//CDI-3: SPECIALIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION 2 WITH SIMULATION ON

INTERROGATION AND INTERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

Special Crime Investigation deals with the study of major crimes based on the
application of special investigative technique.
The study concentrates more on physical evidence, its collection, handling, identification
and preservation in coordination with the crime laboratory. Special Crime Investigation involves
a close relationship between the prober in the field and the crime laboratory technician. They
work together as a team, reacting to and extending one another’s theories and findings both
working patiently and thoroughly to solve a crime from their investigative discoveries.
The present criminal justice system in our country, the court relies more on physical
evidence rather than extra-judicial confession.

HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION

Homicide Investigation is the official inquiry made by the police on the facts and
circumstances surrounding the death of a person which is expected to be unlawful.

Primary Job of the Investigator

1. To discover whether an offense has been committed under the law.

2. To discover how it was committed
3. Who committed it and by whom it was committed
4. When it was committed
5. And under certain circumstances why it was committed

Responsibilities of a Homicide Investigator

1. When called upon to investigate violent death, he stands on the dead man’s shoes to
produce his instincts against those suspects.
2. The enthusiasm and intelligence the investigator brings in the case marks the difference
between a murderer being convicted and set free.
3. If he interprets a criminal death accidental or natural, a guilty person is set free.
4. Remember that the police is the first line of defense in the effective application of criminal
justice.

Mistakes in the Homicide Investigation

1. The mistakes of the homicide investigator cannot be corrected.

2. The homicide investigator should not cross the three bridges which he burns behind him. It
is important that competent personnel adequately handle the case.

Three Bridges:

a. The dead person has been moved

b. The cadaver is embalmed
c. The body is burned or cremated

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Basic Guide for the Investigator to look upon is to establish the following

1. Corpus delicti or facts that crime was committed

2. Method of operation of the suspect
3. Identity of the guilty party

Title Eight
CRIMES AGAINST PERSON
(Destruction of Life)

Art. 246. Parricide – Any person who shall kill his father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or
illegitimate, or any of his ascendants or descendants, or his spouse, shall be guilty of parricide.

Penalty: Reclusion Perpetua (20 years and 1 day to 40 years imprisonment) to death.

Elements:
1. That a person is killed.
2. That the deceased is killed by the accused.
3. That the deceased is the father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or a
legitimate other ascendant or other descendant, or the legitimate spouse, of the accused.

Art. 247. Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances– Any legally
married person who, having surprised his spouse in the act of committing sexual intercourse
with another person, shall kill any of them or both of them in the act or immediately thereafter, or
shall inflict upon them any serious physical injury, shall suffer the penalty of destierro.
If he shall inflict upon them physical injuries of any kind, he shall be exempt from
punishment.
These rules shall be applicable, under the same circumstances, to parents, with respect
to their daughters under eighteen years of age, and their seducer, while the daughters are living
with their parents.
Any person who shall promote or facilitate prostitution of his wife or daughter, or shall
otherwise have consented to the infidelity of the other spouse shall not be entitled to the
benefits of this article.

Penalty:Destierro(prohibition to enter the place or places designated in the sentence, nor within
the radius therein specified, which shall be not more than 250 and not less than 25 kilometers
from the place designated.

Art. 248. Murder– Any person who, not falling with the provisions of Article 246, shall kill
another, shall be guilty of murder and shall be punished by reclusion perpetua to death, if
committed with any of the following attendant circumstances:
1. With treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, with aid of armed men, or employing
means to weaken the defense or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity;
2. In consideration of a price, reward or promise;
3. By means of Inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck, stranding of vessel, derailment
or assault upon a railroad, fall of an airship, or by means of motor vehicles or with the use of any
other means involving great waste and ruin;
4. On occasion of any of the calamities of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive
cyclone, epidemic or other public calamity;
5. With evident premeditation;

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6. With cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim, or
outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse.

Penalty: Reclusion perpetua (20 years& 1 day to 40 years imprisonment) to death.

Elements of murder:

1. That a person is killed.

2. That the accused killed him.
3. That the killing was attended by any of the qualifying circumstances mentioned in Article
248.
4. The killing is not parricide or infanticide.

TREACHERY
Plain and simple, there is treachery if the offended party was not given opportunity to make a
defense.

MEANING OF PREMEDITATION

Premeditation is the act of mediating in advance; deliberation upon a contemplated act;

a design form to do something before it is done.
The essence of premeditation is that the execution of the criminal act must be preceded
by COOL THOUGHT and REFLECTION upon the resolution to carry out the criminal intent
during the space of time SUFFICIENT to arrive at a calm judgment.
There is no evident premeditation without proof of planning.

EVIDENT – Clear to the eye or judgment.

ART. 249. Homicide – Any person who, not falling within the provisions of Article 246
(Parricide) shall kill another, without the attendance of any of the circumstances enumerated in
the next preceding article (Article 248), shall be deemed guilty of homicide.

Penalty:Reclusion temporal (12 years& 1 day to 20 years imprisonment)

ART 255 .Infanticide

The killing of a child less than three days of age, whether the killer is the parent or
grandparent, any other relative of the child, or a stranger.

