UNIT

Introduction to Environmental Studies

Names of Sub-Unit
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, Scope and importance, need for
environmental education, Concept of sustainability and sustainable development

Overview
This unit will focus on the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, which
involves understanding the complex relationships between human societies and the
environment through the lens of various disciplines such as ecology, economics,
sociology, and politics. Further, the unit will discuss about the scope and importance of
environmental studies in identifying environmental problems and their causes, evaluating
the impacts of human activities on natural systems, and developing solutions to address
these problems in a sustainable manner. This unit will also explain the need for
environmental education in promoting awareness and understanding of environmental
issues among the general public.
In addition, the concept of sustainability and sustainable development will be introduced,
including the three pillars of sustainable development: economic, social, and
environmental sustainability.

Learning Objectives
In this Unit you will learn the importance of environmental studies as an interdisciplinary
field that draws on various disciplines to address environmental issues and problems.
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, you would understand the importance of environmental studies as
an interdisciplinary field that draws on various disciplines to address environmental issues
and problems.

1.1 Introduction to Visual Thinking

The origin of the word 'Environment' can be traced back to the French word 'Environner',
which means surroundings. Biologist Jacob Van Uerkal introduced the term
'environment' in Ecology, which studies the interactions between organisms and their
surroundings. The Environment Protection Act of 1986 defines the environment as the
sum total of land, water, air, and the interrelationships among them and with human
beings and other living organisms. Environmental Science deals with processes in soil,
water, air, and organisms that cause pollution or environmental damage and establishes
scientific standards for acceptably clean, safe, and healthy environments. The term
'environment' encompasses various types of forces, such as physical, intellectual, mental,
economic, political, cultural, social, moral, and emotional, that affect living organisms.
Ecology is a branch of biology that studies the relationship between living things and
their surroundings.
Environmental studies is an interdisciplinary field of study that seeks to understand the
interactions between humans and the natural world, and how these interactions affect
the environment. It encompasses a wide range of subjects, including ecology, biology,
geology, chemistry, physics, economics, sociology, anthropology, political science, and
philosophy. Environmental studies focus on the complex relationships between humans
and the environment, and explores ways in which we can live sustainably and protect the
natural world for future generations.

Environmental studies seek to address some of the most pressing environmental

challenges of our time, such as climate change, pollution, deforestation, loss of
biodiversity, and resource depletion. It seeks to understand the causes and effects of
these environmental issues, and to develop solutions that are both effective and
sustainable. Environmental studies also explore the ethical, social, and cultural
dimensions of environmental problems, and the role that individuals, communities, and
governments can play in addressing them.

1.2 Environment and Environment Systems

The environment is made up of four main components: the atmosphere, hydrosphere,

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lithosphere, and biosphere. The atmosphere is a protective layer around the earth that is
approximately 100 km thick, and is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon
dioxide, and trace gases. It regulates the temperature of the earth and protects it from
harmful ultraviolet rays. The hydrosphere encompasses all types of water resources such
as oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, and groundwater. The majority of the earth's water
is in the oceans, with only about 1% available as fresh water for human use. The
lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth, made up of minerals found in the
earth's crust and soil. The biosphere refers to all living organisms and their interactions
with the environment, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.

The environment is comprised of three interacting systems including physical,

biological, and cultural elements that are interconnected in various ways. These
elements include:

 Physical Elements: These elements include space, landforms, water bodies,

climate, soils, rocks, and minerals. They are responsible for shaping the human
habitat and determining its potential and limitations.
 Biological Elements: The biosphere is comprised of biological elements such as
plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans. They interact with each other and
the physical environment to form complex ecosystems.
 Cultural Elements: Cultural elements such as economics, social systems, and
political structures are human-made features that shape the cultural background.
They can affect the environment through human actions, such as resource use and
pollution.

