C"cpvtqrqnqikc"g"ugwu"eqortqokuuqu"

qw"tgurqpucdknkfcfgu"fivkecu
Nwku"Tqdgtvq"Ectfquq"fg"Qnkxgktc

Go" rtkogktq" nwict." ecdg" wo" fkcip„uvkeq<" fivkec" fi"

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pcu" wpkxgtukfcfgu" qw" go" kpuvkvwk› gu" fg" rguswkucu." ocu"
tctcogpvg" cvkpig" cu" cvkxkfcfgu" fg" QPIu" g" fg" „ti«qu"
r¿dnkequ"xqnvcfqu"rctc"c"korngogpvc›«q"fg"rqn vkecu"uqekcku0"
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ect vgt" cpvtqrqn„ikeq" g" wvknk|go" qu" oguoqu" kpuvtwogpvqu"
g" vfiepkecu" fg" kpxguvkic›«q." uwcu" cvkxkfcfgu" tctcogpvg"
u«q" uwrgtxkukqpcfcu" rgnqu" qticpkuoqu" tgurqpu xgku" rgnc"
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rguswkuc0

47
Nwku"Tqdgtvq"Ectfquq"fg"Qnkxgktc

Cpvgu"fg"hcnct"tcrkfcogpvg"uqdtg"vt‒u"eqortqokuuqu"
qw" tgurqpucdknkfcfgu" fivkecu" swg" rgtogkco" c" cvkxkfcfg"
fq" cpvtqr„nqiq." swgtq" ogpekqpct" fqku" rqpvqu" pqu" swcku"
p«q" rqfgtgk" og" fgvgt" pguvc" kpvgtxgp›«q." ocu" swg" v‒o"
ukfq" uwuekvcfqu" eqo" ockqt" kpvgpukfcfg" pc" eqowpkfcfg"
cpvtqrqn„ikec." gurgekcnogpvg" pq" ¤odkvq" fc" Cuuqekc›«q"
Dtcukngktc" fg" Cpvtqrqnqikc" *CDC+0" Q" rtkogktq" fgngu" vgo"
eqoq" tghgt‒pekc" woc" rwdnkec›«q" tgegpvg" fc" Cuuqekc›«q"
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fivkequ" swg" qtkgpvco" c" rguswkuc" cpvtqrqn„ikec0" Fwtcpvg"
swcug"wo"ufiewnq."c"CCC"vkpjc"ogecpkuoqu"g"rtqegfkogpvqu"
rctc" rgpcnk|ct" cpvtqr„nqiqu" swg" uc co." fkicoqu" cuuko."
fc" qtkgpvc›«q" d ukec." fqu" rtkpe rkqu" fivkequ" fc" fkuekrnkpc0"
Pq" gpvcpvq." fwtcpvg" vqfq" guug" rgt qfq." u„" hqk" rwpkfq" wo"
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rquuwk"kpuvtwogpvqu"cfgswcfqu"rctc"vcn."xkuvq"swg"guvctkco"
nkokvcfcu" "fkxwnic›«q"fg"woc"pqvc"r¿dnkec"qw."pc"rkqt"fcu"
jkr„vgugu." cq" fgunkicogpvq" fq" cpvtqr„nqiq0" Pgo" c" CDC"
pgo" c" CCC" u«q" cuuqekc› gu" swg" tgiwncogpvco" qw" swg"
xkcdknk|co" q" ceguuq" cq" vtcdcnjq" fqu" rtqÝuukqpcku" fc" tgc0"
Gpv«q."cetgfkvq"swg"guug"uglc"wo"vgoc"rqn‒okeq"g"fg"fkh ekn"
gswcekqpcogpvq"rctc"codcu"cu"cuuqekc› gu0
Q" qwvtq" rqpvq" rctc" q" swcn" iquvctkc" fg" ejcoct" c"
cvgp›«q" fi" q" hcvq" fg" swg." eqo" c" cornkc›«q" fq" wpkxgtuq"
fg" cvkxkfcfgu" fqu" cpvtqr„nqiqu" hqtc" fcu" wpkxgtukfcfgu"
g" fcu" kpuvkvwk› gu" fg" rguswkuc" go" ugpvkfq" guvtkvq." uwtig"

