Materials Transactions, Vol. 57, No. 5 (2016) pp.

661 to 668
©2016 The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials

Investigation of Interfacial Friction and Inverse Flowing Behavior

under the Adhesive State
Weiqi Li and Qingxian Ma*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

For improving the precision of numerical simulations in metal forming, it is critical to accurately evaluate the interfacial friction between
die/specimen and material deformed behavior. However, there is a huge challenge to assess interfacial friction and material deformed behavior
due to the complex mechanisms of tribology at the interfaces. In this study, a program of experimental work directed by ring upsetting has been
carried out to evaluate interfacial friction and material deformed behavior on account of the specific adhesive friction state. The behavior of
adhesive friction was qualitatively identified with characterized phenomenon and quantitatively identified with friction coefficient, which was
obtained by taking advantage of Boltzmann distribution characteristics between the radial velocity field and the relative displacements relevant
to metal particles on the meridian plane. Furthermore, simple mathematics methods were applied to analyze inverse flowing behavior under the
condition of adhesive friction based on the transients displacement achieved by ring upsetting. And the driven mechanism of inverse flowing
behavior was also revealed systematically. Finally, a new theory of bi-directionality theory was proposed to illustrate inverse flowing behavior,
and the sustainability of adhesive friction was synthetically analyzed. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2015434]

(Received November 26, 2015; Accepted February 18, 2016; Published April 25, 2016)
Keywords: interfacial friction, material deformed behavior, adhesive friction, ring upsetting, inverse flowing behavior, bi-directionality theory

1. Introduction
Recently, more and more numerical simulation analysis
along with the development of computer technology is used
in metal forming processes1). The accurate analysis of numer-
ical simulations process not only saves time and energy, but
also improves material forming quality in metal forming.
However, numerical simulation depends strongly on the inter-
facial frictional condition and the accurate expression of ma-
terial deformed properties2,3). Therefore, it is very significant
to intensively concern interfacial friction and material de-
formed behavior in metallography and tribology.
Up to now, large numbers of investigations have been car-
ried out in sheet4–8) and bulk9–16) metal forming to evaluate
interfacial friction and material deformed behavior. Wang et
al. have developed a plane-strain compression tribometer to
measure friction and material flow-stress2). Based on numeri-
cal simulation and experimental results, Takahashi has inves-
tigated the interfacial deformation and friction behavior be-
tween Al ribbon and electric pad during ultrasonic bonding17).
Brandstetter et al. have examined the effect of surface rough-
ness on friction by means of fibre-bundle pull-out tests18,19).
Chan et al. have observed that the size effect on micro-scale
plastic deformation and frictional phenomenon by the combi-
nation of micro-cylindrical compression test, micro-ring
compression test and Finite Element (FE) simulation20).
However, interfacial friction and material deformed behavior
are always varying owing to the complexity of external influ-
ence factors such as stress, temperature, strain-rate, and lubri-
cant. Although some efforts including the above study have
been done against the different conditions of friction/lubri-
cant, they concentrated up on the investigation at low friction
condition21–24).
When friction coefficient is low, extent models are avail-
able to analyze interfacial friction and material deformed be-
havior precisely. However, it is practically indicated that al-
*
Corresponding author, E-mail: maqxdme@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
most all the methods and models existing for analyzing
interfacial friction and material deformed behavior are ad-
judged invalid under the conditions of high friction coeffi-
cient, an extremely particular state of which is the adhesive
friction studied in this paper. There are various theoretical or
experimental studies in simple upsetting related to the inves-
tigation of interfacial friction and material deformed behavior
in the area of metal forming. In this study, the most widely
used method of ring compression test first proposed by Kuno-
gi and developed by Male and Cockroft have been ap-
plied25–29).
The objective of this investigation is to study interfacial
friction and material deformed behavior aimed at the adhe-
sive friction state. In order to evaluate interfacial friction be-
havior, friction coefficient was calculated qualitatively based
on the Boltzmann distribution characteristics. In the respect
of material deformed behavior, a new metal flowing behavior
of inverse flowing behavior was found. And then, the driven
mechanism of inverse flowing behavior was analyzed system-
atically. The bi-directionality theory was proposed to illus-
trate and evaluate explicitly inverse flowing behavior. Finally,
the sustainability of adhesive friction was analyzed.
2. Experiment
This investigation was developed in metallic Lead used to
make ring specimens with outer diameter of 60 mm, inner
diameter of 30 mm and height of 20 mm. All the ring speci-
mens were divided into two groups. The specimens of the first
group were cut into halves averagely along the meridian sur-
face by means of spark cutting. And then the finite element
discretization on the meridian surface of these specimens was
carried out and shown in Fig. 1. After that, both correspond-
ing halves of the same specimens were welded together with
Wood s metal alloy. For the sake of unifying the experimental
condition of interfacial friction, both of the top and end inter-
faces of all the specimens were polished with emery cloth
made with brown fused alumina, and graved with circular lat-
662 W. Li and Q. Ma

