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(check the web for more information) You can use some valid online references for the report.

Struggle for Rights and Freedom

Revolt of Lakandula and Sulayman

(1574)
Cause: Lavezaris's Reversal of Legazpi's Policy

After the death of Legazpi on August 20, 1572, Governor Guido de

Lavezaris no longer exempted the native rulers and their descendants from
paying tribute. He ordered the confiscation of their patrimonial land
properties.

Because of the new policy, Lakandula and Sulayman decided to rise in

arms. Taking advantage of Lim-Ah-Hong's attack in Manila in 1574, the two
chieftains proclaimed their revolt and gathered their warriors in Navotas.

Juan de Salcedo and Fr. Geronimo Marin were sent by Lavezaris to

persuade them not to carry out their plan. They were given an assurance
that all their grievances would be remedied and those who took arms would
be pardoned. Governor Lavezaris did this gesture to ask help from Filipino
natives in driving away Lim- Ah-Hong from the country.

First Pampanga Revolt (1585)

Cause: Abuses of Encomenderos
Disgruntled by the way the encomenderos administered, some brave
Pampangueno leaders connived with the people of Manila and the Borneans
to rise in revolt.

According to their plan, they would secretly enter the city of Manila one
dark night and massacre the Spaniards. A native woman who was married to
a Spanish soldier happened to learn of it and warned the Spanish authorities
about it. The leaders were arrested and executed without any fair trial.

The Tondo Conspiracy (1587-88)

Cause: Regain Lost Freedom
Attempting to restore freedom and local leadership being enjoyed
during the pre-colonial years, Agustin de Legazpi (nephew of Lakandula),
together with other leaders like Martin Pangan (gobernadorcillo of Tondo),
Magat Salamat (son of Lakandula), Juan Banal (another Tondo chief),
Esteban Taes (chief of Bulacan), Pedro Balinguit (chief of Pandacan),
Pitonggatan (chief of Tondo), Felipe Salonga (chief of Polo), and Geronimo
Basi (brother of Agustin de Legazpi) planned to overthrow the Spanish rulers
in the country.

Through a Japanese I luisli.m, Dionisio Fernandez, Agustin de Legazpi,

and his fellow conspirator contacted a Japanese sea captain, Juan Gayo, to
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get amis and Japanese warriors to fight the Spaniards. In exchange, he and
his Japanese warriors would be given one-half of the tribute collected in
the Philippines. Aside from this, help would also be secured from Borneo,
Laguna, and Batangas. The conspirators with their warriors would then
assault the city of Manila and start killing the Spaniards.

Magat Salamat innocently revealed the plan to Antonio Surabao, «i

Cuyo native who was pretending to be a supporter. Surabao later recounted
this to his master, Pedro Sarmiento (the Spanish encomendero of
Calamianes). Immediately, Captain Sarmiento rushed to Manila and
informed Governor General Santiago de Vera on October 26, 1588, the
existence of a conspiracy against the Spanish government.

Eventually, the governor ordered the arrest of all persons implicated in

the revolutionary plot, including Dionisio Fernandez, a Japanese interpreter.
All these suspects were investigated and tried in court. They were given
harsh penalties. Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan were brutally
hanged. Their heads were cut off and placed in iron cages. The government
seized their properties. The sites of their homes were plowed and sown with
salt to remain barren.

Dionisio Fernandez was hanged and his property, confiscated. Also

executed were Magat Salamat, Geronimo Basi, and Esteban Taes. The rest
were given lighter punishments - heavy fines and some years of exile from
their town. Five of the leading members of the conspiracy were exiled to
Mexico - Pedro Balinguit, Pitonggatan, Felipe Salonga, Calao, and Agustin
Manuguit.

Magalat's Revolt, Cagayan (1596)

Cause: Tribute
During the rule of Governor Francisco Tello, two brothers instigated
the people of Cagayan to rise in arms against the colonial government
because of the latter's arbitrary levy collection. One of the brothers was
called Magalat. The uprising was suppressed by the authorities. He and his
men were kept in Manila as exiles.
The Dominican missionaries of Cagayan persuaded Governor Tello to
pardon them, after knowing the plight of the two brothers. The favor was
subsequently granted. After Magalat was released, he went back to
Cagayan and incited the people to continue the fight. Many Spaniards and
loyal natives were killed by the rebels. Governor Tello sent Captain Pedro
de Chavez to quell the revolt. Magalat, however, remained undefeated in
open battle. Later, the Spaniards decided to hire native assassins. Magalat
was murdered in his own house.