48
 ÉTICA

woc" ufitkg" fg" swguv gu" swg" rgtogkco" q" vtcdcnjq" fguugu"
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uglc" rgncu" cuuqekc› gu" ekgpv Ýecu." uglc" rgnqu" „ti«qu" swg"
tgiwnco" q" ceguuq" c" rguswkucu0" Vcku" cvkxkfcfgu" gpxqnxgo"
rt vkecu" swg." fq" rqpvq" fg" xkuvc" fivkeq." v‒o" korqtv¤pekc"
gswkxcngpvg" "fcu"swg"u«q"cfqvcfcu"pc"rguswkuc"cecf‒okec0"
Vgpjq"kortguu«q"fg"swg"ugtkc"q"ecuq"fqu"cpvtqr„nqiqu"swg"
vtcdcnjco." rqt" gzgornq." pq" Okpkuvfitkq" R¿dnkeq." pq" Kpetc"
qw" pq" Krjcp" g" pc" Hwpck." rctc" ogpekqpct" cniwocu" tgcu"
fq"ugtxk›q"r¿dnkeq."ocu"kuuq"vcodfio"xcngtkc"rctc"cswgngu"
swg"cvwco"go"QPIu0"Guucu"cvkxkfcfgu"u«q"htgswgpvgogpvg"
kfgpvkÝecfcu"eqo"c"rtqfw›«q"fg"tgncv„tkqu"fg"x tkqu"vkrqu."
c"swcn"fgocpfc"c"tgcnk|c›«q"fg"rguswkucu"cpvtqrqn„ikecu0"
Vcku" rguswkucu." rqtfio." p«q" guv«q" ugpfq" tgiwncfcu" rgnqu"
ogecpkuoqu"fg"tgxku«q"fivkec"xkigpvgu0"Cnfio"fkuuq."q"ceguuq"
fguugu"rtqÝuukqpcku"cq"qdlgvq"fg"rguswkuc"p«q"rcuuc"rgnqu"
oguoqu" vkrqu" fg" cxcnkc›«q" kpuvkvwekqpcn" rgnqu" swcku" qu"
vtcdcnjqu" cecf‒okequ" u«q" gzcokpcfqu0" Pguug" swcftq." fi"
rquu xgn"fk|gt"swg"qu"cpvtqr„nqiqu"v‒o"woc"xku«q"dcuvcpvg"
et vkec" "ocpgktc"eqoq"c"tgiwnc›«q"fc"fivkec"go"rguswkuc"ug"
fgugpxqnxgw" pq" Dtcukn" c" rctvkt" fg" 3;;8."eqo" c" rwdnkec›«q"
fc"Tguqnw›«q"3;8."fq"Eqpugnjq"Pcekqpcn"fg"Uc¿fg"*Dtcukn."
3;;8+0

QU"VTçU"EQORTQOKUUQU"QW"TGURQPUCDKNKFCFGU"¡VKECU

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rguswkuc"pq"Dtcukn0"Okpjc"kpvgp›«q"pguvc"kpvgtxgp›«q"fi"ejcoct"
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fqu" cpvtqr„nqiqu." swcnswgt" swg" uglc" c" gurgekÝekfcfg"
fq" vtcdcnjq" pq" swcn" guvglco" gpiclcfqu0" Guvgu" u«q" *go"
qtfgo" etqpqn„ikec." p«q" go" qtfgo" fg" korqtv¤pekc+<" q"
eqortqokuuq"eqo"c"xgtfcfg"g"c"rtqfw›«q"fg"eqpjgekogpvq"
go"eqpuqp¤pekc"eqo"qu"etkvfitkqu"fg"xcnkfcfg"eqorctvknjcfqu"
pc" eqowpkfcfg" fg" rguswkucfqtgu=" q" eqortqokuuq" eqo"
qu" uwlgkvqu" fc" rguswkuc." ewlcu" rt vkecu" g" tgrtgugpvc› gu"