Penalty:
1. The penalty provided in parricide and murder shall be imposed.
2. If the crime penalized in this article be committed by the mother of the child to conceal
dishonor, she shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor (6 years & 1 day to 12 years
imprisonment) in its medium and maximum periods. If committed by maternal grandparents or
either of them, the penalty shall be reclusion temporal (12 years& 1 day to 20 years
imprisonment).

HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES

Criminal Investigation of homicide is a discovery process. The investigator seeks to

discover and document such facts as type of death, identity of the deceased, cause of death

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and motivation and identity of the perpetrator. In order to resolve these fundamental questions,
the investigation will focus on the cadaver, crime scene and post mortem examination.
The cadaver is often of prime importance as an investigative factor. The victim’s body
can reveal much through examination of wounds and other types of tracing clues that may be
present.

Establishing the Facts of Death

The first essential step of the homicide investigation is to establish that the victim is,
indeed, dead. Police officers do not have the legal authority to pronounce death, only
physicians/medical doctor can establish the fact of death. For this reason, the police officer
should never assume death unless the condition of the victim’s body demonstrates death in a
totally obvious manner.

A. Death – death is defined as the absence of life in a living matter.

B. Kinds of Death

1. Somatic Death – Clinical Death

It is a complete, continuous, persistent cessation of respiration, circulation and almost all brain
functions of an organism. It is usually pronounced by a physician or other members of the
family.

2. Molecular Death- Cellular Death

It is the cessation of life of the individual cells in the whole body, which occurs one at a time
after somatic death.

3. Apparent Death – State of Suspended Animation

It is the state of temporary cessation of vital activities of the body or vital processes were
depressed to the minimum compatible with life. This condition is not actually death although
classified under the kinds of death, because the person or organism is still alive although it
seems that there are no signs of life.

C. Signs of Death

1. Cessation of respiration
2. Cessation of Heart Beating and Circulation
3. Cooling of the body
4. Insensibility of the body and loss of power to remove
5. Changes in the eyes
6. Changes in the skin

Identifying the Cadaver

Establishing the identity of the victim is important, it will provide tracing clues to the
motive and identity of the perpetrator, with the identity known, the investigator can focus
attention on the victim’s background and establish a possible motive through such
information. Victims encountered in indoor scenes will normally have identifying data on the
body, or such data will be available throughout the crime scene. In outdoor scenes, such
evidence is normally not as readily available, since the victim is removed from the personal
environment and also outdoor scene may not be discovered for long period of time; thus

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evidence may be destroyed by elements of nature or will be lost. If there are no identifying
papers on the victim’s person, fingerprint should be used as means of identification. If
fingerprint identification is unsuccessful, the investigator must rely on other methods to establish
identity.
Dental structures are highly resistant to destruction, and are frequently useful when the
other portions of the body are totally decomposed (Forensic Odontology). The skeletal remains
of the victim may also help to determine identity, as well as yield other types of information. If
bone fractures are noted, they may be used to identify the deceased, but if only corresponding
medical records can be located. The widths of the pelvic bones are excellent indicators of the
victim’s sex; Determination of the victims age maybe more difficult, in that the victims past the
age of eighteen years have generally achieved their maximum skeletal growth. However,
general age determination can be established via dental structure.

A. Points Taken into Consideration when Finding Human Dead Body Elsewhere:
1. Place where the body was found
2. Date and time when found
3. Cause of death
4. Time when death occurred
5. Approximate age
6. Possible occupation
7. Complete description of the body

B. Points to be Considered in Identifying a Person

1. Face
2. Eyes
3. Nose
4. Head
5. Condition of hair
6. Mouth
7. Body built
8. Height
9. Weight
10. Complexion
11. Hands and feet
12. Teeth
13. Clothing
14. Ornamental
15. Personal belongings
16. Identification from spouse, parents, relatives and friends
17. Files from the police and other law enforcement agencies
18. Occupational mark
19. Race
20. Tattoo marks
21. Deformities
22. Birth marks
23. Physical defects leaving permanent results such as amputation and improper union of the
fractured bones
24. Moles
25. Scars
26. Tribal marks

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27. Sexual organ
28. Blood grouping

Determination of Time of Death (Death Estimates)

A determination of the time of death should be attempted in all homicide
investigations. This fact is significant because of its investigative importance in corroborating or
disputing alibis, or in establishing the victim’s movements prior to death. Determining death is
not an exact science.

POST-MORTEM CHANGES

1. POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY (Livor Mortis)– Discoloration of the body after death; setting of
blood in the dependent portions of the body following death).
It is a reddish purple to purple coloration in dependent areas of the body due to accumulation of
blood in the small vessels of the dependent areas secondary to gravity. This pooling of blood
begins immediately after death and becomes fixed in approximately 8-12 hours. The
investigator can press on the skin in the dependent regions and if the skin blanches, death has
probably occurred less than 12 hours. This becomes fixed after a while and can tell if the body
has been moved. This is not a reliable indicator of time of death. This is a better indicator of
whether the body has been moved since death.