Revolt of the Igorots (1601)

Cause: Refusal to Accept New Religion
The Spaniards were determined to convert the Igorots to Christianity.
They launched a crusade to proselytize the highland natives of Luzon and to
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place them under Spanish authorities. A strong expedition was sent to the
Igorot land to stop the natives from resisting colonial subjugation. However,
the Spaniards were only able to gain nominal political and military control
over them.

Revolt of the Irrayas, Northern Isabela in the

Cagayan Valley (1621)
Cause: Oppression of Spanish Officials
Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas, a Dominican missionary, tried to
convince the rebels to avoid an uprising against the abusive Spanish
officials. The rebels led by Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay refused to heed
the priest's words of peace. However, they treated Fr. Santo Tomas and his
missionary companions with respect. They allowed the friars to leave
unmolested, with all their ornaments and jewels of the churches.

After the missionaries had left, the Irrayas began their fight by killing
the oppressive encomenderos and burning their houses. After this bloody
incident, the rebels went up to the Basili River and built their fortification on a
rocky hill.

Fr. Santo Tomas returned and exhorted the leaders to lay down
their arms and promised them that the government would pardon them
and remedy their grievances. The revolt ended without a fight.

The Revolt of Tamblot, Bohol (1621- 22)

Cause: Return to Native Religion
In 1621, Tamblot, a babaylan (native priest), reported the appearance
of a diwata who promised the people a life of abundance, without the burden
of paying tribute to the government or dues to the church. He persuaded
the natives to abandon the Catholic religion and rise against the
Spaniards. Around 2,000 Boholanos responded to Tamblot's call.

They began the uprising at the time when most of the Jesuit fathers,
the spiritual administrators of the island, were in Cebu celebrating the feast
of the beatification of St. Francis Xavier. They burned the villages being
supervised by the Jesuits, as well as their churches. They threw away all
rosaries and crosses they could find.

News of the revolt reached Cebu. Don Juan de Alcarazo, the alcalde
mayor, sent immediately an expedition to Bohol, consisting of 50 Spaniards
and more than 1,000 natives from Cebu and Pampanga. In the midst of a
heavy downpour, Tamblot and his followers were crushed.

Hankow's Revolt Leyte (1622)

Cause: Return to Native Religion
The leader of this rebellion was the aged chieftain of Limasawa,
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(check the web for more information) You can use some valid online references for the report.

Bankaw, who was one of the first local leaders who received Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi in 1565. He had been previously converted to Christianity and
became loyal to Spain. But in his old age, Bankaw together with his sons
and a native priest named Pagali, led the people of Carigara, Leyte to rise i
n arms in defense of their old religion. Soon they had the whole island into
armed resistance.

Fr. Melchor de Vera, a Jesuit, went to Cebu and warned the Spanish
authorities of the uprising. Alcalde Mayor Alcarazo sent a fleet of 40 vessels,
manned by hundreds of Cebuanos and some Spanish arquebusiers to
Leyte. The rebels were offered peace but they turned it down.
The Spanish-Filipino forces pursued them in the hills and defeated them.
Bankaw, together with his son and Pagali perished in the battle. Soon his
second son was beheaded as a traitor. His daughter was taken as captive.
Bankaw's head was placed on a stake as a public warning, to generate fear
among the natives.

The Revolt of Ladia (1643)

Cause: Spanish Oppression
Pedro Ladia, a native of Borneo, who claimed to be a descendant of
Rajah Matanda, instigated the people of Malolos, Bulacan to rise in arms
against the Spanish government. He was able to recruit a number of
followers but before he could carry out his plan, Fr. Cristobal Enriquez had
already entreated the people to remain loyal to Spain. Ladia was later on
arrested and sent to Manila to be executed.

The Revolt of Dabao (1650s)

Cause: Controversial Decree to Send Carpenters to the Cavite Shipyard
To move freely among fellow Christians, Dabao, a Manobo chieftain in
Northern Mindanao allowed himself to be baptized to the Catholic faith. He
convinced some new converts to join him in his plan to kill the religious and
all the Spanish soldiers in the fort.