1.3 Environmental Studies vs. Environmental Science

Environmental science and environmental studies are both concerned with the
environment, but they approach the subject from different perspectives.
Environmental science is a natural science that focuses on the scientific study of the
environment and its components, including air, water, land, and living organisms. It
involves the study of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the
environment, and the application of scientific methods to understand and solve
environmental problems. Environmental science is a multidisciplinary field that draws on
knowledge from biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and other natural sciences.

Environmental studies, on the other hand, is a social science that focuses on the human
aspects of the environment, including the social, cultural, economic, and political factors
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that affect the environment. It involves the study of the relationship between humans
and the environment, and the impact of human activity on natural systems.
Environmental studies is an interdisciplinary field that draws on knowledge from
sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, and other social sciences.

1.4 Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies

The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies involves the integration of

knowledge and methodologies from various fields such as biology, chemistry, physics,
geology, geography, economics, sociology, political science, and ethics. It recognizes that
environmental problems are complex and interconnected, requiring a comprehensive
approach that draws on diverse perspectives and expertise. This approach allows for a
more holistic understanding of environmental issues and provides a framework for
developing sustainable solutions.

 Biology contributes to environmental studies by examining the interactions

between living organisms and their environment, including the study of
ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation biology.
 Chemistry is important for understanding the chemical reactions and
transformations that occur in the environment, such as the effects of pollutants
and the chemistry of soils and water. Physics provides insight into the physical
processes that occur in the environment, such as climate change and natural
disasters.
 Geology contributes to environmental studies by examining the structure,
composition, and physical processes of the Earth's crust, including the study of
natural resources, geohazards, and land use.
 Geography provides a spatial perspective on environmental issues, examining the
distribution and patterns of environmental phenomena and their impacts on
human populations.
 Economics is important for understanding the economic drivers of environmental
problems, such as market failures and externalities, and for developing solutions
that balance economic, social, and environmental objectives.
 Sociology examines the social dimensions of environmental issues, including the
ways in which social norms and values shape environmental behaviors and
policies.

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 Political science provides insight into the political processes that shape
environmental policy, including the roles of governments, interest groups, and
international organizations.
 Ethics contributes to environmental studies by examining the moral and ethical
dimensions of environmental issues, including questions of environmental justice,
responsibility, and sustainability.

1.5 Scope of Environmental Studies

The scope of environmental studies is broad and multidisciplinary, encompassing various

aspects of the natural and social sciences, as well as humanities. It includes the study of
natural resources, biodiversity, climate change, pollution, environmental health,
sustainable development, and conservation.
Environmental studies also involve examining the interactions and relationships between
humans and the environment, including the impact of human activities on the
environment and the ways in which environmental problems affect human health and
well-being. This field of study also involves developing strategies and solutions to
address environmental problems and promoting environmental sustainability.
The scope of environmental studies extends beyond academic research and includes
practical applications in areas such as environmental management, policy-making,
environmental consulting, and advocacy. The interdisciplinary nature of this field allows
for collaboration across various disciplines to develop holistic solutions to environmental
challenges.

1.6 Importance of Environmental Studies

The importance of environmental studies lies in its ability to provide a comprehensive

understanding of environmental issues and their impacts on society. By examining the
complex interactions between natural systems and human activities, environmental
studies can help to identify and address environmental problems at local, regional, and
global scales. This can include the development of policies and strategies to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, conserve natural resources, protect biodiversity, and promote
sustainable development.
Environmental studies also have important implications for public health, as
environmental factors can have significant impacts on human health and well-being. For
example, air pollution, water contamination, and exposure to toxic chemicals can all

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contribute to a range of health problems, including respiratory diseases, cancer, and
neurological disorders.
In addition to its practical applications, environmental studies has important social and
cultural dimensions. It can help to promote awareness and understanding of
environmental issues, and foster a sense of environmental responsibility and stewardship
among individuals and communities.

