J. of al-anbar university for pure science : Vol.2: No.

3 : 2008

ISSN: 1991-8941

INTERACTING BOSON MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR

74
EVEN-EVEN 34 Se40 NUCLEUS

Ibrahim Jasim Abdullah

College of Education / University of Anbar
Received:8/4/2008 Accepted:10/10/2008

ABSTRACT:In the present work, the interacting boson model(IBM-1)has been

used in the calculation of the energy levels as a function of angular momentum
74
E(L) for even-even 34 Se 40 deformed nuclei. The calculated results are compared
with the available experimental data and found to be in a good agreement,
specially at low-lying states, while at high angular momentum, some theoretical
values are somehow larger than the experimental values.
74
Se 40 nucleus
Key words : boson , even-even ., 34

Introduction
When high resolution spectroscopy
is applied to study for atomic
spectral lines emitted as electric
dipole radiation in the visible and
ultraviolet ray, many lines are found
to consist of several closely spaced
components. This splitting of atomic
nuclei is called “hyperfine structure”
(hfs).
Pauli (1924)[1] was the first to
advocate the idea that the (hfs) owes
its existence to a magnetic coupling
between nucleus and electrons and
he predicted on this basis the
fundamental features of Zeeman and
Poschen – Back effects of the (hfs).
The magnitude of the (hfs) splitting
is proportional to the product of the
nuclear magnetic moment L and
the magnetic field produced at the
nucleus by the (orbital and spin)
magnetic moments of the orbital
µ
magnetic moment L of the nucleus
as a whole depends on the strength
of the magnetic field. The spin of the
nucleus and angular momentum of
orbital electrons are tightly coupled
or decoupled depending upon the
value of the magnetic field strength.
Schmidt and Schuler (1935)[3] were
the first to show the existence of
nuclear electric quadruple moments
(QL) from deviations of the selection
rule of the separation between (hfs)
levels. The energy values of the (hfs)
levels may be increased or decreased
further by the additional interaction
of a nuclear quadrupole moment
(QL) with the outer electrons[4].
There are many models which are
used to describe the nuclear
µ properties one of them is
“Interacting Boson Model” (IBM) .
This model was proposed, early by
Feshbach and Iachello (1973)[5], and

electrons. The determination of L

µ it was developed after that by Arima
and Iachello (1974)[6],which is based
was firstly, carried out by Fermi on the following assumptions:
(1930)[2] .He Pointed out that the

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 J. of al-anbar university for pure science : Vol.2: No.3 : 2008
I-The pairs of active nuclear
particles or holes near closed shells
are treated as "bosons'' i.e pairs of
fermions [7].
II-This model depends on the total
number of bosons (N).
III-The multitude of shell which
appears in the shell model is reduced
to the simple s-shell(L=0) and d-
shell(L=2)only.
There are four versions of the
(IBM), called IBM-1,2,3 and 4.This
paper is concerned with version one
of this model i.e"IBM-1" to study
the nuclear structure
74
of 34 Se 40 nucleus.
Nurettin and Ismail(2007)[8 ]studied
the energy levels and B(E2)values of
cerium Ce(A=128-138)isotopes using
IBM-1 and compared the results
with experimental and
theoretical(PTSM)model data and it
was observed that they are in good
agreement.
Theoretical part
Arima and Iachello[9]showed that
the low-lying collective states can be
described in terms of monopole
boson with angular momentum
Lπ=0+ (s-boson) and a quadrupole
boson with angular momentum
Lπ=2+ (d-boson), where s-bosons are
coupled to L=0 state, and d-bosons
having five single boson states[10]:
L=0,±1, ±2
……………….(1)
The operators ŝ , ŝ †, d̂ , d̂ † satisfy
the following “Bose Commutation
Relations” as[11]:
† † †
[ sˆ , sˆ ] = 1; [ sˆ, sˆ ] = [ sˆ , sˆ ] = 0
† †
[ dˆ µ , dˆ µ ] = δ µµ ′ ; [ dˆ µ , dˆ µ ] = [ dˆ µ , dˆ µ ] = 0 .................... .......... .....(
[ sˆ , dˆ µ ] = [ sˆ , dˆ µ ] = [ sˆ , dˆ µ ] = [ sˆ , dˆ µ ] = 0 
† † †
Where:
sˆ, dˆµ ≡
annihilation operators
sˆ † , dˆ µ† ≡
creation operators
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~ˆ
The operators ~
sˆ , d µ are given by the
~ ~ˆ
sˆ = sˆ; dµ = (−1) µ d µ .....................................(3)
following relation [10]:
I-Transitional regions in the IBM-1
There are three transitional regions
in the IBM-1:
1- O(6)-SU(5) region:
In this transitional region, the
Hamiltonian of the operators ŝ , ŝ †,
d̂ , d̂ † in equations(2,3)) can be
written as[11,12]:
Ĥ =∈ nˆ d + a 0 (P̂.P̂) + a1 (L̂.L̂)......................(4)
The solution of
this equation
depends on the ratio (∈ / a o ) when
this ratio is large the eigenfunction
of Ĥ is appropriate to SU(5)
symmetry, but when it is small, the
eigenfunction is appropriate to O(6)
symmetry. The branching ratios (R)
of the electric transition probability
B(E2) for this region remains zero in
SU(5) and O(6) [11,12].
2-SU(3)-SU(5) region:
In this region the rotational SU(3)
symmetry has to be broken with
∈ n̂d term. The general form of the
ˆ
Hamiltonian operator (H ) of this
region can be written as [11]:
Ĥ =∈ nˆ d + a 1L̂2 + a 2 Q̂ 2 .................(5)
The solution of above equation
depends only on the ratio
(∈ / a 2 ) when it is large the
ˆ
eigenfunction of (H ) are appropriate
to the SU(5) symmetry, while if it is
 ˆ
 small the eigenfunction of (H ) are
†
appropriate
2) to SU(3) symmetry.
 The branching ratios (R) of B(E2) of
†
 this region are [11,12].
B(E2 : 2+2 → 01+ )  0 in SU (5)region
R= = .........................(6)
B(E2 : 2+2 → 21+ ) 0.7 in SU (3)region
3- SU(3)-O(6) region:
 J. of al-anbar university for pure science : Vol.2: No.3 : 2008