Dabao's opportunity to carry out his plot came as natives who stole a
quantity of maize and rice were being hunted down. He offered himself to
catch them. He took his men to act as prisoners. Just when the men were
going to be set in the stocks for their punishment, Dabao attacked the
captain and the supposed prisoners joined him by taking out their concealed
weapons. All Spaniards in the garrison were killed. Governor Diego Fajardo
offered amnesty to the rebels to end the Northern Mindanao unrest.
However, the rebels who surrendered were either hanged or enslaved or
taken to Manila, where they were sold to Spanish household.

Sumuroy's Revolt, Samar (1649-50)

Cause: Forced Labor
Under Juan Sumuroy's leadership, the people of Palapag, Samar rose
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in arms against the government. They resented Governor Diego Fajardo's

order, which involved the sending of men to Cavite shipyards. Hostilities
began on June 1,1649, with the killing of the curate of the town.
The revolt spread to Albay and Camarines, Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, and
as far as Northern Mindanao. Sumuroy won several victories over the
Spanish-Filipino forces. At one time, the Spanish commander offered a large
sum of money in exchange of Sumuroy's head. The rebels sent him the
head of a pig instead.

In July 1650, under cover of darkness and rainfall, the government

forces staged an assault on the natives' fort. The rebels were caught by
surprise. Sumuroy's mother perished in the battle. The revolt ended with
individual surrenders. The rebels themselves killed Sumuroy and brought his
head to the Spanish commander.

Maniago's Revolt, Pampanga (1660)

Causes: Frequent Recruitment of Men to Cut Timber in the Mountains and
Bandala
Pampanga's rice production suffered exceedingly from the disruptive
effects of polo. One thousand Pampanguenos had been working for eight
months as timber cutters. To show their sentiments against the
government, the workers mutinied and set their campsite on fire. They
chose Don Francisco Maniago, a chief from the village of Mexico to be their
leader.

The armed rebels gathered in Lubao under Maniago and another

group made preparations in Bacolor. They closed the mouths of rivers with
stakes. Letters to other chiefs in Pangasinan, Ilocos, and Cagayan were
sent, asking them to join the uprising against the Spaniards and later elect a
king of their own.

By the time the province of Pampanga revolted, the government owed

the local inhabitants more than 200,000 pesos due to unpaid rice purchases
from the bandala system.

The Spaniards tried to end the rebellion immediately because they

knew that the Pampanguenos had been trained in military art. Governor
Manrique de Lara began his maneuver with a show of force, by bringing with
him 300 men in Macabebe. Seeing the well- armed Spaniards, the
Pampanguenos showed cordiality. This caused other rebels to waver and
distrust one another.

Governor Lara called for Juan Macapagal, chief of Arayat, to a

discussion. De Lara treated him well and assured him rewards if he would
Mcle with the government. Mai apagal consequently accepted Ihr offer. He
went back to Arayat and organized a force to repress the rebels. His
defection discouraged other chiefs. Parish priests as well as mercenary
soldiers were also employed to demoralize the rebels. The governor general
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moreover, I imposed a partial payment of 14,000 pesos on the total amount

of 200,000 pesos that the government owed to the Pampanguenos.

The Spaniards concluded an agreement with Maniago, which brought

about peace in Pampanga. For fear that the Pangasinenses would strike
back, the Pampanguenos themselves demanded two Spanish garrisons in
the province, one in Lubao and another in Arayat. From then on, they never
revolted against the colonial government.
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(check the web for more information) You can use some valid online references for the report.

Andres Malong's Revolt, Pangasinan

(1660-61)
Causes: Spanish Oppression and the Desire to Replace the Spaniards as
Personal Rulers of the People

Spurred by the Pampangueno rebellion, the natives of Pangasinan

also rose in arms against the Spanish government in Lingayen on December
15, 1660. Several Spaniards were killed, including an alcalde mayor.
Inspired by the growing number of their followers and their early successes,
Malong proclaimed himself a king and directed his military leaders to place
the province under rebel control with his defenses at the capital town of
Binalatongan. He appointed Pedro Gumapos as count, Francisco Pacadua
as judge, and Jacinto Macasiag, and Melchor de Vera as army generals.

Letters were sent to the people of Tlocos, Zambales, Pampanga and

Cagayan, inviting them to rise against the Spaniards. The Pampanguenos
under Maniago did not join because they had already made their peace
with the Spaniards.