1.7 Need for Environmental Education

Environmental education is needed to increase awareness and understanding of

environmental issues, promote environmental responsibility and sustainability, and
develop the knowledge and skills needed to address environmental problems.

 Firstly, environmental education is important because it can help to increase

awareness and understanding of environmental issues, such as climate change,
pollution, and loss of biodiversity. This awareness is critical in shaping public
attitudes and behaviors towards the environment and can help to drive action
towards sustainable solutions.
 Secondly, environmental education can promote environmental responsibility and
sustainability by encouraging individuals and communities to take action to
reduce their environmental impact. This can include simple actions, such as
reducing energy and water consumption, as well as more complex actions, such as
supporting sustainable land use practices or advocating for environmental
policies.
 Thirdly, environmental education can develop the knowledge and skills needed to
address environmental problems. This can include scientific knowledge, such as
understanding the causes and impacts of climate change, as well as practical skills,
such as sustainable agriculture or renewable energy technologies. These skills are
critical for developing solutions to environmental problems and promoting
sustainable development.

1.8 Historic Milestones of Environmentalism and Environmental Education

Historic milestones of environmentalism and environmental education are:

Environmentalism:

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 1739: The book "A General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer
Isles" by John Clayton, marks the first environmental document published in
America, in which he discusses the natural resources of Virginia and the
consequences of deforestation.
 1864: George Perkins Marsh published "Man and Nature", which is considered
one of the first works of modern environmentalism.
 1892: John Muir, a naturalist and preservationist, founded the Sierra Club in San
Francisco, which was instrumental in the formation of national parks in the United
States.
 1962: Rachel Carson published "Silent Spring", a groundbreaking work on the
environmental effects of pesticides and their impact on wildlife and humans.
 1970: The first Earth Day was held on April 22, with an estimated 20 million
people participating in rallies and events across the United States. This event
helped spur the modern environmental movement.
 1992: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also
known as the Rio Earth Summit, was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This conference
led to the adoption of the Agenda 21 action plan, which was a blueprint for
sustainable development.

Environmental Education:

 1948: The UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization) was established and included environmental education as a key
component of education for peace, tolerance, and sustainability.
 1969: The US National Environmental Education Act was passed, which provided
funding for environmental education programs and established the Office of
Environmental Education.
 1975: The Tbilisi Declaration was adopted at the Intergovernmental Conference
on Environmental Education in Tbilisi, Georgia. The declaration emphasized the
need for environmental education to be a continuous lifelong process and
recognized its importance in sustainable development.
 1987: The Brundtland Report, also known as "Our Common Future", was
published by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and
Development. The report emphasized the need for education to be a key part of
sustainable development.

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 1992: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also
known as the Rio Earth Summit, called for the integration of environmental and
sustainable development education in formal and non-formal education systems.

These values can help to shape a more sustainable and equitable society, and
promote a more harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world.

1.9 Origin of the Concepts of Sustainability and Sustainable Development

The concept of sustainability and sustainable development has roots in the

environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s, which brought attention to the
negative impacts of industrialization on the environment. In 1972, the United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm, where the concept of
sustainable development was introduced. The idea was that economic development
could be pursued in a way that did not damage the environment and that development
and conservation could work together.
In 1983, the World Commission on Environment and Development, also known as the
Brundtland Commission, was established by the United Nations. Its report, "Our Common
Future," was published in 1987 and popularized the concept of sustainable development.
The report defined sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs." The report emphasized the importance of balancing economic development,
social development, and environmental protection.
Since then, the concept of sustainability has gained widespread recognition and has
been incorporated into various policies and programs at the national and international
levels. It has become a guiding principle for many organizations, governments, and
individuals in their efforts to create a more sustainable future.

