Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere

Electrical Engineering Department
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Mini Project Synopsis (2023-24) sheet of the synopsis for

project work/ thesis

Name: Sahil Dilip Mahadik

PRN: 2130331293028
Branch: TY Electrical
Project Name: Lead Acid Battery Charger Circuit

Abstract
A Lead Acid Battery Charger Circuit is an essential electronic device designed to efficiently charge lead-acid
batteries commonly used in automobiles, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and various industrial
applications. This circuit ensures the safe and controlled replenishment of the battery's chemical energy.The
charger typically consists of a few key components: a transformer to step down the input voltage, a rectifier to
convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC), a voltage regulator to maintain a consistent charging
voltage, and a current-limiting mechanism to prevent overcharging.The charger operates in several stages,
beginning with a bulk charge to rapidly restore the battery's energy until it reaches a specified voltage threshold.
It then enters a float or maintenance phase, where the charging voltage is reduced to a lower level to prevent
overcharging, ensuring the battery remains in optimal condition. Additionally, some chargers include temperature
sensors and safety features to safeguard against overheating and short circuits. In summary, a Lead Acid Battery
Charger Circuit is an indispensable device for maintaining the longevity and performance of lead-acid batteries,
offering controlled charging processes that enhance their reliability and overall lifespan.

Components
1. 7815
2. Bridge Rectifier
3. Resistors – 1Ω (5W), 1KΩ x 2, 1.2KΩ, 1.5KΩ x 2, 10KΩ
4. Diodes – 1N4007, x 3, 1N4732A (Zener)
5. 2SD882 NPN Transistor
6. LEDs x 4
7. 50KΩ Potentiometer
8. 12V Relay
 Block Diagram

Circuit Diagram
 Working
A Lead Acid Battery Charger Circuit project works by providing a controlled and regulated charging current and
voltage to lead-acid batteries, ensuring their safe and efficient replenishment. Here's a basic overview of how such
a circuit works:
1. AC to DC Conversion: The project typically begins with an AC to DC conversion stage. It uses a
transformer to step down the input AC voltage (usually from the mains power supply) and a bridge rectifier
to convert it into a pulsating DC voltage.
2. Filtering: After rectification, the circuit includes a filtering stage that smooths out the pulsating DC voltage,
creating a relatively stable DC supply. This ensures a constant source of energy for the charging process.
3. Voltage Regulation: To control the charging process, the circuit incorporates a voltage regulator. This
component maintains a constant charging voltage, usually around 13.6 to 14.4 volts for lead-acid batteries.
This voltage is adjusted based on the battery's state of charge and temperature to prevent overcharging or
undercharging.
4. Current Limiting: Another crucial component is the current-limiting mechanism. This feature prevents
excessive current from flowing into the battery during the initial charging phase when the battery's voltage
is low. This is often achieved using a resistor, transistor, or dedicated current control circuit.
5. Charging Stages: Lead-acid battery chargers typically employ multiple charging stages:
6. Bulk Charge: In this stage, the charger delivers a high current to quickly charge the battery until it reaches
a certain voltage (typically around 80% capacity).
7. Absorption Charge: Once the battery voltage reaches a predefined threshold, the charger switches to a
lower constant voltage, allowing the battery to absorb more charge slowly.
8. Float or Maintenance Charge: After reaching full charge, the charger switches to a maintenance phase,
providing a lower voltage to compensate for self-discharge and keep the battery at full capacity.
9. Temperature Sensing and Safety: Some advanced chargers include temperature sensors to monitor the
battery's temperature. If the temperature rises above a safe level, the charger may reduce the charging rate
or shut down to prevent damage.
10. Indicator Lights or Display: The project often includes indicator lights or a display to show the current
charging status, such as charging, fully charged, or error conditions.In essence, a Lead Acid Battery
Charger Circuit project intelligently manages the charging process to ensure the battery is charged
optimally, extending its lifespan and maintaining its performance. It's essential to design and configure the
circuit carefully to match the specific requirements of the lead-acid battery being charged.

Signature of the student

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I have gone through the content of the synopsis submitted by SAHIL DILIP MAHADIK and found it in order and
fit to carry on the proposed studies.

Date:- Signature of the Guide