To extend his sovereignty, Malong sent 6,000 men to Pampanga and

3,000 men to llocos and Cagayan, leaving 2,000 men with him in
Pangasinan. But this depleted his forces. The government troops led by Don
Felipe de Ugalde and Don Francisco Esteban outmaneu vered his army in
Pangasinan. He was pursued into the mountains and was caught alive. He
was executed together with Vera, Pacadua, and Macasiag in 1661 in
Binalatongan.

The Revolt of Gumapos (1661)

Cause: Continue Andres Malong's Revolt

Pedro Gumapos and his army of Zambals killed many Spaniards in

llocos. The Ilocanos did not join them; for their loyalty was to their property.
During the Zambal invasion, they hid their valuables in the Bishop's house
and buried other properties.

The bishop assembled the Zambals and threatened them with

excommunication the moment they get anything from the churches or from
his house. But the bishop's words fell on deaf ears.

Gumapos's campaign ended after an encounter with the Spanish

forces. Four hundred rebels were slain and Gumapos himself was taken
prisoner and was later hanged in Vigan.
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the web for more information) You can use some valid online references for the report.

The Revolt of Almazan (1660s)

Cause: Personal Ambitions
The flames of rebellion soon spread in Ilocos with Pedro Almazan as the
defiant leader. Almazan, a rich chief of San Nicolas, crowned himself King of
Ilocos during the wedding ceremony of his son to the daughter of another chief.
He wore the crown of the Queen of Angels taken from the church, which the
rebels sacked. The rebels were gaining some headway at the start but the
Spaniards eventually suppressed them.

Tapar's Revolt, Panay (1663)

Cause: Found a New Religion Under Native Supervision
The prevalent misdemeanor of Spanish friars alienated countless natives
from the Catholic faith. Tapar, a native of Panay, wanted to establish a religious
cult in Oton. He attracted many followers with his stories about his frequent
conversations with a demon.
Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody fight against the Spaniards, along
with native volunteer soldiers. Their corpses were impaled on stakes.

Dagohoy's Revolt, Bohol (1744-1829)

Cause: Refusal to Give His Brother a Christian Burial

Father Gaspar Morales denied Francisco Dagohoy's brother a Christian

burial because the latter died in a duel. Dagohoy argued that his brother's burial
was the responsibility of the Jesuit priest because he had died carrying out the
missionary's order, to arrest an apostate. The priest refused to bury Dagohoy's
brother unless the proper limosnas, or church offerings were given. The body was
left decomposing for three days.

Humiliated by this tragic incident, Dagohoy got mad and incited the natives
of Bohol to revolt. He took around 3,000 men and women to the uplands of
Talibon and lnabangan. He set up a self- sustaining community far from the
Spanish authorities. Dagohoy's community grew in number as more people fled to
the hills to avoid being recruited by the government to join its expeditions in
Northern Mindanao as well as to avoid the harsh impositions of the government.

Dagohoy and his men raided the Jesuit estate of San Javier. Then they
killed the Italian Jesuit curate in Jagna, Father Guiseppe Lamberti in 1744.
Because of the killing, the Spanish authorities tortured and killed Dagohoy's future
father-in-law and the porter of the church of the slain priest.
II* death of the innocent ^nuter drove more people to join Dagohoy's ^roup. Shortly
afterwards, l ather Morales was killed in cold blood. Bishop Miguel Lino de Kspeleta of
Cebu tried to pacify the rebels through negotiations. The plan to send secular priests
to Bohol was not carried out. A 20-year deadlock set in. The community continued to
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subsist without outward sign of rebellion.

Twenty Spanish governors from Caspar de la Torre (1739-45) to Juan

Antonio Martinez (1822-25) tried to stop the rebellion but failed. In the 1740s and
the 1750s, the Spanish government was preoccupied with the Muslim raids.
In 1829, the rebellion finally ended when Governor Mariano Ricafort
pardoned 19,420 survivors and permitted them to live in the new villages. Nothing
has been heard on how Dagohoy died. His autonomous community lasted for 85
years.