Fig. 1 Geometry and nodal discretization on the meridian surface.

transferred to raster image in order to analyze material flow-

ing behavior.

3. Numerical Analysis Model

3.1 Numerical method for analyzing inverse flowing be-

havior
After the specimens are compressed between both of the
flat parallel dies, numerical method of piecewise cubic her-
mite polynomial interpolation is implemented to analyze ma-
terial flowing behavior for the purpose of improving the com-
putation accuracy. The constructed object function of
piecewise cubic hermite polynomial interpolation is shown in
eq. (1).
(xk+1 − x)3 (x − xk )3
H3 (x) = Mk + Mk+1
xk →xk+1 6∆k 6∆k
 2
 Mk ∆k  xk+1 − x
Fig. 2 Circular lattice pattern of interfaces for Δc = cn = 2.5 mm. + yk −  (1)
6 ∆k
 2
 Mk+1 ∆k  x − xk
+ yk+1 − 
6 ∆k
tices shown in Fig. 2.
The ring upsetting test was carried out at a constant speed Where, k = 0, 1, ···, n − 1, xk and yk are radius and axial dis-
of approximately 0.005 mm/s by hydraulic universal testing placement measured by the repetitive ring upsetting testing,
machine at room temperature. For the specimens of the first respectively. Unknown parameter Mk can be determined with
group, ring upsetting tests were implemented at five levels of eq. (2).
strokes of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%. For the specimens of the     
 2 λ0   M0   l0 
second group, ring upsetting tests were implemented with the  µ   M   l 
 1 2 λ1   1   1 
strokes exceeding 50%. The role of the second group is to  .. .. ..   ..   .. 
demonstrate the disappearance of the adhesive friction, and  . . .   .   .  (2)
=
    
the results of the second group are only used in Section 4.5.  µn−1 2 λn−1   Mn−1   ln−1 
Owing to that the elastic deformation is much smaller than µn 2 Mn ln
the plastic deformation in the bulk metal forming, the effects Where, the value of the boundary elements λ0 and μn is equal
of elastic deformation on the specimens dimension was neg- to 1. All the other correlation coefficients λk+1, μk, k = 0, 1, ···,
ligible and wasn t considered in this study. n − 1 listing in eq. (2) are determined by eq. (3).
After ring upsetting tests were implemented at each stroke
∆k−1 ∆k+1
of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% for the specimens of the first group, µk = , λk+1 = (3)
∆k−1 + ∆k ∆k + ∆k+1
the displacements of lattice points on the interface were mea-
sured. And then the welded specimens were separated into lk, k = 0, 1, ···, n are determined by the interpolation of eq. (4).
halves along the welded surface by means of fusing Wood s
metal alloy on the cohesive meridian. After the meridian sur-
faces of the specimens were cleaned up, the images of the
meridian surface were scanned with HD scanner. The dis-
placements of deformation graphics for lattice points on the
meridian surfaces were derived by statistics and computing.
Further, the displacements on the meridian surfaces were
 Investigation of Interfacial Friction and Inverse Flowing Behavior under the Adhesive State 663