In this region the SU(3) symmetry iii) O(6) symmetry:

ˆ+ ˆ
has to be broken with P .P term. The electric transition
The general form of the Hamiltonian
probability B(E2: L+2→L )can be
can be written as [11]:
Ĥ = a 0 (P̂.P̂) + a1 (L̂.L̂) + a 2 (Q̂.Q̂) + a 3 (T̂3 .T̂3 )................... ..........(7) written as[13]:
The solution of above equation 1 ( L + 2)
B( E 2; L + 2 → L) = α 22 (2 N − L)(2 N + L + 8)...............(13)
depends on (ao/a2) when it is large, 4 2( L + 5)
the eigenfunctions are appropriate
to O(6) symmetry, while when it is The basic condition for this
small, the eigenfunctions are
appropriate to SU(3) symmetry. In symmetry is [11,12]:
this region the γ-band is below the β- B(E 2;41+ → 21+ ) B( E2;22+ → 21+ ) 10 ( N −1)(N + 5) 10
R( III ) = = = < ...(14)
band, and the branching ratios (R) B(E 2;21+ → 01+ ) B(E 2;21+ → 01+ ) 7 N( N + 4) 7
of B(E2) are [11,12]:
B(E2 : 22+ → 01+ ) 0.7 in SU (3)symmetry Results and Discussions:
R= = ......................(8)
B(E2 : 22+ → 21+ )  0 in O(6) symmetry 
In order to find the
The Electric Transition Probability dynamical symmetry of the
B(E2): understudy nucleus we must
The electric transition calculate the theoretical and the
probablity B(E2) can be written in experimental[14 ]energy ratios of
three dynamical symmetries[11]: + + + +
E( 41 )/E( 21 ) , E( 61 )/E( 21 )and
i) SU(5) symmetry: + +
 L + 2  2 N − L 
B( E 2; L + 2 → L) = α 22   ...................................(9) E( 81 )/E( 21 )and comparing them
 2  2 

where α is a boson effective charge

2
2 with ideal experimental ratios

According to equation (9) the [11]and ideal typical spectrum in

basic condition for the observation refrence[12] these calculations shows

74
SU(5) symmetry is [11,12]: Se40 nucleus belonging to the
the 34

B( E 2;41+ → 21+ )  N −1 dynamical symmetry SU(5)-O(6)-

R( I ) = == 2  < 2.......... .......(10)
B( E 2;21+ → 01+ )  N  SU(3).
ii) SU(3)symmetry: The parameters of IBM-1
B(E2) for the ground state Hamiltonian have been fixed by
+
and of the first excited state 2 are 1 fitting them with energy levels of

given by [11,12]: experimental values for low lying

states. These parameters are shown
3 ( L + 2)( L + 1)
B( E 2; L + 2 → L) = α 2
( 2 N + L + 3)(2 N − L)..(11)
4 (2 L + 3)(2L + 5) in table (1).
2

The basic condition for this Energy Bands Spectrum

symmetry is: The general known

B( E 2;41+ → 21+ ) 10 ( N − 1)(2 N + 5) 10 arrangement is the appearance of g-
R( II ) = = < .......... .......(12)
B( E 2;21+ → 01+ ) 7 N (2 N + 3) 7