Silang's Revolt (1762-63)

Causes: His Imprisonment, Abusive Government Officials, Heavy Taxation
The Ilocanos had already been complaining about the anomalous collection
of tribute and the abuses of the alcaldes max/ores in the exercise of indulto de
comercio. Diego Silang appealed to Don Antonio Zabala, the provincial governor
of llocos to consider the demands of the natives. Regarding him an agitator,
Zabala had Silang incarcerated.

Silang's followers and friends successfully worked for his release. Taking
advantage of the Spanish preoccupation with the British in Manila, Silang led the
revolt of the Ilocanos and made Vigan the capital of his independent government.
His defiance of the Spaniards lost him support of many principals. He ordered that
those principals who were opposing him be arrested and brought to him. Should
they resist, they were to be slain. He also imposed a fine of 100 pesos on each
priest but lowered it to 80 pesos on their petition. Property of the church was also
taken.

Bishop Bernardo Ustariz of Vigan issued an interdict against Silang and his
followers. He exhorted the Ilocanos to withdraw support for the rebels' cause.
In retaliation, Silang imprisoned all of the latter's followers.

Finally, Spanish Governor Simon de Anda sent Silang an ultimatum.

Fearing that Anda was planning to march to llocos, Silang decided to seek the
protection of the British. Shortly thereafter, he accepted the Bri tish offer of
friendship to fight against the Spaniards.

However, Silang's leadership ended with an assassin's bullet. Miguel Vicos,

a Spanish mestizo who wished to take revenge on Silang and Pedro Becbec, a
trusted aide of Silang conspired to kill the rebel leader in exchange of a large
monetary reward. Vicos shot Silang in the latter's house.

Gabriela Silang, Diego's wife, continued the fight. Nicolas Carino, Silang's
uncle, temporarily took command of the forces. He and Gabriela attacked the
town of Santa in Ilocos Sur and won over the government forces. After the battle,
Gabriela went to the forests of Abra and recruited the Tingguians (Itnegs).
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Another battle was fought at Cabugao, but this time the rebels were beaten.
Carino perished in action. Gabriela and her warriors fled to Abra and organized a
new army of Ilocanos and Tingguians.

With her newly reorganized battalion, Gabriela marched towards Vigan.

She rode on a fast horse and led her troops into the combat. The loyal archers of
the Spanish government repulsed her attack. Once more, she went back to the
mountains of Abra with her followers. Don Manuel de Arza, lieutenant governor of
Northern Luzon and his Cagayan warriors followed her trail. With the aid of
Apayaos and Kalingas, they captured her and her surviving followers. On
September 20,1763, Gabriela and her companions were executed in Vigan, Ilocos
Sur.

Palaris Revolt (1762-65)

Causes: Tribute, Spain's Loss of Prestige Due to the British Occupation of Manila
Simultaneous with the Silang revolt was an uprising in Pangasinan. The
local inhabitants wanted the abolition of the tribute and the removal of loaquin
Gamboa, alcalde mayor of the province for irregularities in tax collection.

The rebellion began on November 3,1762 at the town of Binalatongan under

the leadership of Juan de la Cruz Palaris. From Binalatongan, the spirit of
insurrection spread to other towns of the province. Palaris urged the people to
fight since the Spaniards were very weak because of their defeat at the hands of
the British in Manila. For over a year, he succeeded in driving the Spaniards and
friars out of the rebel towns. The Dominican friars tried to pacify the rebels, but
failed.

In March 1764, Don Mariano de Arza together with 3,000 loyal Ilocano
soldiers suppressed the Revolt of Palaris in Pangasinan. Palaris was publicly
hanged.

Basi Revolt (1807)

Cause: Wine Monopoly of 1786
Due to the wine monopoly of the government, the Ilocanos were prohibited
to drink homemade basi (wine fermented from sugarcane). They were compelled
to buy wine from government stores.

On September 16, 1807, the Ilocanos of Piddig, Ilocos Norte, rose in arms
in defense of their favorite wine, basi. The rebellion spread to the neighboring
towns, Badoc and Santo Domingo.

The Spanish alcaldc muyot, who was residing in Vigan, sent a force ot 36
soldiers and two column* of civilian guards with a cannon to attack Badoc.
However, on September 28, 1807, the alcalde mayor together with a strong force
of regular troops attacked them at San lldefonso and quelled the revolt.
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Revolt in Defense of the Spanish

Constitution (1815)
Cause: Abolition of the Liberal Spanish Constitution
The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was very much influenced by the ideals of
the French Revolution - Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. This democratic
constitution granted human rights to both Spaniards and Filipinos. It was
promulgated by the Spanish Cortes (Parliament) and approved and signed by 184
delegates of Spain and her colonies (including the Philippines). One of its
signatories was Ventura de los Reyes, a Filipino.