The Color of Lividity may Indicate the Cause of Death:

1. Carbon monoxide poisoning/ cyanide – cherry red to pinkish color

2. Asphyxia – dark lividity
3. Phosphorous poisoning – dark brown

TYPES OF LIVIDITY
1. Hypostatic – Blood is still in fluid form inside blood vessel; change as position of the body
changes. Blood remains fluid in the blood vessel for 6- 8 hours.

2. Diffusion– Coagulated inside blood vessel; Change in position will not change its location.

Importance of Post-Mortem Lividity

1. It is a sign of death
2. It enables the investigator to estimate the time of death
3. It determines the position of the body after death
4. It may indicate the cause and manner of death

Characteristics of Post-Mortem Lividity

1. It occurs in the most extensive areas of the most dependent portion of the body.
2. It involves the superficial layer of the skin, lungs, intestines, kidneys, and brain.
3. Color is uniform in the tissues.
4. It is not elevated from the skin, lungs, intestines, kidneys and brain.
5. There is no injury to the tissues.
6. The color may appear and disappear in the tissues by shifting the position of the body in the
earlier stages of death.

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2. POST MORTEM RIGIDITY (Rigor Mortis)

Stiffening of the body which occurs 2-6 hours after death and is characterized by hardening of
the muscles; the chemical reaction that causes rigidity in the muscle groups or stiffening of the
body after death due to the disappearance of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) from the muscle.
- Rigor mortis disappears with decomposition.
- Cold and/or freezing will delay the onset of rigor mortis as well as prolong its presence
- Involves all muscles the same time at the same rate.It appears first in the
smallermuscles such as the jaw and then gradually spread to upper and lower extremities.
- Instantaneous rigidity can also be found following ingestion of cyanide and strychnine
poison.
Rigor Mortis has duration of 24 to 48 hours in the Philippines and other tropical countries
and 36 to 48 hours during summer in the same.

3. ALGOR MORTIS(Cooling of the body)

The body cools following death at approximately 1.5 degrees F per hour, under normal
conditions and assuming the body’s temperature at death is 98.6 degrees F (37 degrees C).

Factors Affecting Algor Mortis:

1. Illness
2. Clothes
3. Obesity
4. Room temperature

4. ONSET AND STAGE OF DECOMPOSITION

Decomposition is the action of bacteria on the dead body. The onset of decomposition is 1
to 2 days after death and then finally the dead body becomes skeletal remains in months
considering the factors that influence the rate of putrefaction.

5. LIFE CYCLE OF FLIES

The eggs of ova laid by the flies on the dead body will hatch to form maggots within 24
hours. The maggots will feed vigorously on the damaged dead body, then transform into pupal
stage and finally into adult flies within a few days.

6. CHANGES IN THE BLOOD

The blood remains fluid in the body after death after 6-8 hours. After which it gradually
clotted or coagulated in a slow process until 12 hours wherein the lividity is already fully
developed.

7. CHANGES IN STOMACH
It usually takes three to four hours for the stomach to empty its contents after meals.

Examination of the Cadaver at the Crime Scene

External post mortem appearances are very informative. The areas of the body showing
lividity indicate the position after death. Wounds and their appearance are particularly significant
as they often assist in reconstructing the circumstances of a crime, the nature of the murder
weapon and the manner of its use.
Defense wounds are the result of a person’s instinctive reaction of self-protection. It may
be found on the hand in the effort of the victim to grasp the wounding instrument or by raising

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the hand to protect the vital parts of the body. Absence of defense wound does not eliminate
the possibility that the victim made some form of defense.

Common External Injuries Sustained by the Victim from Homicidal Attack

a. Contusion – an injury in the substance of the skin, discoloration of the surface due to
extravasation of blood. This is due to the application of a blunt instrument.
Hematoma – this is the extravasation of blood in the newly formed cavity.
Abrasion – an open wound characterized by the removal of the epithelial layer of the skin
brought about by the friction against hard, rough object.
Incised wound – produced by forcible contact on the body by sharp edge instrument.
Stab wound – produced by the forcible application and penetration of a sharp instrument.
Punctured wound – penetration of a sharp pointed weapon
Lacerated wound – tearing of the skin due to forcible contact of a blunt instrument.

Evidence to Show the Fatal Effects of the Wound

1. Amount of hemorrhage
2. Size of the injury sustained
3. Organs and parts of the body involved
4. Mechanical effects on vital organs

Gunshot Wounds

All gunshot wounds result from the entry of a projectile into the body, and the frequent
presence of undispersed explosive gases. The relative size and appearance of the wound will
be affected by the distance from which the weapon was discharged. Generally, the closer the
discharged to the skin, the greater the damage. This damage is due to explosive gases which
precede the projectile at close range. In some investigations involving firearms, a determination
of whether the death was a homicidal, suicide or accidental is difficult. In making such
determination, the distance of the discharge is of great importance. Majority of suicidal and
accidental gunshot cases, arm’s length discharges are involved. Accordingly, if the wound
indicates discharge beyond the victim’s length, homicide is indicated.
The location of the wound may also serve to rule out suicide. If the wound is located in
an area of the body that is relatively inaccessible to the victim, homicide is indicated. It is also
unusual for a suicide wound to be inflicted in an area other than the head of chest.
However,there have been a number of suicide cases involving wounds in extremities. The
presence or absence of a “suicide note” is a poor indicator of suicide or homicide.