49
Nwku"Tqdgtvq"Ectfquq"fg"Qnkxgktc

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q"eqortqokuuq"eqo"c"uqekgfcfg"g"c"ekfcfcpkc."swg"gzkig"
c" fkxwnic›«q" fqu" tguwnvcfqu" fc" rguswkuc." wuwcnogpvg"
rqt" ogkq" fg" rwdnkec› gu." g" gxgpvwcnogpvg" fgocpfc" c"
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u«q" fkuvqtekfqu" rctc" dgpgÝekct" kpvgtguugu" swg" cogcego"
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qdlgvkxq" fg" eqpvtkdwkt" rctc" q" guenctgekogpvq" fq" ekfcf«q" g"
fc"uqekgfcfg"uqdtg"q"rtqdngoc"go"vgnc0"Fq"ogw"rqpvq"fg"
xkuvc."guugu"vt‒u"eqortqokuuqu"qw"tgurqpucdknkfcfgu"fivkecu"
ugtkco"kpeqpvqtp xgku"pc"rguswkuc"cpvtqrqn„ikec0
Q" rtkogktq." q" eqortqokuuq" eqo" c" xgtfcfg" g" eqo" c"
rtqfw›«q"fg"eqpjgekogpvq"dcugcfq"go"etkvfitkqu"fg"xcnkfcfg"
eqorctvknjcfqu"pc"eqowpkfcfg"fg"rguswkucfqtgu."cdctec"c"
swguv«q"fg"swg"q"rguswkucfqt"p«q"rqfg"ocswkct"qw"hcnugct"
qu"fcfqu"cfxkpfqu"fg"uwc"rguswkuc0"C"vgug."q"nkxtq."q"ctvkiq"qw"
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gor tkec0" Kuuq" p«q" hwpekqpc" fguuc" ocpgktc" go" vqfcu" cu"
rtqÝuu gu."cniq"swg"cdqtfctgk"pq"Ýpcn"fc"gzrquk›«q."swcpfq"
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rtqfw|kfq"rgnqu"cpvtqr„nqiqu"eqo"q"owpfq"fq"fktgkvq"g"ugwu"
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vtkdwpcku"dtcukngktqu."fkhgtgpvgogpvg"fqu"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu."rqt"
gzgornq."cu"vgugu"crtgugpvcfcu"g"ctiwkfcu"rgnqu"cfxqicfqu"
p«q"rtgekuco"guvct"hwpfcogpvcfcu"go"rguswkuc"gor tkec0"
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fq"cpvtqr„nqiq0
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4:
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g" guenctgekfqÑ" *q" ect vgt" fguug" guenctgekogpvq" fi" ugortg"
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4;
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vtcdcnjq" swg" ugt " tgcnk|cfq0" Gpv«q." j " egtvc" ukpvqpkc"
gpvtg" q" qdlgvkxq" fcu" kpuvkvwk› gu" swg" tgiwncogpvco" c"
rguswkuc."swg"fi"fghgpfgt"qu"fktgkvqu"ngi vkoqu"fqu"ekfcf«qu"
uwdogvkfqu" c" vqfq" vkrq" fg" kpvgtxgp›«q." g" qu" qdlgvkxqu" fc"
rguswkuc"fq"cpvtqr„nqiq."swg."eqoq"ogpekqpgk"c"rtqr„ukvq"
fqu" eqortqokuuqu" qw" tgurqpucdknkfcfgu" fivkecu." vcodfio"
vgo" c" rtgqewrc›«q" fg" tgurgkvct" qu" fktgkvqu" fq" ekfcf«q"
swg"rctvkekrc"eqoq"uwlgkvq."qdlgvq"fc"kpxguvkic›«q0"U„"swg"
gzkuvg" vcodfio" woc" fkogpu«q" korqtvcpvg" fg" fkuukpvqpkc"
gpvtg" cu" fkuvkpvcu" vtcfk› gu" ekgpv Ýecu." rqku" q" oqfq" eqoq"
tgurgkvcoqu" qu" fktgkvqu" fg" pquuqu" kpvgtnqewvqtgu" p«q"
fi" kiwcn" " ocpgktc" eqoq" ug" hc|" kuuq" pc" tgc" dkqofifkec."
jcdkvwcfc"c"kpvgtxkt"pqu"rctvkekrcpvgu"fc"rguswkuc0"Cnk u."q"
eqortqokuuq"qw"tgurqpucdknkfcfg"fivkec"fq"cpvtqr„nqiq"eqo"
qu"rctvkekrcpvgu"p«q"cecdc"eqo"c"eqpenwu«q"fc"kpxguvkic›«q."
ocu" ug" ocpvfio" pc" fgÝpk›«q" fg" q" sw‒." eqoq" g" swcpfq"
rwdnkect0" Fc" oguoc" hqtoc." ckpfc" swg" q" cpvtqr„nqiq" p«q"
rquuc"eqpvtqnct"c"tgegr›«q"g"cu"kornkec› gu"fgeqttgpvgu"fc"
rwdnkec›«q" fqu" tguwnvcfqu." p«q" fgxg" ug" gzkokt" fg" kpvgtxkt"
pq" fgdcvg" r¿dnkeq" ugortg" swg" rgtegdgt" ocpkrwnc› gu"
kpfgxkfcu" fg" uwcu" rwdnkec› gu." oqvkxcfcu" rqt" kpvgtguugu"
swg" cogcego" fktgkvqu" fqu" uwlgkvqu" fc" rguswkuc" *Ectfquq"
fg"Qnkxgktc."4226+0