Upon knowing that this constitution was abolished on May 4, 1814 by the
despotic ruler King Ferdinand VII, an explosion of violence in the country against
the principales took place. The masses suspected that the principales were
behind this, since they had been presumed aiding the Spanish authorities to
perpetuate in power.

On March 3, 1815, more than 1,500 Ilocanos of Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, under
the leadership of Simon Tomas rose in arms in defense of the Spanish
Constitution of 1812. The Ilocanos plundered the houses of rich Spaniards and
pro-Spanish natives. They also looted the churches and killed some friars and
officials. The Spanish government rushed infantry and cavalry forces to the
rebellious towns in the Ilocandia. The revolt ended on March 6, with the surviving
leaders of the rebellion severely punished.

Revolt of the Bayot Brothers (1822)

Cause: Feeling of Distrust between the Peninsulares and the
Creoles
The insulares in the Philippines, as well as the Creoles in other colonies of
Spain resented the extra privileges given to the peninsulares. The feeling of
distrust and antagonism between the peninsulares and the Creoles became
intense in the early decades of the 19th century.

Inspired by the achievements of the Creole liberators in Latin America

from1808 to 1826 and influenced by the ideals of the French Revolution (1789-
1799), the three Bayot brothers - Manuel, Jose, and Joaquin - sons of Colonel
Francisco Bayot, a prominent creole of Manila, conspired with other Creole
officers of the Battalion Real Principe, to overthrow the government, which was
dominated by the peninsulares. The plot was to be carried out on April 17,1822 at
dawn.

A few days before April 17, the plan of the Bayot conspiracy was
discovered. Governor Mariano de Folgueras alerted the Queen's Regiment and
surrounded the barracks of suspected rebels with loyal troops and 15 cannons.
The Bayot brothers were imprisoned after a trial.
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Revolt of Hermano Pule (1840-41)

Apolinario de la Cruz went to Manila to pursue priestly vocation under the
Dominican order. He was not accepted on the ground that he was an itidio
(native). At that time, all religious orders were closed to indios.

In June 1840, Apolinario, better known as Hermano Pule returned to

Lucban, Tayabas Province (now Quezon Province), and founded the Cofradia de
San Jose (Confraternity of St. Joseph), a nationalist fellowship, which fostered the
practice of Christian virtues.

Hermano Pule sought the recognition of his religious brotherhood. However,

Governor General Marcelino Oraa and Archbishop Jose Segui, upon the
recommendation of the Spanish friars, banned his confraternity. Undaunted by the
intolerance of the government authorities, he carried on his religious movement at
Barrio Isabang of Mount Banahaw, then later moved his camp at Alitao, at the foot
of Mount Cristobal. His brotherhood attracted thousands of followers in Tayabas,
Laguna, and Batangas.

On November 1,1841, Lt. Col. Joaquin Huet, a veteran Spanish combat

commander, launched a massive assault in Alitao, killing hundreds of defenseless
old men, women, and children. Hermano Pule was captured the following evening
at Barrio Ibanga and was executed on November 4, 1841. The Spanish soldiers
paraded his chopped body from Tayabas to nearby Lucban, his birthplace.

Enraged by the merciless killing in Alitao, the non- commissioned officers

and soldiers of the Tayabas Regiment secretly planned to rise in arms under the
leadership of Sergeant Irineo Samaniego. After a few hours of fighting at Fort
Santiago, Samaniego and his men were routed, captured and shot to death at
Bagumbayan at sundown of January 21,1843.

Muslim Wars (1578-1898)

The Spaniards made attempts to subdue the inhabitants of Mindanao by
deploying its military forces in the South. The Muslims on the other hand, valiantly
resisted and repulsed the colonizers. They retaliated by raiding territories under
Spanish rule with varying degrees of intensity. The war between the Muslim
Filipinos and the Spaniards (aided by Christian Filipinos) lasted for more than 300
years.