1.10 Sustainability

Sustainability refers to the ability of natural systems and human societies to thrive and
persist over time. It is a holistic concept that recognizes the interconnectedness of
economic, social, and environmental systems and the need to balance these systems in a
way that supports long-term health and well-being.
Sustainability involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This requires a shift away from the
traditional model of growth and development that focuses solely on economic growth,

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and instead promotes a balance between economic, social, and environmental factors.
Sustainability recognizes that human activities are dependent on natural resources and
ecosystems, and that the long-term health and well-being of both human societies and
the planet require a balance between economic, social, and environmental factors.
Achieving sustainability requires a shift in the way we live, work, and consume, as well as
a recognition of our collective responsibility to protect and preserve the health of natural
systems and the environment.

1.11 Importance of Environmental Studies in Sustainability

Environmental studies are important for sustainability because they provide us with the
knowledge and skills needed to understand the complex relationships between human
societies and the environment. Environmental studies help us to identify environmental
problems and their causes, evaluate the impacts of human activities on natural systems,
and develop solutions to address these problems in a sustainable manner.
Through environmental studies, we can learn about the ecological, social, economic, and
political factors that affect sustainability. This knowledge can then be used to develop
policies and strategies that promote sustainable development, such as renewable energy,
sustainable agriculture, and conservation of natural resources.
Environmental studies also play a crucial role in promoting awareness and understanding
of environmental issues among the general public. By increasing public awareness of
environmental problems, we can mobilize people to take action and participate in efforts
to address these issues.
Finally, environmental studies are important for ensuring that future generations have
access to the resources and ecosystem services that we currently enjoy. By promoting
sustainability, we can ensure that natural systems and resources are protected and
preserved for future generations, providing them with the opportunity to thrive and
prosper in a healthy and sustainable environment.

1.12 Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is a concept that seeks to promote economic growth and

human well-being while preserving and enhancing the health of natural systems and the
environment. It recognizes that economic development must be pursued in a manner
that is environmentally sustainable and socially equitable, and that decisions made today
must take into account the needs and rights of future generations.

To achieve sustainable development, all three pillars must be considered and

balanced. The three pillars of sustainable development are:

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Economic sustainability: Economic sustainability involves creating a stable and

equitable economy that supports long-term growth and development. This includes
promoting job creation, encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation, and ensuring that
resources are used efficiently and sustainably. Economic sustainability also involves
considering the economic impacts of development on the environment and society, and
seeking to mitigate negative impacts while maximizing positive ones. For example,
investing in renewable energy can create jobs and stimulate economic growth, while also
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality.
 Social sustainability: Economic sustainability involves creating a stable and
equitable economy that supports long-term growth and development. This
includes promoting job creation, encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation,
and ensuring that resources are used efficiently and sustainably. Economic
sustainability also involves considering the economic impacts of development on
the environment and society, and seeking to mitigate negative impacts while
maximizing positive ones. For example, investing in renewable energy can create
jobs and stimulate economic growth, while also reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and improving air quality.
 Environmental sustainability: Environmental sustainability involves protecting
and preserving natural resources and ecosystems for present and future
generations. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving
biodiversity, and preventing pollution and degradation of natural resources.
Environmental sustainability also involves promoting sustainable land use
practices, such as sustainable agriculture and forestry, and reducing the
environmental impact of industrial activities. For example, promoting the use of
electric vehicles and renewable energy sources can reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and improve air quality, while also promoting economic growth and
social sustainability.

Sustainable development requires a holistic approach that balances economic, social, and
environmental considerations, and recognizes the interdependence of these factors. It
also requires the participation and collaboration of individuals, communities, businesses,
and governments at all levels. By promoting sustainable development, we can create a
more equitable, prosperous, and resilient future for ourselves and future generations,
while preserving the health and well-being of the planet.