52
 ÉTICA

KORNKEC ËGU"¡VKECU"FC*U+"KFGPVKFCFG*U+"CUUWOKFC*U+"
PQ"ECORQ

Kuuq" p«q" swgt" fk|gt" swg" p«q" gzkuvco" rqn‒okecu"

go" tgnc›«q" cqu" oqfqu" fg" qdugtxct" qu" eqortqokuuqu" qw"
tgurqpucdknkfcfgu"fivkecu"pc"rguswkuc"cpvtqrqn„ikec0"Pguug"
ugpvkfq." xcng" ogpekqpct" tcrkfcogpvg" woc" rt vkec" fg"
rguswkuc" swg" vgxg" cniwo" uweguuq" pqu" cpqu" 3;520" Vtcvc/
ug" fg" wo" vtcdcnjq" fg" Hqqvg" Yj{vg" *4227+" tgegpvgogpvg"
vtcfw|kfq"rctc"q"rqtvwiw‒u."kpvkvwncfq"Uqekgfcfg"fg"Guswkpc."
go"swg"q"cpvtqr„nqiq"tgncvc"swg"woc"fcu"ocpgktcu"eqoq"
gng" guvcdgngekc" tgnc› gu" eqo" qu" uwlgkvqu" fc" rguswkuc" gtc"
lwuvcogpvg" ugo" ug" kfgpvkÝect" eqoq" rguswkucfqt." godqtc"
go"cniwpu"oqogpvqu"gng"ug"crtgugpvcuug"fguuc"hqtoc0"Vcn"
guvtcvfiikc" uwigtg" woc" crtqzkoc›«q" kpfgxkfc" cq" vtcdcnjq"
fq" gurk«q." pc" ogfkfc" go" swg" q" rguswkucfqt" fkuhct›c" uwc"
kfgpvkfcfg" tgcn" rctc" cnecp›ct" wo" ocvgtkcn" fg" rguswkuc"
cq" swcn" rtqxcxgnogpvg" p«q" vgtkc" ceguuq" ugo" nwfkdtkct"
q" kpvgtnqewvqt0" Guug" oqfq" fg" guvcdgngegt" c" tgnc›«q" gpvtg"
rguswkucfqt"g"rguswkucfq"rcuuqw"c"ugt"owkvq"etkvkecfq"g"p«q"
vgo"ocku"c"oguoc"cegkvc›«q"jqlg"go"fkc0"L "qwvtqu"ecuqu."
eqoq" c" gzrgtk‒pekc" fg" rguswkuc" fg" Hcxtgv/Uccfc" *3;:7+"
uqdtg" dtwzctkc" pc" Htcp›c." vtcvco" fg" ukvwc› gu" pcu" swcku"
q" cpvtqr„nqiq" cuuwog" woc" rquk›«q" kpuvkvwekqpcn" pcvkxc."
eqorctvknjcfc"eqo"c"kfgpvkfcfg"fg"rguswkucfqt"pq"ecorq."
g"go"swg"pgo"ugortg"fi"enctq"rctc"vqfqu"qu"kpvgtnqewvqtgu"
swg"gng"guv "tgcnk|cpfq"woc"rguswkuc"*Ectfquq"fg"Qnkxgktc."
4226+0" Ocu." go" pgpjwoc" ektewpuv¤pekc." gng" gpicpc" ugwu"
kpvgtnqewvqtgu" qw" fkuhct›c" uwc" kfgpvkfcfg0" Crgpcu" p«q" ug"
rtgqewrc"go"ngodt /nqu"qw"kphqto /nqu"fg"uwc"cvkxkfcfg"fg"
rguswkuc"swcpfq"guv "cvwcpfq"pc"rquk›«q"pcvkxc03
Pc"oguoc"fktg›«q."go"okpjc"vgug"fg"fqwvqtcfq"uqdtg"
wo"lwk|cfq"fg"rgswgpcu"ecwucu"pqu"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu"*Ectfquq"
fg" Qnkxgktc." 3;:;+." eqodkpgk" c" rgturgevkxc" vtcfkekqpcn" fc"
fkuekrnkpc."gzrtguuc"pc"kfgpvkfcfg"fg"rguswkucfqt."eqoq"swgt"
swg"gnc"hc›c"ugpvkfq"rctc"q"itwrq"guvwfcfq."eqo"c"cuuwp›«q"
fg" rquk› gu" kpuvkvwekqpcku" pcvkxcu" swcpfq" cvwgk" eqoq"
eqpugnjgktq" ngkiq" rctc" rgswgpcu" ecwucu" g" eqoq" ogfkcfqt"
fg"fkurwvcu"go"fkhgtgpvgu"oqogpvqu"fc"rguswkuc0"Vcodfio"
pguug" ecuq." p«q" ugtkc" itcocvkecn" cxkuct" qw" ngodtct" ogwu"