Two Types of Wounds:

1. entrance wound (POE)

2. exit wound (POX)

Determination whether the wound is suicidal, homicidal, or accidental

A. Evidence to prove that gunshot wound is suicidal:
1. The fire is usually in contact or near contact, as shown by the presence of burning,
singeing and tattooing of the area around the gunshot wound.
2. The presence of usually but one gunshot wound. In most cases, after a shot, especially at
the head, the victim can no longer voluntarily act to inflict another shot.

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3. Portions of the body involved are those accessible to the hand of the victim utilized in
committing suicide, he will not think of the difficult way of ending his life unless he has the
intention of deceiving the investigators.
4. History of despondency, family problem which may cause him to commit suicide.
B. Evidence to show that the wound is accidental:
Usually there is but one shot.
There is no special area of the body involved
Testimony of the witnesses

C. Evidence to show that the wound is homicidal:

The site or sites of the wound of entrance has no point of election.
The fire is made when the victim is usually some distance away from the assailant
Signs of struggle/ defense wound maybe present in the victim.
There maybe disturbance of the surrounding on the account of the previous struggle.
Wounding firearm is usually not found at the scene of the crime
Testimony of the witnesses

DEATH BY HANGING AND STRANGULATION

Determination whether hanging is suicidal, homicidal, or accidental

1. Hanging – is a state of injury or death of the body whereby the ligature tightened around the
neck by the suspension of the body.

A. Suicidal Hanging – in death by hanging, it is usually suicidal unless proven otherwise.

Some evidence to prove are the following:
1. Accessible materials used for ligature like rope, rolled beddings, or wires.
2. Identification of the fibers from the rope in the hands of the victim.
3. Evidence of movement of the rope on the beam or anchorage from upward and downward
as the body has been suspended.

B. Homicidal Hanging
1. Presence of defense wound in the body of the victim.
2. Presence of blood stains and other injuries to the body of the victim.
3. Presence of signs of struggle in the clothing, furniture, beddings, and others.
4. Nature of the window, curtains, and doors.
C. Accidental hanging is not common.

2. Strangulation
Strangulation by ligature is usually homicidal and is done by tying the ligature around the
neck and the two ends pulled in the opposite direction in such a manner that tightens the
ligature. Ligature used may be rope, chain, wires, vines, rolled clothing.
SUICIDES

Ways of Committing Suicide

1. By cut-throat
2. By puncturing the left breast
3. By gunshot
4. By hanging
5. By drowning
6. By poisoning

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ACCIDENTAL DEATH

Is death which occurs beyond the sway of ones will and although it comes about through
some act of will, lies beyond the bounds of human forceable consequences.
How Accidental Deaths Occur
1. Examination of the body revealed marked tearing of the wearing apparel, burns of different
degrees on the skin surface, wounds of almost any description and almost the whole body is
affected by the injury.
2. History of a thunderstorm that took place in the area.
3. Evidence of the effects of lighting are found in the vicinity, like damages to house, tress,
etc.
4. Metallic articles are fused or magnetized.
5. Absence of wound or other injuries indicating suicidal or homicidal death.
6. Fusion of glass materials in the neighborhood on account of extreme heat.

ELECTROCUTION

Accidental Electrocution
1. Presence of high voltage wire at the scene of death.
2. Body surface injuries as probably site of entrance and exit of electric current.
3. Death develops suddenly as victim not able to get away from the place of electrocution.
4. Absence of evidence to show suicidal or homicidal.

ROBBERY INVESTIGATION

Article 293 – Robbery in General

Any person who, with intent to gain, shall take any personal property belonging to
another by means of violence or intimidation of any person, or by using force upon anything
shall be guilty of robbery.

Elements of Robbery

1. That there be personal property belonging to another;

2. That there is unlawful taking of that property;
3. That the taking must be with intent to gain; and
4. That there is violence against or intimidation of any person, or force upon things.

How robbery with force upon things is committed?

The malefactors shall enter the house or building in which the robbery was committed by
any of the following means:
1. Through an opening not intended for entrance
2. By breaking any wall, roof, floor or breaking any window or door.
3. By using false key or picklocks
4. By using fictitious name or pretending the exercise of public authority
5. By breaking of doors, wardrobes, closets or any kind of locked or sealed furniture or
receptacle
6. By taking such furniture or objects away to be broken or forced open outside the place of
robbery.

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General Types of Robbers

1. Amateurs – motivated by greed, the desire for a thrill and self-testing.

2. Professionals – are those person who worked as robbers as a trade making it their living
and having no other means of income.

Note: Robbery – This is the taking or personal property belonging to another, with intent to
gain, by means of violence against, or intimidation of any person, or using force upon anything.