The Muslim wars were brought about by the following reasons: the Spanish
invasion of Mindanao and Sulu, preservation of Islam, and the love of adventure
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arising from the spoils of wars.

In 1597, the Spanish colonizers tried to seize Jolo and force the sultanate
into submission. After his victorious battle in Borneo for the Spanish Crown,
Governor Francisco de Sande sent forces to Jolo, under the command of Captain
Esteban Rodriguez Ue I igueroa. He ordered the pacification of the place and the
payment ot tribute by the inhabitants to the colonial government. Sultan Pangiran
Budiman (Muhammad ul- Halim) resisted the •ittack. However, Sulu fell into
Spanish hands. Pearls were given as tribute to the Spaniards.

The Muslims, haughtily referred to by the Spaniards as Mows, avenged by

plundering coastal towns under Spanish dominion. Sirungan and Salikala
prepared a stronger force of 70 vessels and 4,000 warriors, a year .liter their first
successful raid in the Visayas in 1599. This time, they were repulsed with heavy
losses at Arevalo, lloilo province by 1,000 Visayan warriors and 70 Spanish
arquebusiers under the command of Don Juan Garcia de Sierra, a Spanish
alcalde mayor who died in the fight.

To embark its operations over Muslim Mindanao, the Spaniards built fortified
stations in particular areas. On June 23, 1635, Father Melchor de Vera along with
1,000 Visayans began the building of the stone fort in the province. This fort was
named Fort Pilar (in honor of Nuestra Senora del Pilar, the patroness of
Zamboanga), which helped the government forces in their campaign against the
belligerent natives.
The Spaniards tried to conquer Maguindanao but were thwarted by native
resistance. From 1600-1650, the sultan of Maguindanao, Sultan Muhammad
Dipatuan Kudarat (Corralat in Spanish records) held power in regions from the
Gulf of Davao all the way to Dapitan.

On March 13, 1637, Governor Corcuera with his Spanish- Filipino troops
landed at the mouth of Rio de Grande de Mindanao. The next day, Lamitan,
Sultan Kudarat's capital in Cotabato fell into the hands of the Spaniards. Kudarat
retreated to a hill called Ilihan. Corcuera's troops assaulted the place and finally
captured it after a bloody encounter. Defeated by the Spaniards, Kudarat was
able to escape together with his brave wife, carrying a baby.

On May 24, Governor Corcuera returned to Manila and was given a

conqueror's welcome - with music, religious festivals, and a moro-moro
performance (a stage play about the contending Christians and Muslims with the
former emerging as victors).

The fighting Moros intensified their efforts to continue the battle against the
Spaniards. After nursing his bullet wound in one arm, Sultan Kudarat later
mounted raids on Spanish settlements in Luzon and the Visayas and inspired
fellow Muslims never to submit to the Spanish colonizers. The Muslims also
assaulted the Spanish outposts in Mindanao and Sulu. In 1645, the Tausugs
finally liberated Jolo from the Spanish forces.
NOTE: This file is google-lens-generated file meaning there are some words that are misspelled. (check
the web for more information) You can use some valid online references for the report.

In 1749, Sultan Alimud Din I was deposed by his brother Bantilan because
of his friendship with the Spaniards. On January 2,1750, he and his family,
together with some faithful followers arrived in Manila. The sultan was royally
received by Bishop Juan de Arrechedera, the acting governor general. On April
28 of the same year, he was baptized by the Dominican fathers at Paniqui, Tarlac.
He was named Don Fernando Alimud Din I, the first Christian sultan of Jolo. His
son, Israel, and his daughter Fatima were likewise converted to Christianity and
given education in Manila.

In 1751, Governor General Jose Francisco de Obando wanted Alimud Din I

to regain his throne in Jolo. The sultan left Manila for Jolo and stopped at
Zamboanga. The Spanish commander in Zamboanga claimed to have intercepted
a letter from Alimud Din I to a sultan in Mindanao, which was allegedly
treasonable. Alimud Din I was shipped back to Manila and later imprisoned at Fort
Santiago.

Governor General Pedro Manuel de Arandia, Obando's successor, released

Alimud Din I and granted him royal privileges. In 1762, the British troops rescued
Alimud Din I at Pasig and later restored to him his throne in Jolo.