three situations.
6 y1 − y0 )
l0 = − f0 , R0 and R1 are outer radius and inner radius respectively. It
∆0 ∆0 is evident from the expression of friction coefficient μ that the
∆k−1 (yk+1 − yk ) − ∆k (yk − yk−1 ) location of the neutral layer is significant to determine fric-
lk = 6 , (4)
∆k−1 ∆k (∆k−1 + ∆k ) tion coefficient, and the quantitatively solving problems of
6 yn − yn−1 friction coefficient can be translated into the solving problem
ln = f − of the neutral layer ρ. And solving accuracy of plastic friction
∆n−1 n ∆n−1

Where, f0 is the boundary quantity of infinity, and fn is the

boundary quantity confirmed by further compression with the
stroke of over 50%. In eq. (1), eq. (3) and eq. (4), Δk is the
radial displacement difference of two adjacent strokes, as
shown in eq. (5).
∆k = xk+1 − xk , k = 0, 1, · · · , n − 1, x ∈ [xk , xk+1 ] (5)

3.2 Theoretical foundation for solving friction coeffi-

cient
There are three distinct deformation modes accompanying
with the location variation of the neutral layer ρ for the com-
pressed ring specimen owing to the variation of friction coef-
ficient μ. There is a strict one-to-one correlation between the
value of friction coefficient and the location of the neutral
layer. The specific performances are shown in Fig. 330–32).
When friction coefficient is low, the radius ρ of the neutral
layer is less than inner radius R1 of the specimen, all the met-
al particles of which flow away from the central axis, as
shown in Fig. 3(b). With the increase of friction coefficient,
there must be a critical value when the radius ρ of the neutral
layer is equal to inner radius R1 of the specimen, metal parti-
cles of which on the inner boundary flow towards the sym-
metric plane of the specimen and all the other metal particles
of the specimen flow away from the central axis as shown in
Fig. 3(c). Along with the further increase of friction coeffi-
cient, it is found that the neutral layer of radius ρ appears on
the meridian plane and locates between the inner and outer
diameter as shown in Fig. 3(d). Under this circumstance, met-
al particles outside and inside the neutral layer flow away
Fig. 3 Deformation flowing behaviors with different friction coefficients:
from and towards the central axis, respectively. There are (a) Undeformation, (b) Low friction, (c) Critical friction, (d) High fric-
three equations shown in Table 1 corresponding to the above tion.

Table 1 Relationship between COF and NL, COF: friction coefficient, NL: Neutral layer.

COF NL Expression Diagram

  
  3R40  
 
 2 1 + 1 + 4  
 R ρ  
1  2R0 R1
Low ρ < R1 µ = − √ ln  12    / 1− Fig. 3(b)
3  R0  4 
3R    H R0
 
 1 + 1 + 41  
ρ 

1 H 3R20
Critical value ρ < R1 µ= √ · · ln Fig. 3(c)
2 3 (R 0 − R 1 )
R21 + R41 + 3R40
  
  3R40  
   
 2 1 + 1+
 R ρ4  
1  2R0 R1 ρ
High R1 < ρ < R0 µ = − √ ln  12    / 1+ −2× Fig. 3(d)
3  R0  4
3R   
 