Two Kinds of Robbery:

1. Robbery with violence or intimidation; and

2. Robbery with force upon things.
a. Belonging to another – person from whom property was taken need not be the legal owner,
possession is sufficient. The property must be personal property and cannot refer to real
property.
b. Name of the real owner is not essential so long as the personal property taken does not
belong to the accused except if crime is robbery with homicide.
c. Taking of personal property – must be unlawful; if given in trust – estafa.
d. As to robbery with violence or intimidation – from the moment the offender gains
possession of the thing even if offender has had no opportunity to dispose of the same, the
unlawful taking is complete.
e. As to robbery with force upon things – thing must be taken out of the building.
f. Intent to gain – presumed from unlawful taking – intent to gain may be presumed from the
unlawful taking of another’s property. However, when one takes a property under the claim of
ownership or title, the taking is not considered to be with intent to gain. (U.S. vs. Manluco, et.
al., 28 Phil.360)
g. When there’s no intent to gain but there is violence in the taking- grave coercion.
h. Violence or intimidation must be against the person of the offended party, not upon the
thing.
i. General rule: violence or intimidation must be present before the “taking” is complete.
Exception: when violence results in-homicide, rape, intentional mutilation or any of the serious
physical injuries in par. 1 and 2 of ART. 263, the taking of property is robbery complex with any
of this crime under ART. 294, even if taking is already complete when violence was used by the
offender.
j. Use of force upon thing – entrance to the building by means described and ART. 299 and
302 (Offender must enter). The other kind of robbery is one that is committed with the use of
force upon anything in order to take with intent to gain, the personal property of another. The
use force here must refer to the force employed upon things in order to gain entrance into a
building or a house. (People vs. Adorno, C.A. 40 0.G.567).
k. When both violence or intimidation and force upon things concur – it is robbery with
violence.

Robbery and Theft, compared.

a. Both robbery and theft involved unlawful taking as an elements;
b. Both involve personal property belonging to another;
c. In both crimes, the taking is done with intent to gain;
d. In robbery, the taking is done either with the use of violence or intimidation of person or the
employment of force upon things; whereas in theft, the taking is done simply without the
knowledge and consent of the owner.

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Investigative Techniques in Robbery cases:

a. The investigator must initiate similar preliminary steps upon reaching the crime scene.
b. Determine the point of entrance and point of exit by the perpetrator.
c. Determine the value of stolen articles.
d. The full and detailed description of the stolen articles.
e. Gather physical evidence.
f. Determine the modus operandi of the perpetrator as it would give leads in the identification
and arrest of the suspect.
g. Full and detailed description of a get-away vehicle if any, or vessel, boat in cases of piracy.
h. Coordinate with other law enforcement agencies.
i. Exploit investigative leads.
j. Written testimony of the complainant witness.
k. Accumulate clues and traces at the scene of a crime which will serve to identify the
offender.
l. Develop informants in the local underworld who are aware of the activity of robbery,
particularly the activity of the semi-skilled amateur groups. (usually the addict-robber)
m. Conduct a surveillance of likely fences and uncover and trace back stolen property from its
receiver to the robber.
n. Conduct surveillance of known burglars to ascertain if they are presently committing
robbery.
o. Accumulate information on various types of robber, the known and newcomers whether
they are in or out of prison, whether they are active.
p. Be alert on a modified modus operandi.
q. In cases where homicide is committed, follow the pattern of homicide investigation.

Physical Evidence to be collected:

1. Footprints
2. Fingerprints
a. Areas of break
b. Closets – prints may be found in door and jams
c. Door knobs
d. Dressers
e. Pieces of furniture
f. Bottles and glasses
g. Walls
h. Tools
i. Desks
3. Clothing – sometimes the robbers exchange their own jackets with that one found.
4. If a window was broken in effecting entry, glass particles maybe presents in the trouser
cuffs and pockets of suspect. Samples of broken glass should be collected for possible future
comparison in the event that a suspect is picked up.
5. Paint- if a crowbar has been used to force the window, paint may adhere to the tool. Paint
samples should be taken for future comparison.
6. Tool marks
7. Tools
8. Observed odd behavior patterns in the crime scene
9. Cords and ropes used
10. Firearms used
11. Means of escape

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Anti-Piracy and anti-highway robbery law of 1974 (P.D. 532)

Piracy – any attack upon or seizure of any vessel, or taking away of the whole or part thereof or
its cargo, equipment or the personal belonging of its complements or passengers, irrespective
of value thereof, by means of violence against or intimidation of persons or force upon things,
committed by any persons, including a passengers or member of the compliments of said
vessels in Philippine waters.

Highway Robbery/ Brigandage – the seizure of any person for ransom, extortion or other
unlawful purposes, or the taking away of the property of another by means of violence against
or intimidation of persons or force upon things of other unlawful means committed by any
person or any Philippine highway.

Anti-Cattlle Rustling Law of 1974 (P.D. 533)

Cattle Rustling – Is the taking away by any means, methods or scheme, without the consent of
the owner/raiser, or any of the above animals (cow, carabao, horse, mule or other domesticated
member of the bovine family) whether or not for profit or gain, or whether committed with or
without violence against or intimidation of any person or force upon things. It includes the killing
of large cattle, or taking its meat or hide without the consent of owner/raiser.