53
Nwku"Tqdgtvq"Ectfquq"fg"Qnkxgktc

kpvgtnqewvqtgu" fg" okpjc" eqpfk›«q" fg" rguswkucfqt" swcpfq"

gzgtekc" cvkxkfcfgu" fg" ogfkc›«q" qw" fg" ceqpugnjcogpvq."
ckpfc" swg" go" pgpjwo" oqogpvq" okpjc" cvwc›«q" rwfguug"
ugt" ectcevgtk|cfc" eqoq" c" fg" cniwfio" vgpvcpfq" nwfkdtkct"
ugwu"kpvgtnqewvqtgu0"CÝpcn."cu"vt‒u"kfgpvkfcfgu"qw"rquk› gu"
uqekcku"gtco"r¿dnkecu0"Cnfio"fkuuq."vqfqu"qu"eqpugnjgktqu"g"
ogfkcfqtgu"gtco"xqnwpv tkqu"g."rqtvcpvq."vcodfio"gzgtekco"
qwvtcu" cvkxkfcfgu" p«q" tgxgncfcu" cqu" kpvgtnqewvqtgu" pcu"
uguu gu" fg" ogfkc›«q" qw" fg" ceqpugnjcogpvq." fg" ceqtfq"
eqo"qu"rtqegfkogpvqu"uqekcnogpvg"kpuvkvw fqu0
C"rtqr„ukvq."iquvctkc"fg"ogpekqpct"vcodfio"q"vtcdcnjq"
tgegpvg"fg"Uejgrgt/Jwijgu"*422;+"uqdtg"vt Ýeq"fg"„ti«qu."
ewlc" crtgugpvc›«q" hc|" rctvg" fq" p¿ogtq" fq" Cpvjtqrqnqi{"
Pgyu" cekoc" tghgtkfq." fgfkecfq" " fkuewuu«q" fcu" kpqxc› gu"
pq" E„fkiq" fg" ¡vkec" fc" CCC0" Uejgrgt/Jwijgu" rtqr g" woc"
cpvtqrqnqikc" eqo" woc" qtkgpvc›«q" fivkec" fkhgtgpvg" rctc"
q" swg" gnc" ejcoc" fg" ÐgvpqitcÝc" gpiclcfcÑ0" C" cwvqtc" vgo"
qwvtqu" vtcdcnjqu." pqu" swcku" rtqr g" woc" Ðcpvtqrqnqikc"
oknkvcpvgÑ."eqo"kornkec› gu"ukoknctgu."ocu"cswk"gnc"rtghgtg"
ectcevgtk|ct" uwc" rgturgevkxc" eqoq" ÐgpiclcfcÑ0" ¡" rtgekuq"
fk|gt" swg" Uejgrgt/Jwijgu" tgcnk|c" ugw" vtcdcnjq" uqdtg"
vt Ýeq"fg"„ti«qu"eqodkpcpfq"c"kfgpvkfcfg"fg"rguswkucfqtc"
eqo" q" cvkxkuoq" rqn vkeq." guvcpfq" cq" oguoq" vgorq"
cuuqekcfc" " Wpkxgtukfcfg" fc" Ecnkh„tpkc." go" Dgtmgng{." g" c"
woc" qticpk|c›«q" fc" uqekgfcfg" ekxkn" swg" vgo" rqt" qdlgvkxq"
eqodcvgt" q" vt Ýeq" fg" „ti«qu" jwocpqu0" Tguwokpfq" ugw"
ctiwogpvq." c" cwvqtc" cuukpcnc" swg." rctc" tgcnk|ct" ugw"
vtcdcnjq." p«q" r»fg" ugiwkt" qu" rtkpe rkqu" d ukequ" fq" E„fkiq"
fg"¡vkec"fc"CCC."qu"swcku"gphcvk|co"c"rtgqewrc›«q"eqo"c"
vtcpurct‒pekc." q" eqortqokuuq" eqo" c" tgxgnc›«q" eqorngvc"
fqu"qdlgvkxqu"fc"rguswkuc"g"q"eqpugpvkogpvq"fqu"uwlgkvqu."
oguoq" eqo" c" Þgzkdknk|c›«q" xkigpvg." swg" p«q" gzkig" wo"
fqewogpvq"cuukpcfq0
Wo" rct‒pvgug<" pc" cnvgtc›«q" tgegpvg" fq" E„fkiq" fg"
¡vkec" fc" CCC." fi" hgkvc" woc" pqxc" kpvgtrtgvc›«q" uqdtg" q"
eqpugpvkogpvq"nkxtg"g"guenctgekfq."swg"p«q"rtgekuc"ocku"ugt"
ugortg"cuukpcfq04"Cnfio"fkuuq."ejcoc/ug"c"cvgp›«q"rctc"q"
hcvq"fg"swg"c"tgurqpucdknkfcfg"fq"cpvtqr„nqiq"go"tgnc›«q"
cq"eqpugpvkogpvq"g"cqu"uwlgkvqu"fc"rguswkuc"p«q"vgtokpc"pq"
rtkogktq"eqpvcvq."go"swg"c"rguuqc"eqpeqtfc"go"ug"uwdogvgt"
" cvkxkfcfg" fg" rguswkuc0" Cq" eqpvt tkq." q" eqpugpvkogpvq"