 H R0 R0
 
 1 + 1 + 41  
ρ 
664
coefficient depends strongly on the solving accuracy of the
radius ρ of the neutral layer.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Identification of adhesive friction state
4.1.1 Identification of adhesive friction state based on
deformation
After ring upsetting tests, the deformation results at the in-
terface between die/specimen for the stroke of 10, 20, 30, 40,
50% are shown in Fig. 4. It is observed from Fig. 4 that, outer
diameter is increasing constantly and inner diameter is de-
creasing constantly in the wake of the reduction in height.
The whole interfacial surfaces are in the condition of increas-
ing.
However, it is remarkable that there is no movement for the
size of annulus lattice on the interface. That is to say, there is
no radius displacement for the primitive metal particles on the
interface. For the newborn particles on the increscent area of
the interface, they still keep stationary at the moment of enter-
ing the interface and have no radius displacement after enter-
ing the interface. In a word, there is no radius displacement
for all metal particles on the interface and the state of adhe-
sive friction exists on the interface all the time.
Fig. 4 Deformation state at the interface.
Fig. 6 State of continuous deformation at the meridian plane under the different strokes of (a) original specimen (0%), (b) 10%, (c) 20%, (d) 30%, (e) 40%
and (f) 50%.
W. Li and Q. Ma
4.1.2 Identification of adhesive friction state with fric-
tion coefficient
According to experimental research and plasticity theory,
friction calibration curves can be elaborated in Fig. 5 based
on the results of finite element modeling. If the value of fric-
tion coefficient exceeds the critical value of 0.5, the whole
interface entirely becomes sticky, and friction pair on the in-
terface is in the adhesive state30,33). It is reflected in Fig. 5 that
the relation curve between outer diameter and height along
with the variation of stroke will drop into the region of adhe-
sive friction once friction coefficient exceeds the critical val-
ue of 0.5.
After ring upsetting tests, the deformation on meridian sur-
face for the stroke of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% are shown in Fig. 6.
It is obtained in Fig. 6 that the neutral layer ρ situates between
internal boundary and external boundary whatever the stroke
is. Therefore, friction coefficient μ can be calculated with the
equation corresponding to Fig. 3(d). And the neutral layer ρ is
determined by taking advantage of its own property of zero
value in radius velocity field and the characteristic of Boltz-
mann distribution between the radial velocity field and the
relative displacement on the equatorial plane owing to that
the radial velocity field and the relative displacement on the
Fig. 5 Calibration curve related to the outer diameter with different friction
coefficients.
 Investigation of Interfacial Friction and Inverse Flowing Behavior under the Adhesive State 665

Table 2 Solving processes and results of friction coefficient, COF: friction coefficient.

Node and its radius velocity field (mm/s) Neutral layer (mm)
Stroke(%) COF
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 Single Average
10% −0.002 −0.001 7e-4 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 19.44
20% −0.003 −0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 18.99
30% −0.004 −0.003 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 19.32 19.39 0.57
40% −0.007 −0.004 4e-4 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 19.60
50% −0.01 −0.005 e-4 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 19.59

Fig. 7 Orientation distribution of velocity field on the meridian plane.