Anti-fencing law of 1979 (P.D. 1612)

Fencing – is the act of any person, who, with intent to gain, for himself or for another shall buy,
possess, keep, acquire, concealed, sell or in any other way, deal on any articles, items, objects,
or anything of value which he knows to have been derived from the proceeds of crime or
robbery or theft.
Fence – includes any person, firm, organization, association or corporation or partnership and
other organization who/ which commits the act of fencing.

Article 267 – Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention

Elements:
1. That the offender is a private individual;
2. That the kidnaps or detains another, or in any other manner deprives the latter of his liberty;
3. That the act of detention or kidnapping must be illegal;
4. That in the commission of the offense, any of the following circumstances is present:
a. That the kidnapping of detention lasts for more than 3 days
b. That is committed simulating public authority
c. That any serious physical injuries are inflicted upon person kidnapped or detained of threats
to kill him are made; or
d. That the persons kidnapped is a minor, female, or a public officer.

Any private individual who shall kidnap or detain another, or in any other manner
deprives him of his liberty.

The perpetrator shall suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death if:

1. The kidnapping or detention shall have lasted for more than five days.
2. Committed by simulating public authority.
3. Any serious physical injuries shall have been inflicted upon the person kidnapped or
detained or if threat to kill shall have been made.

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4. The person kidnapped or detained shall be a minor, female or public officer.

The penalty shall be death where the kidnapping or detention was committed for the purpose of
extorting ransom from the victim or any other person, even if none of the circumstances above
mentioned were present in the commission of the offense.

Important factors in Kidnapping Cases:

1. The safe return of the victim
2. Identification and apprehension of the suspect

Initial Investigative Procedures:

1. Thorough interview of the victim if already released.
2. Search of the crime scene
3. Interview of the possible witnesses
4. Checking the modus operandi
5. Possible identification through the photographic files
6. Coordination with other law enforcement agencies

Kidnapping where ransom is involved:

Phase I.
When a complaint is received, the family of the victim is requested to remain in touch to
accumulate information needed. The following types of information must be taken:
1. How the demand was made
2. Request the family to refrain from divulging the contents of the letter, note or call to anyone
except to the police authorities.
3. Emphasize the importance of news blackout as essential to the victim’s safety
4. Obtain and preserve the ransom note for laboratory examination.
5. Determine if the family intends to pay the ransom, investigators should avoid giving the
opinion as to ransom payments
6. Find ways and means to verify if the victim is still alive.
7. Conduct family background investigation
8. Conduct covert investigation of household helpers
9. Arrange for wiretapping operations in accordance with RA 4200
10. Establish possible motives

Phase II. After the victim has been returned or the body has been located.
After the victim has been returned dead or alive, the investigation changes, an all-out
investigation are conducted in accordance with the second objective, to identify and apprehend
the suspects. Investigative procedure includes:
1. Thorough interview of the victim. All details should be obtained.
3. Re interview all witnesses
4. Conduct surveillance
5. Determine whether the kidnapper is familiar with the victims, residential area, habits and
financial status.
6. If the victim is dead follow the pattern of homicide investigation

Pointers to be considered in Kidnapping Cases:

1. Remember that kidnap for ransom gang must be treated as witty, experienced and
dangerous armed criminals.
2. Any slightest mistake on the part of the police would mean death of the victim

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3. Initiate secrecy discipline not only on the victim’s family but also within the police.
4. Experienced, trusted personnel must be utilized
5. Equipped with sophisticated communication system

Problems in the Investigation of Kidnapping Cases:

1. Out of fear, the family of the victim does not want to cooperate with the police.
2. The case is only reported after payoff of the ransom money or the victim had been found
dead.

Chapter 6 Interviews and Interrogations Chapter Objectives

1. Differentiate between interviews and interrogations.

2. Describe effective interviewing and interrogation techniques.
3. Describe the procedures for conducting the cognitive interview technique.
4. Explain the procedures for proper interrogations. continued on next slide Chapter Objectives
5. Summarize the legal requirements of interviewing and interrogation, including Miranda rights.
6. Identify how lying and deception are detected.
7. Explain why people confess.
8. Summarize how to take written and recorded statements.

Learning Objective

Differentiate between interviews and interrogations.

Interview vs. Interrogation
• The interview
▪ Non-accusatory
▪ Formal conversation
▪ Purpose of information
▪ Prior to interrogation continued on next slide

Interview vs. Interrogation

• The interrogation
▪ Logic and rational arguments
▪ Systematic questioning
▪ Purpose of confession
▪ Later in investigation Learning Objective

Describe effective interviewing and interrogation techniques.

Interview and Interrogation Techniques

• Fundamentals of effective interviews
▪ Develop a plan of action.
▪ Conduct the interview in private.
▪ Place the interviewee at ease.
▪ Be a good listener.
▪ Ask the right questions.
▪ Do not dispute the subject's answers.
▪ Maintain control of the interview.
▪ Take brief notes.

