HOA MODULE 2


HOA Tholos
o A stone vaulted construction, shaped
like an old fashion beehive.
MODULE 2.1: GREEK o Consists of a long passage known as
ARCHITECTURE Dromos leading to a domed chamber
 Rock-Cut or Chamber Tomb
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL o Rectangular chamber cut within the
slope hill side approached by a Dromos.
 Country with few natura resources and is
surrounded by water. ACROPOLIS
 Mountain ranges divides Greece into many small
 City on height
valleys
 A stronghold or fortress constructed on higher
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ground than the surrounding fabric
 Pinacotheca: picture gallery
THREE PERIODS  Glypthoheca: Sculpture gallery
 Erecthion
 AEGEAN
o Largest City: Knossos  Parthenon
o Low pitch or flat roof on multi-story AGORA
structures
o Stairways were developed.  Civic square, square city, or marketplace
o Principal building type: Megaron  Center of Greek’s political business and
(houses) and Palaces economic life
o Rough and massive
GYMNASIUM
 Cyclopean Walls
 HELLENIC  A place for physical exercise
o Simplicity and harmony
o Purity of lines PROPYLEA
o Perfection of proportions  Entrance gateway which marks the approach to
o Refinement of details the sacred enclosure in many cities.
o Carpentry in marble
o Chief building type: Temples (built STADIUM
towards the rising sun)
 Foot racecourse
 HELLENISTIC
o Symmetrical and orderly STOA
o Civic structures
 Covered walkway or portico, commonly for
BUILDING MATERIALS public usage.
 Stone Timber and terra cotta THEATER
RESIDENCES  An open-air structure, which consisted of
orchestra, auditorium, or out of the slope of
 Made of dried mud bricks with pottery roof tiles hillside, in or near city.
 For the affluent: large rooms arranged around the
courtyard; divided into men and women section. TEMPLES
 For the poor: one to three rooms, cooking done
outside.  Parthenon
o Rectangular in plan
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES o Surrounded by columns.
 Temple of Zeus
GATE OF LIONS (MYCENAE)
o Walls were made of stones.
 Use of corbelled arch and post and lintel o Marble sculptures completed the
 Most ancient stone sculpture in Europe (13th buildings.
century)  Parts
 Names after the relief sculpture of two lionesses o Naos
in a heraldic pose that stands above the entrance.  Principal Chamber, containing
the statue of the god or
TOMBS goddess.