54
 ÉTICA

fi" wo" eqortqokuuq" rgtocpgpvg" fq" cpvtqr„nqiq." swg" p«q"

rqfg"ugt"vtcfw|kfq"fgÝpkvkxcogpvg"go"woc"cuukpcvwtc"pwo"
oqogpvq"fgvgtokpcfq0
Go"ugw"vtcdcnjq."Uejgrgt/Jwijgu"f "eqoq"gzgornq"
uwc" gzrgtk‒pekc" fg" ecorq" pc" Vwtswkc." go" swg." vgpvcpfq"
fgvgevct" cu" tgfgu" fg" vtcÝecpvgu" fg" „ti«qu." gnc" xkukvc"
dckttqu"rqdtgu"lwpvq"c"ogtecfqu"rqrwnctgu0"Pguugu"nqecku."
j ." fg" wo" ncfq." rguuqcu" eqo" kpvgtguug" go" xgpfgt" ugwu"
„ti«qu" fgxkfq" " ukvwc›«q" rtge tkc" go" swg" ug" gpeqpvtco"
g." fg" qwvtq" ncfq." eqttgvqtgu" fg" „ti«qu" *dtqmgtu." ugiwpfq"
gnc" qu" ejcoc+"swg"qu" eqortco"rctc"xgpfgt"pq" ogtecfq0"
Uejgrgt/Jwijgu" cuuwog" c" kfgpvkfcfg" fg" woc" rguuqc"
kpvgtguucfc"go"eqortct"„ti«qu"g"gpvtc"go"woc"dcticpjc"
eqo" wo" uwlgkvq" swg" swgt" xgpfgt" ugwu" rt„rtkqu" tkpu0" Go"
fgvgtokpcfq"oqogpvq."gng"rgfg"vtkpvc"okn"f„nctgu"rqt"wo"
tko"g"rgtiwpvc"swcn"tko"*guswgtfq"qw"fktgkvq+"gnc"fguglc0"Gnc"
gpv«q"ctiwogpvc"swg"p«q"fi"tkec."swg"c"fqgp›c"fq"octkfq"
l " eqpuwokw" vqfqu" qu" tgewtuqu" fc" hco nkc" pq" vtcvcogpvq"
g" swg" gnc" p«q" rqfgtkc" rcict" cswgng" rtg›q0" Q" pgiqekcpvg"
dckzc"q"rtg›q"fq"„ti«q"rctc"42"okn"f„nctgu"g."ocku"vctfg."
cecdc" dckzcpfq" rctc" 32" okn" f„nctgu0" Uejgrgt/Jwijgu"
ckpfc" eqpvtc/ctiwogpvc" kpfkecpfq" swg" kokitcpvgu" kngicku"
pc" oguoc" ekfcfg" equvwoco" eqdtct" crgpcu" 5" okn" f„nctgu"
rqt"wo"tko0"Pq"gpvcpvq."q"xgpfgfqt"cuukpcnc"swg"ekfcf«qu"
ngicnk|cfqu"xgpfgo"ugwu"tkpu"rqt"rtg›qu"ockqtgu0"
Hkpcnogpvg." fgrqku" fguug" fk nqiq." gnc" crtgugpvc" uwc"
fwrnc" kfgpvkfcfg" tgcn." vcpvq" eqoq" cpvtqr„nqic" swcpvq"
eqoq" tgrtgugpvcpvg" fc" cuuqekc›«q" fc" uqekgfcfg" ekxkn" swg"
eqodcvg" q" vt Ýeq" fg" „ti«qu0" Fk|" gpv«q" swg." fg" hcvq." p«q"
vgo" pgpjwo" kpvgtguug" go" cfswktkt" wo" tko" g" ug" qhgtgeg"
rctc" eqortct" cniwoc" qwvtc" eqkuc0" Rgtiwpvc" ug" c" rguuqc"
vgo"wo"ecuceq"fg"eqwtq"rctc"xgpfgt."eqoq"x tkqu"swg"gnc"
vkpjc" xkuvq" pcswgng" nqecn0" Q" xgpfgfqt" uck" eqttgpfq" rctc"
dwuect" q" ecuceq." vtc|gpfq" tcrkfcogpvg" q" rtqfwvq." swg" c"
cpvtqr„nqic" cecdc" eqortcpfq0" Uejgrgt/Jwijgu" fguvcec"
swg" rgfkw" rgtokuu«q" cq" pgiqekcpvg" rctc" wuct" c" guv„tkc" g"
c" hqvq" fgng" go" ugw" vtcdcnjq." cq" swg" gng" vgtkc" tgurqpfkfq"
cÝtocvkxcogpvg0"
P«q" qduvcpvg" q" ect vgt" rqn‒okeq" fg" uwc" guvtcvfiikc."
Uejgrgt/Jwijgu" rqfg" cekqpct" dqcu" tc| gu" rctc" oquvtct"
swg" ugwu" qdlgvkxqu" fg" rguswkuc" korwugtco" c" pgeguukfcfg"