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Interview and Interrogation Techniques
• Suspects, witnesses, victims, and the complainant should be separated prior to interviewing.

Learning Objective

Describe the procedures for conducting the cognitive interview technique.

Cognitive Interview
• The cognitive interview technique is used for eliciting information from victims and witnesses
as opposed to obtaining confessions from suspects.
• Primary focus is to make witnesses and victims of a situation aware of all the events that
transpired.

Cognitive Interview

• Traditional interview
▪ Specific questions for brief response
▪ Extracts information

• Cognitive interview
▪ Less directive for narrative response
▪ Elicits information

Cognitive Interview

• Major subtypes of cognitive interviewing methods

▪ Think-aloud interviewing
▪ Verbal-probing techniques Learning Objective

Explain the procedures for proper interrogations.

Goals of Interrogation
• Learn the truth of the crime and how it happened.
• Obtain an admission of guilt from the suspect.
• Obtain all facts to determine the method of operation and the circumstances of the crime.

Goals of Interrogation
• Gather information that enables investigations to arrive at logical conclusions.
• Provide information to use by prosecutors in possible court action.

Learning Objective

Summarize the legal requirements of interviewing and interrogation, including Miranda rights.
Legal Requirements
• Improper (even illegal) behavior by police investigators will result in any confession obtained
from the suspect deemed inadmissible by the courts.
• Legal guidelines to protect the rights of the accused defined further in:
▪ Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
▪ Miranda v. Arizona (1966) continued on next slide Legal Requirements

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• When Miranda is not required
▪ Concern for public safety
▪ Person not in custody continued on next slide Legal Requirements

• Interrogation setting
▪ Creating privacy is essential to obtain admissions or a confession.
▪ The room should be sterile.
▪ There should be no barriers between the suspect and the interrogator.

Legal Requirements
• Interrogation styles
▪ Logical
▪ Sympathetic
▪ Indifferent
▪ Face-saving
▪ Egotistical

Learning Objective

Identify how lying and deception are detected. Detecting Lying and Deception
• Indicators of deceptive behaviour
▪ Vocal changes
▪ Stalling before answering

Detecting Lying and Deception

• Commonly used lying techniques
▪ Use of specifics
▪ Arguing trivial points rather than address real issue
▪ Debating tactic
▪ "You don't understand" tactic
▪ "Loophole" liar Physical Characteristics of Lying Detecting Lying and Deception
• The polygraph
▪ Measures physiological responses from a person, including fear, anxiety, excitation, and other
emotions continued on next slide Detecting Lying and Deception
• Value of polygraph looked at in two areas
▪ Reliability • Consistency of the examinations results
▪ Validity

• Accuracy of the examination

• Results of polygraph tests are not currently admissible in court as absolute evidence.
Detecting Lying and Deception
• Voice stress analyzer
▪ Uses a microphone plugged into a computer to analyze the subjects responses
▪ Detects, measures, and displays changes in the voice print frequency

Learning Objective
Explain why people confess. Why People Confess
• Most guilty persons who confess:
▪ Are looking for the proper opening during the interrogation to communicate their guilt to
investigators

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▪ Believe cooperation is the best course of actions

• Interrogators are able to speculate correctly on why the crimes were committed continued on
next slide Why People Confess
• Admission
▪ A self-incriminating statement made by the suspect that falls short of acknowledgment of guilt
• Confession
▪ A direct acknowledgment by the suspect of their guilt in commission of or being an integral part
of a specified crime

Learning Objective

Summarize how to take written and recorded statements. Written and Recorded Statements
• Obtain a written confession in the suspect's own writing.
• If dictated, make sure it is read back to the suspect prior to signing.
• Make sure the process is thoroughly documented in the police report.

Written and Recorded Statements

• Recorded statements
▪ When an investigator chooses to record a statement, the interrogation should still be
conducted first.
• Video confession
▪ An interrogation captured on video should provide a complete and objective record of the
police-suspect interaction Chapter Summary
• An interview is a relatively formal conversation conducted for the purpose of obtaining
information.
• An interrogation is the systematic questioning of a suspect for the purpose of obtaining a
confession. continued on next slide Chapter Summary
• The investigator will have a more productive interview if it can be conducted at a location
where the suspect is mentally relaxed, subjects are separated before questioning begins, and
the investigator asks the right open-ended questions. continued on next slide Chapter Summary
• The cognitive interview technique is used for eliciting information from victims and witnesses,
as opposed to obtaining confessions from suspects.
• The interrogation is designed to match new information with a particular suspect to secure a
confession. continued on next slide Chapter Summary
• Several types of behavior are improper (even illegal) for police investigators and will result in
any confession obtained from the suspect being deemed inadmissible by the courts. • An
investigator can detect deceptive behavior by observing, cataloguing, and differentiating human
behavior. continued on next slide Chapter Summary
• Suspects may make confessions when they believe cooperation is the best course of action or
when interrogators are able to speculate correctly on why the crimes were committed. continued
on next slide Chapter Summary
• The intelligence level of the suspect, the amount and nature of information to be recorded, and
the availability of stenographic services determine what methods are used to take a statement.