interface don t occur in the adhesive state. The processes and
final results of friction coefficient are listed in Table 2.
Under the condition of friction coefficient of 0.57, the rela-
tion curve between outer diameter and height along with the
stroke s augment is depicted in Fig. 5 based on the upsetting
test. It is observed that the flow curve lands in the region of
adhesive friction, also explaining the state of adhesive friction
exists all the time.
4.2 Identification of inverse flowing behavior
By taking advantaging of piecewise cubic hermite polyno-
mial interpolation shown in eq. (1), the grid lines graved on
the meridian surface are reshaped based on the measured dis-
placements of the different strokes, while the specific orienta-
tion of velocity field of metal particles under the different
strokes is determined with eq. (6), which can be achieved by
inverse tangent function of taking the derivative of piecewise
cubic hermite polynomial of eq. (1).
(xk+1 − x)2 (x − xk )2
θOR = arctan −Mk + Mk+1
2∆k 2∆k
 2 2
 Mk ∆k Mk+1 ∆k 
+ yk+1 − yk + −  /∆k
6 6
Here, k = 0, 1, ···, 4, θOR is angle field. All the correlation co-
efficients in eq. (6) are to obtain with eq. (2) to eq. (5).
Figure 7 shows the orientation distribution of velocity field
on the meridian surface of ring specimens under the condi-
tions of each stroke. It is observed in Fig. 7 that all metal
particles on the meridian surface flow towards the equatorial
plane at the initial stage, except that on the equatorial surface
which just flow to both sides along the radial direction. The
magnitude of the orientation of velocity field for all metal
particles inside the neutral layer, on the neutral layer and out-
side the neutral layer have greater than 90 , 90 and less than
90 , respectively. Moreover, the magnitude of the orientation
of velocity field for all metal particles varies with the stroke s
variation, such as Node 8.
The magnitude of the orientation of velocity field of Node
8 increases persistently with the increasing of the stroke, and
it is notable that its magnitude exceeds 180 at the stroke of
30%. In other words, Node 8 has been flowing to the interface
rather than the equatorial surface since the flow angle has ex-
ceeded 180 at the stroke of 30%, illustrating that the particle
of Node 8 brings about inverse flowing behavior. There is a
further remarkable change of the orientation of velocity field
of Node 8 to a greater value in the wake of the stroke s aug-
ment. With the augment of the stroke, more and more metal
particles like Node 8 on the internal boundary transform to
flow towards the interface rather than the equatorial surface.
As far as metal particles on the external boundary are con-
(6)
cerned, they have a remarkable change of the orientation of
velocity field from 0 to the negative value, the results of
which show that metal particles on the external boundary
flow to the interface instead of the equatorial surface. Inverse
flowing behavior continuously happens from metal particles
approaching to the equatorial surface to metal particles ap-
proaching to the interface since the ring upsetting started.
Meanwhile inverse flowing behavior on the boundary is
bound to cause interior inverse flow due to the continuity of
666 W. Li and Q. Ma
Fig. 8 The magnitude of velocity field on the meridian plane.
metal specimen.
4.3 Driven mechanism of inverse flowing behavior
The flowing behavior of metal particles of the specimen is
a comprehensive reaction of internal interaction, external
pressure, temperature, friction, and some other influencing
factors. Among all the influencing factors, friction is the
unique factor to bring about inhomogeneous deformation of
upsetting forgings30). The influence of friction on metal parti-
cles increases gradually from the equatorial surface to the in-
terface. With regard to the radius velocity field, its magnitude
can be obtained by combining the orientation of velocity field
shown in Fig. 7 and the magnitude of velocity field shown in
Fig. 8. It can be found that the magnitude of radius velocity
field decreases gradually from the equatorial surface to the
interface under the influence of friction.
Figure 8 shows the magnitude of velocity field under the
condition of different strokes. It is observed in Fig. 8 that the
distribution of velocity field is varying during the process of
the stroke augment. In order to analyze the driven mechanism
of inverse flowing behavior exhaustively, Node 1 and its near-
by region are taken as characteristic region. It is observed that
the magnitude of velocity field of Node 1 and its nearby re-
gion is pretty small at the beginning of the stroke. However,
the magnitude of velocity field of Node 1 and its nearby re-
gion will be larger and larger, and has already surpassed the
stroke speed of 0.005 mm/s at the stroke of 40%. Since the
flowing behavior of metal particles is always subservient to
the principle of minimum flow drag30), it is no doubt that
Node 1 possessing the fastest radius velocity field flows to-
wards coordinate origin on the equatorial surface. Thus, inho-
mogeneous deformation of internal surface of ring specimen
will become more and more apparent. For other metal parti-
cles of internal surface nearby Node 1, they also flow with