The Spanish forces, plunged in its conflict with the British and the local
rebels, were unable to control the Mow (plunderer) raids on Christian pueblos in
the Visayas and Luzon. The height of Moro wars occurred in the second half of
the 18th century. In 1769, the Moros landed at Malate and plundered the place.

According to Spanish records, an average of 500 Christians were

captured and sold annually as slaves in Betavia, Sandakan, and in other slave
markets in the East Indies. The Spanish government spent huge sum of
money for military operations against the marauding troops of the South.

In the closing decades of the 19 th century, the Moro power declined. In

1848, Governor General Narciso Claveria, using new steamships, attacked the
Samals at Balanguingui. They brought 350 Samal prisoners to Manila.

On December 11,1850, Governor General Antonio de Urbiztondo left Manila

for Zamboanga in command of a force consisting of 100 troops of artillery and 500
infantry to subjugate the Muslims of Sulu. Upon his arrival in the last week of the
month, he desisted from fighting, realizing that his force was not enough to
capture Jolo. He sailed again to Jolo in January 1851. Sulu warriors fired upon his
ships. The Spanish force retaliated and burned down 1,000 houses and around
100 bancas (boats) in Tungkil before sailing back to Zamboanga. The following
month, after a reinforcement of his troops, Urbiztondo attacked Jolo. The natives
of Sulu lost over 100 men, and were forced into the interior.

In 1861, after more expeditions by the Spaniards in Maguindanao, the

sultan finally recognized Spanish sovereignty. However, resistance continued
NOTE: This file is google-lens-generated file meaning there are some words that are misspelled. (check
the web for more information) You can use some valid online references for the report.

under Datu Ugto in upper Pulangi. Superior Spanish arms allowed the colonizers
to remain in Maguindanao until 1899.

In 1874, Admiral Joni? M.iU.impo became the Spanish governor general in

the Philippines. I le prepared a mighty armada for the invasion of Jolo. This would
put an end to the devastating raids of the Tausugs on the Christian pueblos. The
attack lasted for 24 hours. On March 1, 1876, Sultan Jamalul A'lam worked for
peace with the Spaniards.

Sultan Jamalul A'lam of Jolo transferred his capital to Maimbung. The

Sultanate of Sulu, being a sovereign government was able to lease Sabah (North
Borneo) to a British company. On January 22,1878, Sultan Jamalul A' lam leased
Sabah to Mr. Alfred Dent, an Englishman and Baron Gustavus Von Overbeck, an
Austrian of British North Borneo Company for an annual rental of 5,000 Malayan
dollars. The contract in 1878 used the Tausug word "padjack," which means
lease. (The rental was increased to 5,300 Malayan dollars in 1903 to 1963).

The sultan of Jolo, a direct descendant of Sultan Kudarat, acquired

sovereignty over North Borneo (Sabah) the second half of the 17 th century. When
the sultan of Brunei sought help to the sultan of Jolo to suppress a rebellion in
1704, the Sabah territory was ceded to the latter in 1715 out of gratitude.

In 1886, Governor General Emilio Terrero led the invasion to Cotabato to

subdue the Moro Maguindanaoans. Terrero's forces destroyed some kutas (forts)
of Datu Utto but failed to crush Utto's fighters. After suffering heavy losses,
Governor Terrero decided to return to Manila.

In 1891, Governor General Valeriano Weyler, known as the "Butcher" for his
ruthless suppression of early revolts in Cuba, invaded Lanao. On August 21,
1891, he won the First Battle of Marawi in Lanao Lake. Datu Amai Pakpak, the
defender of Marawi, was able to escape. He recruited more warriors to fight
against the Spanish invaders. Failing to conquer Lanao, Weyler assaulted
Cotabato. However, he was overpowered by Datu Ali Jimbangan and his fierce
krismen (warriors).

In 1895, Governor General Ramon Blanco invaded the Lanao Lake region.
Blanco's troops attacked Marawi on March 10,1895. In this second battle of
Marawi, the heroic Datu Amai Pakpak died in action. Blanco won his battle, but he
failed to conquer Lanao like Terrero and Weyler. To avenge the fall of Marawi and
the death of Datu Amai Pakpak, the Muslim warriors declared a jihad (holy war),
forcing Blanco to halt the campaign and return to Manila.
The bitter warfare between the Spaniards and the Muslims ended in 1898, after the
signing of the Peace Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, which ended the Spanish
domination in the Philippines