1.13 Sustainable Development and Environmental Studies

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Sustainable development recognizes the interconnectedness of economic, social, and
environmental systems and emphasizes the need to balance these systems in a way that
supports long-term sustainability. This involves identifying and addressing the root
causes of environmental problems, such as pollution, habitat destruction, and overuse of
natural resources, while also promoting economic growth and social development.
To achieve sustainable development, environmental studies emphasizes the importance
of integrated approaches to environmental management. This includes promoting the
use of renewable resources, reducing waste and pollution, and adopting sustainable
land-use practices. It also involves incorporating social and economic considerations into
decision-making processes, such as considering the impacts of development on local
communities and ensuring that economic growth is inclusive and benefits all members of
society.
Ultimately, sustainable development in environmental studies aims to promote a balance
between economic development, social well-being, and environmental sustainability,
ensuring that we meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.

1.14 Questions

A. Essay Type question

1. Discuss the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and explain how

different disciplines contribute to understanding and addressing environmental
issues.
2. What is the scope and importance of environmental studies in the 21st century?
How can we ensure that environmental considerations are integrated into all
aspects of human activity?
3. The need for environmental education has become increasingly important in
recent years. Discuss the importance of environmental education and the role it
can play in promoting sustainable development.
4. Sustainability has become a buzzword in recent years, but what does it really
mean? Discuss the concept of sustainability and its relevance to environmental
studies.
5. Sustainable development is often seen as a solution to the environmental
problems facing the world. What are the key principles of sustainable
development and how can they be applied to create a more sustainable future?
6. What is the relationship between economic development and environmental
sustainability? Can economic growth and environmental protection be achieved

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simultaneously? Discuss.in the middle section of a screenplay? Use examples from
your own writing or from published works.

1.18 Post Unit Reading Material

Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies:

 "The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies" by M. B. Ahmed and M. F.
Ahmed (2016):
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567116300785
 "Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and transdisciplinarity in environmental
research" by J. J. Kay and R. D. Simmons (2019):
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-019-00687-7

Scope and importance of environmental studies:

 "Environmental studies: scope, importance and emerging areas" by S. K. Singh and
A. Singh (2017): https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-016-1244-4
 "The importance of environmental studies" by R. M. Harrison and R. E. Hester
(2002):https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2002/em/b109825g#!divAbs
tract

Need for environmental education:

 "Environmental education: improving student achievement" by J. L. Hipps and K.
D. Bearden (2019):
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057267.2019.1627869
 "Environmental education in the 21st century: theory, practice, progress and
promise" by M. A. Stone (2009):
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504620902950124

Concept of sustainability and sustainable development :

 "Sustainability and sustainable development: historical and conceptual review" by
S. S. Awuah-Nyamekye (2017):
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09640568.2017.1297129
 "The sustainable development goals and their trade-offs" by B. T. F. Nunes et al.
(2019):
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534718303893Multidiscipl
inary nature of environmental studies:

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 "The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies" by M. B. Ahmed and M. F.
Ahmed (2016):
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567116300785
 "Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and transdisciplinarity in environmental
research" by J. J. Kay and R. D. Simmons (2019):
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-019-00687-7

Scope and importance of environmental studies :

 "Environmental studies: scope, importance and emerging areas" by S. K. Singh and
A. Singh (2017): https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-016-1244-4
 "The importance of environmental studies" by R. M. Harrison and R. E. Hester
(2002):
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2002/em/b109825g#!divAbstract

Need for environmental education :

 "Environmental education: improving student achievement" by J. L. Hipps and K.
D. Bearden (2019):
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057267.2019.1627869
 "Environmental education in the 21st century: theory, practice, progress and
promise" by M. A. Stone (2009):
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504620902950124

Concept of sustainability and sustainable development :

 "Sustainability and sustainable development: historical and conceptual review" by
S. S. Awuah-Nyamekye (2017):
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09640568.2017.1297129
 "The sustainable development goals and their trade-offs" by B. T. F. Nunes et al.
(2019): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534718303893

1.19 Topics for Discussion forum

What is the role of environmental education in promoting sustainability? How can we

improve environmental education to better equip individuals with the knowledge and
skills to address environmental issues?

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