obeying the minimum flow drag principle; however, their
free-flowing direction is up-inclined, so they have to flow
up-inclined, indicating inverse flowing behavior inevitably
happens. The phenomenon is also suitable for metal particles
on the external surface. Inverse flowing behavior is inevitable
owing to the existence of friction. However, if friction coeffi-
cient is small, the region of inverse behavior is also very small
and just happens on the nearby region of Node 1 of the inter-
nal surface and of Node 7 of the external surface. The region
will increase along with the augment of friction coefficient.
Moreover, the internal surface is earlier to bring out inverse
flowing behavior than the external surface.
4.4 Bi-directionality theory for elucidating inverse flow-
ing behavior
Bi-directionality theory, also called the chasing & meet
theory, is taken advantage to illustrate inverse flowing behav-
ior of metal particles under the condition of adhesive friction.
The whole theory consists of the three following parts:
(1) Chasing theory considers that the relatively moving up
of metal particles on the free surface brings about the inter-
face extension. It is known that the interface area is constant-
ly extending with the augment of the stroke. It is observed in
Fig. 8 that the downward axial velocity of metal particles on
the interface is absolutely faster than that on the internal &
external surface at the beginning of stroke. Thus, metal parti-
cles on the internal & external surface must enter into the in-
terface compulsorily owing to the disadvantage of its axial
velocity. Combined with Fig. 4, it is obtained that metal par-
ticles lose the radial velocity and flow towards the equatorial
surface once accessing the interface in the way of chasing
theory.
Taken metal particle of Node 21 in Fig. 1 as an example, its
axial velocity can be obtained by combining the orientation
of velocity field shown in Fig. 7 with the magnitude of veloc-
ity field shown in Fig. 8. The ordinate of Node 21 is separated
from the Coordinate System, shown in Fig. 9(a). It is no doubt
that both the distance between interface and equatorial sur-
face (line-1) and the distance to the equatorial surface (line-2)
of Node 21 are decreasing constantly with the augment of the
stroke. However, it is found that the decreasing rate of line-1
is faster than that of line-2, indicating there must be an inter-
section point of line-1 and line-2 at certain stroke, where met-
al particle of Node 21 enters into the interface and settles into
the adhesive state. After the time corresponding to the inter-
section point, metal particle of Node 21 flows towards the
equatorial surface like other metal particle on the interface.
With the augment of the stroke, more and more newborn ad-
 Investigation of Interfacial Friction and Inverse Flowing Behavior under the Adhesive State
Fig. 9 Bi-directionality theory for analyzing inverse flowing behavior with axis velocity field.
hesive particles come forth like Node 21.
(2) Meet theory considers that the absolutely moving up of
metal particles on the free surface brings about the interface
extension. It is seen in Fig. 7 that the orientation of velocity
field of metal particles approaching to the equatorial surface
has more than 180 for internal boundary and less than 0 for
external boundary. Metal particles transform the movement
direction towards the interface instead of the equatorial sur-
face at certain stroke. Inverse flowing behavior comes forth.
Thus metal particles on the internal & external surface have a
moving upward direction which is in contrast with that of
metal particles on the interface such as Node 8 in Fig. 9(b).
(3) Actually, the closer metal particles on the internal &
external surface approach to the interface, the easier they en-
ter the interface in the way of chasing theory, and there is no
inverse flowing behavior appearing for metal particles of this
kind. However, as for metal particles on the internal & exter-
nal surface, the closer they approach to the equatorial surface,
the easier they enter the interface in the way of meeting theo-
ry, and inverse flowing behavior will appear for metal parti-
cles of this kind. With the augment of the stroke, more and
more metal particles generate inverse flowing behavior and
gradually spread from the equatorial surface to the interface
accompanied with the phenomenon of inverse flowing behav-
ior.
The essence of inverse flowing behavior is the meeting
phenomenon of bi-directionality of metal deformed flow.
With the stroke s augment, all metal particles on the free
boundary except those on the equatorial plane enter into the
interface in the two methods of bi-directionality theory ulti-
mately, rather than flow in the way of the traditionally hyper-
bolic flow theory20,31). Owing to the integrity and continuity
of the specimen, all metal particles inside the specimen also
must flow like metal particles on the free boundary.
Now, it can t be identified that the bi-directionality of metal
deformed flow is a specific phenomenon under the condition
of adhesive friction or a common phenomenon of all the state
with the influence of friction. However, the functions of the
bi-directionality theory on conducting the forging process are
very effective. For instance, the location of metal particles