55
Nwku"Tqdgtvq"Ectfquq"fg"Qnkxgktc

fg"uckt"wo"rqweq"fc"nkpjc"oguvtc"rcft«q"fq"E„fkiq"fg"¡vkec"
fc"CCC0"Fg"vqfq"oqfq."gnc"p«q"cdcpfqpqw"eqorngvcogpvg"
guuc"nkpjc."rqtswg."cq"Ýpcn"fc"eqpxgtuc."tgxgnqw"gzcvcogpvg"
q" swg" guvcxc" hc|gpfq" g." fguuc" hqtoc." p«q" ocpvgxg" c"
gpegpc›«q" eqo" c" swcn" jcxkc" nwfkdtkcfq" ugw" kpvgtnqewvqt."
swg."rqt"uwc"xg|."njg"fgw"q"eqpugpvkogpvq"rctc"wvknk|ct"qu"
fcfqu"eqngvcfqu0"Pq"gpvcpvq."c"cwvqtc"ogpekqpc"ckpfc"qwvtq"
curgevq"fgxgtcu"ocku"eqornkecfq<"gnc"tgxgnc"swg."cq"nqpiq"
fq" vtcdcnjq." vgtkc" kpvgtcikfq" eqo" x tkqu" qticpkuoqu" fg"
tgrtguu«q."kpenwukxg"q"HDK."fqu"Guvcfqu"Wpkfqu0"Gnc"cÝtoc"
vgt" eqpxgtucfq" eqo" wo" cigpvg" fq" HDK" rqt" tgeqogpfc›«q"
fg" ogodtqu" fg" wo" kpuvkvwvq" fg" uc¿fg" qpfg" gnc" hc|kc"
rguswkuc0" Kuuq" rgtokvg" cxgpvct" c" rquukdknkfcfg" fg" swg" gnc"
vgtkc"tgxgncfq"cqu"cigpvgu"fq"HDK"woc"ufitkg"fg"curgevqu"fq"
etkog"fg"vt Ýeq"fg"„ti«qu"swg"guvwfqw05"Guuc"rquukdknkfcfg"
icpjc" xgtcekfcfg" swcpfq" Uejgrgt/Jwijgu" cuukpcnc" swg"
wo" fg" ugwu" ÐkphqtocpvguÑ" pq" Dtcukn." wo" vtcÝecpvg" fg"
„ti«qu."guv "rtguq"go"Tgekhg0"C"cwvqtc"fguvcec"swg"q"vgtkc"
eqpjgekfq"l "pc"rtku«q"g"swg"gng."oguoq"ucdgpfq"swg"gnc"
vkpjc" eqncdqtcfq" eqo" c" kpxguvkic›«q" swg" vgtkc" xkcdknk|cfq"
q"fguoqpvg"fcu"cvkxkfcfgu"fg"vt Ýeq"fg"„ti«qu"pcu"swcku"
gng" guvctkc" gpxqnxkfq." ckpfc" vgtkc" eqpugiwkfq" guvcdgngegt"
woc"tgnc›«q"ÐeqngikcnÑ"eqo"gnc0"Gnc"ejgic"c"fk|gt"swg"jqlg"
cetgfkvc" rqfgt" ejco /nq" cvfi" fg" ÐcokiqÑ0" Q" swg" rctgeg"
eqornkecfq."fq"rqpvq"fg"xkuvc"fivkeq."fi"q"hcvq"fg"guuc"ukvwc›«q"
fg"rguswkuc"uwigtkt"woc"ctvkewnc›«q."c"ogw"xgt"kpfguglcfc"
g"pqtocvkxcogpvg"kpfgxkfc."gpvtg"c"rguswkuc"gvpqit Ýec"g"
c" kpxguvkic›«q" rqnkekcn0" Uejgrgt/Jwijgu" tgeqpjgeg" swg" ug"
vtcvc"fg"gortggpfkogpvqu"fkuvkpvqu."ocu"xkxg"guug"fkngoc."
g" p«q" rctgeg" vgt" eqpugiwkfq" fkuvkpiwk/nqu" cfgswcfcogpvg"
go"uwc"rguswkuc0