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HOA MODULE 2
o Pronaos o Column: H=9 x column base
 An inner portico in front of the circumference, 24 flutes separated by
naos fillets
o Epinaos o Entablature: H=2 ¼ x column
 Also called as Opisthodomos, circumference
room behind the naos o Entablature: consists of
 Architrave of three fascias
WAYS OF DESCRIBING TEMPLES  Richly ornamented frieze
 NUMBER OF COLUMNS ON THE  Cornice corbelled out on egg
ENTRANCE FRONT and dart
o Distyle: 2 columns  Dentil moldings
o Capital: spiral volutes
o Tetrastyle: 4 columns
o Athena Nike (Callicrates)
o Hexastyle: 6 columns
o Octastyle: 8 columns
 CORINTHIAN
o Decastyle: 10 columns
o Named after the city of Corinth, where
sculptor Callimachus supposedly
 ARRANGEMENT OF THE EXTERIOR
invented it after he spotted boblet
COLUMNS OF THE TEMPLE IN RELATION
surrounded with leaves.
TO THE NAOS
o Acanthus leaves
o Dipteral: 2 rows
o Capital: deep-bell shaped decorated
o Peripteral: 1 row
with acanthus leaves and abacus with
o Pseudoperipteral
concave sides.
o Pseudodipteral o Temple of Apollo Epicarius
 Slightly projecting column at the end of a wall,
produced by either thickening of the wall or INTERCOLUMNATION
attachment of a separate strip
o Anta  The spacing between columns in a colonnade, as
o Double Anta measured at the bottom (diameter) of their shafts.
 Circular o Pycnostyle: 1.5D
o Tholos o Systyle: 2D
 Created by adding other two columns at the o Eustyle: 2.25D
entrance porch. o Diastyle: 3D
o Prostyle o Areostyle: 4D
o Amphiprostyle
TERMINOLOGIES
PARTHENON
ATLAS
 Peripteral Octastyle
 Male figure support carrying the world in
o Octastyle: 8 columns at the front
kneeling position
o Peripteral: single line of exterior
column BOULEUTERION
ORDERS  Council house
 DORIC
o Oldest and simplest
o Fluted column having no base, plain CANEPHORAE
cushion-shaped capital supporting a  Female figure support carrying a basket on her
square abacus and an entablature head.
consisting of a plain architrave.
o Parthenon (Iktinos and Callicrates) CARYATID
 IONIC
o Developed in the Ionian islands (now  Sculptured female figures used as columns or
western turkey) in the 6th century BC. supports.
o Used for smaller buildings and interiors. HIPPODROME
o Fluted columns typically had molded
bases  Horse and chariot racing
ODEION
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HOA MODULE 2
 A theater building used by musicians for o Used over circular structures.
competition or public approval.
 Odeon of Herodes Aticus CONCRETE WALLS
o 5000 capacity  Opus Quadratum
 Opus Incertum
MODULE 2.2: ROMAN  Opus Recticalum
ARCHITECTURE  Opus Testaceum
 Opus Mixtum
 Invention of concrete
 Sophisticated engineering skills ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
 Emphasis on monumental public buildings
FORUM
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL
 Open space used as a meeting place, market or
 Location has a central and commanding position rendezvous for political demonstrations.
on the Mediterranean Sea  Forum romanum
 Religion became a part of the constitution of the  Forum of Trajan
state  Agora of the Greeks
 There are fewer temples for worship because BASILICA
they venerated their emperors more than gods
 Halls of Justice or Assembly Hall
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  Trajan’s Basilica
BUILDING MATERIALS THERMAE
 Marble, granite and alabaster were the primary  Luxurious public bath
facing materials, as well as stucco and mosaics. o Tepidarium – warm room
ROMANS ARE ENGINEERS o Calidarium – hot room
o Frigidarium – cooling room
 Large – scale undertakings such as sewers and o Sudarium – dry sweating room
city walls o Apodyteria – sweating room
 Complexes, and buildings with several stories o Palaestra – physical exercise
 Utilitarian, practical economic use of materials. o Unctuaria – place for oils and perfumes
ORDERS (5) o Spaeresterium – game room
 Thermae of Caracalla
 DORIC o Capacity of 1,600
 IONIC  Thermae of Diocletian
 CORINTHIAN o Largest
 TUSCAN o 3,000 pax
o The Etruscans simplified version of the  Balneum
Doric order with smooth-shafted o Private bath in Roman palaces and
columns, a simple capital, base and house containing Tepidarium (warm
entablature. room), Calidarium (hot room) and
 COMPOSOSITE Frigidarium (Cold room)
o A classical Roman order, a hybrid of
Ionian and Corinthian, with fluted AMPITHEATRE
columns, a capital with both volutes and  Used for gladiator combat.
acanthus leaves, a base and entablature
 Elliptical in plan
with dentils.
 Colosseum
VAULTS o Flavian Amphitheatre
o Commenced by Vespasian
 Semi-circular/Wagon-headed/Barrel o Completed by Domitian
o Borne on two parallel walls throughout
its length. CIRCUS
 Cross/Groin
o Formed by the intersection of two semi-  A long U-shaped or enclosed arena for chariot
and horse racing
circular vaults of equal span.
 Hemispherical AQUEDUCT
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HOA MODULE 2
 Used for water supply, with smooth channels collonades, palaestra, theatres, and
(specus) lined with hard cement and carried on thermae
arches in several tiers.  Insula
o Many story tenements also called
TEMPLE “workmen’s dwellings”
 Pantheon
o The most famous and perfectly
preserved of all ancient buildings in
Rome.
o Currently a Christian church (Sta. Maria
Rotonda)
o The world’s largest unreinforced
concrete dome
o It served as a temple, church and tomb
for past centuries.
o The building was sited in an area north
of the old city center known as Campus
Martius.
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES

 Erected to commemorate victorious campaigns

of emperors and generals.
 Arch of Titus
TOWN GATEWAYS & ARCHWAYS

 Serves as a protective wall and commemorative

monument, ornamental portals to forum.
 Porticus Octavie
PILLARS OF VICTORY OR MONUMENTAL
COLUMNS

 Erected to record triumphs of victories of

generals (conquered by land)
 Trajan’s Column
ROSTRAL COLUMN

 Erected to celebrate naval victories.

ROMAN HOUSES

 Domus
o Private house
 Fauces: main entrance hall
 Tabernae: shops facing the
street
 Atrium: area open in center
 Impluvium: drain pool in the
atrium
 Tabinum: open living room
 Hortus:
 Triclinium: roman dining room
 Ate: open rooms or alcoves on
each side of the atrium
 Cubiculum: bedroom
 Villa
o Luxurious country house with
surrounding terraces and gardens,