic field to
start a new cycle. The newly organized field is reversed relative to its predecessor, and the
new sunspot cycle begins with the magnetic-north end of sunspot groups replaced by
magnetic-south. Thus, the solar activity cycle is 11 years long if you count the numbers of
sunspots, but 22 years long if you pay attention to sunspot magnetic field directions.
80. What occurs during nuclear fusion within the Sun and how much energy is produced?
ANSWER: The fusion of hydrogen into helium in the Sun proceeds in three steps known as the proton–
proton chain. The first step in the chain combines two hydrogen nuclei to produce a heavy
hydrogen nucleus called deuterium. The second step forms light helium, and the third step
combines the light helium nuclei to form normal helium. During the process, positrons,
neutrinos, and gamma rays are formed and energy is released as the particles fly away.
Fusion can occur only in the core of the Sun where temperatures are pressures are high
enough. Because particles of like charge repel one other, high temperatures are needed to
give particles high enough velocities to overcome this Coulomb barrier and fuse together.
High densities are needed to provide large numbers of reactions.
Only a tiny fraction of the hydrogen atoms fuse into helium, and the nuclear reactions in the
Sun are spread through a large volume in its core. Any single gram of matter produces only a
little energy. A person of normal mass eating a normal diet produces about 3,000 times more
heat per gram than the matter in the core of the Sun. Gram for gram, you are a much more
efficient heat producer than the Sun. The Sun produces a lot of energy because it contains
many grams of matter in its core.
81. The Maunder minimum occurred in the 17th century, which many scientists debate the labeling of that time as the
“Little Ice Age”. However, it occurred before the Industrial Revolution and thus, had no significant impact on the human
standard of living as we know in today’s society. Suppose the Sun experienced a similar period today. How would life on
Earth be impacted?
ANSWER: Answers will vary, but should include the impacts on photosynthesis, crop production, the
food web, benefit/pitfall of solar cell energy, human dependence on fossil fuels, industrial
production, etc.


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Stars and Galaxies 9th Edition Seeds

1. The visible surface of the Sun is composed of solid matter.

2. Granulation is caused by convection currents just below the photosphere.

3. The layer above the chromosphere is the photosphere.

4. The upper chromosphere is hot enough to emit X-rays.

5. The corona is so dim that it is not visible in Earth’s daytime sky.

7. Sunspot numbers follow a seven-year cycle.

11. Spicules can trigger communications blackouts and auroras on Earth.

15. Nuclear fusion in the Sun is tremendously powerful.

17. What is the approximate average temperature of the Sun’s surface?

21. What causes granulation on the photosphere?

22. Granulation is evidence that energy in the photosphere ____.

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25. Of the following parts of the Sun, which is the hottest?

REFERENCES: 8-1 The Solar Photosphere and Atmosphere

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OTHER: Bloom's: Understand

33. Astronomers refer to the dark center of a sunspot as a(n) ____

40. How many nuclear reactions occur in a proton-proton chain?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.8-4 - What is the source of the Sun's energy?

41. Which of the natural forces bind atomic nuclei?

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.8-4 - What is the source of the Sun's energy?

Match the solar characteristic to its definition.

49. Arches of magnetic field visible in the chromosphere and corona

54. The outermost part of the Sun's atmosphere

Match the solar characteristic to its definition.

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Match the solar characteristic to its definition.

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REFERENCES: 8-2 Solar Activity

Subjective Short Answer

77. Explain the role of convection on the Sun’s surface.

78. How is the Sun’s rotation different than that of Earth’s?

OTHER: Bloom's: Apply

REFERENCES: 8-2 Solar Activity

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