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 Methods of Crime Scene Search

The Crime Scene is search for the physical evidences (visible or invisible). There are various
types of search methods employed by the investigating officers and the forensic scientists at the
scene of crime. The searching methods mainly depends on:

 Type of Crime (Rape, murder, burglary, theft, etc.)

 Nature of Crime (Homicide, suicide, or accident)

 Size of the crime scene (macroscopic or microscopic)

 Location of the crime scene (indoor, outdoor, combination of indoor or outdoor,

or any remote area like underwater, desert, etc.)

 Complexity of the crime scene

Before deciding the search method, all the investigators and the forensic experts must follow the
general guidelines (check list) to observe the crime scene after due recording:

1. Are the doors and windows locked or unlocked? Open or shut?

2. Are there signs of forced entry, such as tool marks or broken locks?

3. Is the house or the crime scene is in good order? If not, does it look like there was a struggle
or was the victim just messy?

4. Is there mail/post/suicidal note/threatening note/ etc. lying around? Has it been opened? Or
where it is located?
5. Is the kitchen in good order? Is there any partially eaten food? Is the table set? If so, for how
many people?

6. Are there signs of a party, such as empty glasses or bottles or full ashtrays?

7. If there are full ashtrays, what brands of cigarettes are present?

8. Is there anything that seems out of place? Is there a couch blocking a doorway?

9. Is there trash in the trash cans? Is there anything out of the ordinary in the trash? Is the trash
in the right chronological order? If not, someone might have been looking for something in the
victim's trash.

10. Are the bathroom towels wet? Are the bathroom towels missing? Are there any signs of a
cleanup?

11. If the crime is a shooting, how many shots were fired? The CSI will try to locate the gun,
each bullet, each shell casing and each bullet hole.

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 12. If the crime is a stabbing, is a knife obviously missing from victim's kitchen? If so, the crime
may not have been premeditated.

13. Are there any shoe prints or any other footwear marks on the floor or in the area
immediately outside the building?

14. Are there any tire marks in the driveway or in the area around the building?

15. Is there any blood splatter on floors, walls or ceilings?

Irrespective of the type of crime scene, the investigator has to decide the appropriate method
immediately, without delay, so as to collect the evidences in the intact form as far as possible.

Following are the basic search methods, usually commissioned on the crime scene:

1. Zonal Method
2. Strip Method
3. Line Search
4. Grid Method
5. Spiral Method (Outward Spiral & Inward Spiral)
6. Wheel Search Method
7. Random Search

Zonal Method: In this method the crime scene is virtually divided into different zones. The
number of zones depends upon the size and complexity of the crime scene. This method can be
applicable to both indoor and outdoor crime scenes. Different people will be employed in
individual zones, and will search their zones thoroughly for the evidences normally as well as
using different techniques (UV/IR/Video). After searching in their own zones, the zones will be
exchanged to check the accuracy and double check for any missing items. This method cannot
be applicable on very squeezed and complex crime scenes like elevators, lift shafts, or stairs.

Strip or Parallel Method: In this method the virtual strips or line are being imagined to walk
through on the crime scene and look for the evidences. The method is well suited for the crime
scene like class rooms, where rows are present already, each row can be considered as a strip.
Also, minimum number of the personals are required for this method. One person will start the
walk through from one corner of the strip and will move towards the other looking for the

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 evidences. The walk through should be slow and thorough. If two personals are employed, then
each of them can start from two different points and continuing to the different ends to double
check the search.

Grid Method (two parallel strip): It is just like the strip method; the only difference is that two
strips are considered to form a grid. Again, only two people can do the searching walking
through on separate strips and then will switch their strips for the more accuracy. It is a good
method for large indoors and outdoors crime scenes.

Spiral Method: This is well suited for lager indoor and outdoor crime scene with less obstacles
(like furniture etc.). The searcher will start either from the center of the room (outward) or from
the periphery (inward) search as show in the images below. Also, two investigators can search
together, one moving from the center towards the periphery and other one vice versa.

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Wheel Search Method: This method is only applicable to the lager outdoor scenes like fields,
desert, or other such open areas. It is like the zonal method; however, the wheel is divided into
various zones depending upon the size of the crime scene. Different individuals will be
employed in separate zones and then switching their zone for more accuracy. The investigators
or the searchers can begin from the epicenter moving towards their zones to complete the
search, and then returning back to the epicenter for the discussion or collection procedures.

Random Search Method: This is the most common method employed by the investigators,
because of the feasibility at any location. No above-mentioned ruled to be followed for this
method. It is also advisable to consider this method on complex crime scenes.

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Levels of Searches:

First Level: search at the scene of crime

Second Level: through photographs, sketches, witnesses, relatives, and other sources

Third Level: Revisit the crime scene if possible, Interrogation etc.

Evidence Removal:

The investigator or the forensic expert has to be sure to document each and every evidence
encountered at the particular scene. The evidences should only be removed after proper
documentation (photography/videography/sketching/notes), and then should be properly
collected in appropriate containers.

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