QU"NCWFQU"RGTKEKCKU"G"Q"FKèNQIQ"EQO"QU"QRGTCFQTGU"
FQ"FKTGKVQ"

Iquvctkc" fg" vqect" ckpfc" go" fqku" qwvtqu" rqpvqu<" q"

rtkogktq"tghgtg/ug"cqu"ncwfqu"rgtkekcku"hgkvqu"pq"Dtcukn."g"q"
ugiwpfq."vcodfio"cuuqekcfq" "rtqfw›«q"fg"ncwfqu."tghgtg/
ug"c"fkÝewnfcfgu"pq"fk nqiq"eqo"qu"qrgtcfqtgu"fq"fktgkvq"

56
 ÉTICA

fgxkfq" u" fkhgtgp›cu" pcu" hqtocu" fg" rtqfw›«q" fc" xgtfcfg"

xkigpvgu" pc" cpvtqrqnqikc" g" pq" fktgkvq0" Qu" ncwfqu" rgtkekcku"
v‒o"uwuekvcfq"rqn‒okecu"rqtswg."gncdqtcfqu"rctc"uwdukfkct"
rtqeguuqu"fg"fgoctec›«q"fg"vgttcu"kpf igpcu"g"swknqodqncu."
htgswgpvgogpvg" u„" u«q" crtgekcfqu" rqukvkxcogpvg" rgnc"
eqowpkfcfg"fg"cpvtqr„nqiqu"swcpfq"uqnkekvcfqu"go"fghguc"
fqu" kpvgtguugu" fcu" okpqtkcu" fivpkeq/tcekcku" go" vgnc" Î" go"
cvgp›«q"uglc"c"fgocpfcu"fq"Okpkuvfitkq"R¿dnkeq."swg"vgo"q"
fgxgt"eqpuvkvwekqpcn"fg"fghgpfgt"qu"fktgkvqu"fguugu"itwrqu."
uglc"c"fgocpfcu"fq"Lwfkek tkq."swg."go"vgug."ngtkc"q"ncwfq"
eqoq" rg›c" fg" guenctgekogpvq" rctc" tguqnxgt" c" fkurwvc."
oqvkxcfq"rqt"etkvfitkqu"fg"korctekcnkfcfg0"Ocu"c"‒phcug"pq"
eqortqokuuq"eqo"c"fghguc"fqu"kpvgtguugu"fguucu"okpqtkcu."
u"xg|gu"eqnqecfc"eqoq"woc"swguv«q"fg"rtkpe rkq."vgo"rquvq"
go"zgswg."pq"fgdcvg"r¿dnkeq."c"swcnkfcfg"vfiepkec"fqu"ncwfqu"
cpvtqrqn„ikequ."eqo"kornkec› gu"rqvgpekcnogpvg"pgicvkxcu"
rctc" c" fghguc" fqu" fktgkvqu" fg" kpf igpcu" g" swknqodqncu0"
Eqoq"j "ecuqu"go"swg"cpvtqr„nqiqu"tglgkvco"rwdnkecogpvg"
c" rquukdknkfcfg" fg" hc|gt" ncwfqu" eqpvtcvcfqu" rqt" gortgucu"
*hc|gpfgktqu" qw" „ti«qu" r¿dnkequ+" kpvgtguucfcu" pcu" vgttcu"
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57
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ÐeqpvtcncwfquÑ0"
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58
 ÉTICA

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