Carbon and its compounds – Part 3

Saturated Compound Unsaturated Compound

It is single bond between carbon atoms.
Example: Alkanes
They are less reactive than the unsaturated
carbon compound.
It has double and triple bond between
carbon atoms.
Example: Alkenes, Alkynes
They are more reactive than the saturated
carbon compounds.

Naming of Hydrocarbons:
Most of child has a nick name and a registered name.
Most of Organic compounds has 2 names:
• IUPAC name
• Common Name
Note: Common name was used long before IUPAC name came into picture.
IUPAC names
There are millions of Hydrocarbon.
Difficult to remember the names of all.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1958 gave a nomenclature to name
hydrocarbons.
IUPAC NOMENCLATURE: (NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS)

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IUPAC NOMENCLATURE (BOND TYPE)

BOND TYPE INDICATION KEYWORD EXAMPLE

All Single Bonds ane Ethane

One double bond ene Ethene

One triple bond yne Ethyne

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE: BRANCHED HYDROCARBONS

STEPS:
1. Longest chain of carbon atoms in the structure is found. This is called parent
hydrocarbon. It should have max number of multiple bonds & functional groups.
2. Identify the functional group of parent hydrocarbon.
3. Alkyl group present in the side chain are marked & are named separately.
4. Carbon atoms of the longest chain are numbered in such a way that alkyl group gets
lowest number
5. Position of alkyl group is indicated.
6. Format of hydrocarbon name.
7. Position and name of Alkyl groups in ascending order of alkyl group name, Parent
hydrocarbon.

EXAMPLE: IUPAC NOMENCLATURE - BRANCED HYDROCARBON

2 - methyl butane - correct (lowest numbering)

3 – methyl butane – not correct
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ISOMERS
In organic chemistry one molecular formula represent more than one compound
For eg: NaCl (inorganic compound-one structure)
C6H12 (organic compound – different structure)
Organic compounds having same molecular formula but different structures are called isomers.
Isomerism is possible with hydrocarbon having more than 4 carbon atoms.
Hydrocarbon Isomers count

Butane 2

Pentane 3

Hexane 4

(v)

Homologous series:
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having similar structure and similar
chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by CH2 group.

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 Alkane Molecular formula
Methane CH4

Ethane C2H6

Propane C3H8

Butane C4H10

Pentane C5H12

Alkene Molecular formula

Ethene C2H4

Propene C3H6

Butene C4H8

Pentene C5H10

Alkyne Molecular formula

Ethyne C2H2

Propyne C3H4

Butyne C4H6

Penyne C5H8

Why study Homologous series?

1. They have similar chemical characteristics.
2. They show a gradual change in their physical properties with increase in molecular
mass.
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 3. They have a general formula to describe.
4. Difference in molecular mass of any 2 adjacent homologous is 14.
5. Any 2 adjacent homologous differ by 1 carbon and 2 hydrogen atom.
6. They have same functional group.
7. They have same method of preparation.
8. They have similar structural formula.
9. They have same nature of element.

Functional Group:
A saturated hydrocarbon is unreactive, but if we introduce other atom or group of atoms to it,
it becomes very reactive. This other “atom” or “group” of atoms is called functional group.
1. Halo group
2. Alcohol group
3. Aldehyde group
4. Ketone group
5. Carboxylic group
6. Alkene group
7. Alkyne group
8. Ether group (Oxygen in Center)
9. Ester group
10. Amines (NH2)

Functional Group : Halo group

Always occurs at end
General formula (R-X) where R is alkyl & X is Halogen
Eg: CH3Cl, C2H5Br, C3H7l
Preparation of halo group:
When one hydrogen atom in a alkane is replaced by halogen, we get halo alkanes.
Eg: CH4 ………… Replace one H by Cl CH3Cl
They form Homologous series too. CH3Cl, C2H5Cl, C3H7Cl
Functional Group: Halo group IUPAC names
Haloalkanes are named after the parent alkanes by using a prefix to show the presence of halo
group such as Chloro(Cl), bromo(Br), Iodo(I) etc
CH3Cl - Chloro Methane - common name – Methyl Chloro
C2H5Br – Bromo Ethane
C3H7l – Iodo Propane

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Alkanes Replacing the H and introducing Formula Naming the
Cl, Br & I compound
IUPAC
CH3CI Chloromethane

Methane
CH3CH2CI Chloroethane
OR
C2H5CI

CH3CH2CH2CI Chloropropane
OR
C3H7CI

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 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CI Chlorobutane
OR
C4H9CI

Butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH2CI Chloropentane
OR
C5H11CI

Pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH2CH2CI Chlorohexane
OR
C6H13CI

Hexane

Functional Group: Alcohol group OH

Always occurs at end
General formula (R-OH) where R is alkyl.
Alcohols are named after the parent alkanes by using a suffix to show the presence of hydroxyl
group.
Last 2 letter of word alcohol, “ol” is used as suffix.
Eg: CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH
They form homologous series too. CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH
Let’s name CH3OH, - IUPAC naming – Methanol – Common name – Methyl alcohol.
C2H5OH, - IUPAC naming – Ethanol – Common name – Ethyl alcohol
C3H7OH – IUPAC naming – Propanol – Common name – Propyl alcohol

Alkanes Replacing the H and introducing OH Formula Naming

the
compound
IUPAC
CH3OH Methanol

Methane

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 CH3CH2OH Ethanol
OR
C2H5OH

CH3CH2CH2OH Propanol
OR
C3H7OH

CH3CH2 CH2 CH2OH Butanol

OR
C4H9OH

Butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH2OH Pentanol
OR
C5H11OH

Pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH2CH2OH Hexanol
OR
C6H13OH

Hexane

Functional Group: Aldehyde Group: IUPAC name

Aldehyde are named after the parent alkanes by using a suffix to show the presence of
aldehyde group.

CHO
First 2 letter of word Aldehyde “al” is used as suffix
Let’s name: HCHO - IUPAC naming – Methanal – Common name - Formaldehyde
CH3CHO – IUPAC naming – Ethanal – Common name – Acetaldehyde
C2H5CHO – IUPAC naming – Propanal – Common name – Propanaldehyde

Alkanes Structure of functional group CHO Formula Naming

the

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 compound
IUPAC
HCHO Methanal

Methane
CH3CHO Ethanal

CH3CH2CHO Propanal
OR
C2H5CHO

CH3CH2CH2CHO Butanal
OR
C3H7CHO

Butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO Pentanal
OR
C4H9CHO

Pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH2CHO Hexanal
OR
C5H11CHO

Hexane

Functional Group: Ketone group CO

Occurs in between, so ketone must contain at least 3 carbon atoms. Simplest ketone is
CH3COCH3
General formula (R1 – CO – R2) where R1, R2 are alkyl group
Ketone are named after the parent alkanes by using a suffix to show the presence of ketone
group.

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 Last 3 letter of word Ketone, “one” is used as suffix
Eg. CH3COCH3
They form homologous series too.
Lets name: CH3COCH3 – IUPAC naming – Propanone Common name – acetone
CH3COC2H5 – IUPAC naming – Butanone – Common name- Ethyl methyl ketone
CH3COC3H7 – IUPAC naming – Pentanone – Common name –Propyl Methyl Ketone
CH3COC4H9 – IUPAC naming – Hexanone – Common name – Butyl Methyl ketone

Alkanes Structure of functional group CO Formula Naming

the
compound
IUPAC
CH3COCH3 Propanone

CH3CH2COCH3 Butanone
OR
C2H5COCH3

Butane

CH3CH2CH2COCH3 Pentanone
OR
C3H7COCH3

Pentane

CH3CH2CH2CH2 COCH3 Hexanone

OR
C4H9COCH3

Hexane

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 Functional Group: Carboxylic group – Organic acid COOH
Always occurs at end
Simplest carboxylic acid is HCOOH
General formula (R-COOH) where R is alkyl group
Carboxylic Acids are named as Alkanoic acids.
Last “e” of the alkane is replaced by “oic” and word “acid” is appended.
They form Homologous series too. HCOOH, CH3COOH, C2H5COOH
Let’s name: HCOOH
HCOOH – IUPAC naming – Methanoic acid – Common name – Formic acid
CH3COOH– IUPAC naming – Ethanoic acid – Common name – Acetic acid
C2H5COOH– IUPAC naming – Propanoic acid – Common name – Propionic acid

Alkanes Structure of functional group COOH Formula Naming

the
compound
IUPAC
HCOOH Methanoic
acid

Methane
CH3COOH Ethanoic
acid

CH3CH2COOH Propanoic
OR
C2H5COOH
acid

CH3CH2CH2COOH Butanoic
OR
C3H7COOH
acid

Butane

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 CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH Pentanoic
OR
C4H9COOH
acid

Pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH2COOH Hexanoic
OR
C5H11COOH
acid

Hexane

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