can be predicted accurately under the certain stroke on the
basis of the theory, which can be considered as the basis for
controlling the specimen quality and designing the shape and
specific detail of the mold. In addition, the bi-directionality
667
Fig. 10 Disappearance of adhesive friction ST: stroke.
theory also offers us a re-cognition of the variety of metal
deformed flow behavior.
4.5 Sustainability analysis about adhesive friction
It s observed that the region of inverse flowing becomes
bigger and bigger from Fig. 7 (a) to (f). There is a timestamp
inevitably when metal particles on the intersection of the in-
terface and free boundary have a 180 for the internal free
boundary or 0 for the external free boundary. Once the time-
stamp turns up, metal particles on the intersection of the inter-
face and free boundary possess tangential velocity and don t
simply flow towards the interface inversely. Correspondingly,
tangential slip on the interfaces blows up; meanwhile adhe-
sive friction disappears. It is notable that the disappearance of
adhesive friction comes out earlier for the intersection of the
interface and internal free boundary than that for the intersec-
tion of the interface and external free boundary. Experimental
results of the second group have confirmed that adhesive fric-
tion will disappear when the stroke reaches a fixed value. Fig-
ure 10 shows the phenomenon of the disappearance of adhe-
sive friction and the phenomenon of turbulence flowing of
metal particles on the interface. The disappearance of adhe-
sive friction on the interface also means all metal particles on
the free boundary surface flow inversely to the interface rath-
er than the equatorial surface.
It is shown in Fig. 5 that the neutral layer remains un-
changed with the augment of the stroke and accordingly fric-
tion coefficient, which is 0.57 calculated in the present exper-
iment, is also identical. Friction coefficient of 0.57 is a typical
adhesive friction state according to the previous experiment
research and the plasticity theory30). Consequently, the disap-
pearance of adhesive friction violates the conclusion that the
interface is in the adhesive friction state once interfacial fric-
tion coefficient exceeds 0.5, which indicates there is a conflict
668 W. Li and Q. Ma
of the existence of adhesive friction between the experimental
results and tradition theory. Maybe the reason that internal
shear stress will be superior to interfacial friction stress at
certain stroke although friction coefficient keeps invariant
with the augment of the stroke leads to the disappearance of
adhesive friction. However, the real reason why the conflict
happens is unknown. Therefore, more profound study on
plastic tribology, especially high friction coefficient, is abso-
lutely necessary.
5. Conclusions
The interfacial friction and metal deformed flowing behav-
ior under the condition of adhesive friction were investigated
by ring upsetting test. The conclusions which can be drawn
from this study show the following:
(1) In order to evaluate the behavior of interfacial friction,
characterized phenomenon at the interface is analyzed
qualitatively, and friction coefficient is quantitatively ob-
tained by taking advantage of Boltzmann distribution
characteristics between the radial velocity field and the
relative displacements. The friction performances at the
interface and the calculated friction coefficient are in
agreement with the adhesive state strictly. Compared
with the previous results, there is a huge difference of
metal deformed flow under the condition of adhesive fric-
tion. Once accessing the interface, all metal particles lose
radial strain and flow towards the equatorial plane
straightly.
(2) The second part of this work focuses on the identification
of inverse flowing behavior. A new phenomenon of in-
verse flowing behavior with respect to backward transfer
of metal particles under the condition of adhesive friction
is found. Metal particles flow to the interface rather than
the equatorial plane in the state of inverse flowing behav-
ior. For the sake of evaluating inverse flowing behavior
accurately, the orientation of velocity field is elaborated
with the mathematical method of piecewise cubic her-
mite polynomial interpolation based on the displace-
ments measured after the experiments of ring upsetting.
Combining the orientation and magnitude of velocity
field, the driven mechanism of inverse flowing behavior
is evaluated qualitatively.
(3) A new theory called Bi-directionality theory is proposed
to illustrate metal inverse flowing behavior. Sustainability
analysis about adhesive friction has been done in this
study. It is illustrated that adhesive friction is unable to
sustain constantly. The disappearance of adhesive friction
is explained by analyzing the orientation variation of ve-
locity field. The conflict of the disappearance of adhesive
friction brings about a huge challenge between the exper-
iment results and tradition theory.
Acknowledgments
This paper has been supported by the Major State Basic
Research Development Program of China (973 Program, No.
2011CB012903). The authors would like to express our sin-
cere appreciation for the funds support.
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