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 J. of al-anbar university for pure science : Vol.2: No.3 : 2008

+ + +
From this figure we can see a good
band with sequence ( 01 , 21 , 41 ,...),β-
+ + + reasonable agreement between the
band ( 0 2 , 2 2 , 4 2 ,...) and γ-band
values of energy ground state(g-
+ + + + +
( 2 , 3 , , 5 ,...) i.e 02 is below 2 .
3 4 3 + + +
band) of sequence ( 01 , 21 , 41 ,... )and
1 1 2

In this case the dynamical symmetry their experimental state best than
is either SU(3) or SU(5), whereas the
other bands, also the SU(3), SU(5),
appearance of γ-band before β-
O(6)-Hamiltonian give a very
+ +
band (i.e 2 is below 0 ) this means
2 2 reasonable description of
74
occurrence of " breaking symmetry"
the 34 Se40 energy spectrum .
to which, the nucleus belongs to it, In
The Electric Quadrupole
+
other words, if the state 2 2 comes Moments(Ql):
+
Studying the values of
before 0 2 the dynamical symmetry
nuclear electric quadrupole moment
is O(6).leading to appearance of γ-
(Ql)) is one of the great features for
unstable band , within the general
measuring the nuclear deformations.
behavior SU(3).
The parameters (α2 ,β2) in table(1)
The energy bands
74 have been obtained by fitting them
arrangement of Se40 nucleus
34 are
with the available experimental
classified to(g, β1,γ1, β2,β3,and
values of electric quadrupole
β4)bands as shown in figure (1).
moments. The present values of (Ql))
Figure (1) shows the energy
show that these values are depending
band arrangement and energy levels
on β2-value more than (α2) and both
74
Se40 nucleus in comparison of them depend on total number of
for 34

with available experimental data. bosons (N).

The comparison shows quite well Figure (2) shows the relation
agreement between the calculated between the values of electric
IBM-1 energy spectrum (pw) of quadrupole moments and angular
even-parity levels with available momentum (Li ) for selected nucleus
experimental results belonging to the . The results have been compared
dynamical symmetries SU(5)-O(6)- with experimental data [14] with
SU(3). The energy spectra and the good agreement.
spacing of these nuclei were found to The comparison shows very
fit well with experimental data. perfect agreement of the first excited

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 J. of al-anbar university for pure science : Vol.2: No.3 : 2008

+ + +
( 21 ) state, and somehow small in transition( 61 → 41 ) and increases
+
with increase L+2 before high
second excited state ( 2 2 ).
+ +
74
Se40 nucleus of the point(( 61 → 41 )and decreases
The 34

after that. This means that the

dynamical symmetry SU(5)-O(6)-
strong B(E2) happened at the
SU(3) has an " oblate shape "at
+ +
+
2 +
2 2 +
2 + + + + transition ( 61 → 41 ).
states( 2 , 2 , , 2 , , , and ).
1 2 3 4 7 8 9

Conclusions
This is agreeing with
1-The fitted parameters which are
experimental[14] shape
used to the present calculation
in(21)state. While it has an "prolate
succeeded in studying the
+ + +
shape" at states ( 2 5 , 2 6 ,and 210 ). nuclear structure of even -
74
The Electric transition Se40
even 34 nucleus of the
probability B(E2):
dynamical symmetry SU(5)-O(6)-
The electric transition
SU(3).
probabilities B(E2) are one of the
2- This model gives a good
important basic properties of the
agreement with experimental
deformed nuclei . In order to
data specially, in the ground
evaluate B(E2) ,we must determine
state than other bands.
the parameters (α2 ,β2)by fits them
3- The electric quadrupole moments
with previous experimental results.
Q21
These parameters are shown in ( ) give a very good agreement

table(1). Q22
than ( ).with the available
Figure(5)shows the relation between experimental data in a value and
the probability of the electric sign.
transitions B(E2) for the REFERENCES
+ + + + 1-Pauli W.;Erg. Ex.
transitions( 21 → 01 ),( 41 → 21 ),( Naturwiss,Vol.12, P.741 (1924).
61+ → 41+ ), 81+ → 61+ ), (101+ → 81+ ) , 2-Fermi E.,Z.;Phys.,Vol.60,P.320
(1930).
+ + 3-Breit G.;Phys. Rev.,Vol.
( 121 → 101 )as a function of 37,P.51(1931).
angular momentum L+2→L . 4-Breit G. and Rabi I.; Phys.
Rev.,Vol.38, P.2002 (1931).
It is noticed in this figure that 3-Schmidt T., and Schuler
the highest point happened at the H.;Phys.,Vol.94, P.457 (1935).

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 J. of al-anbar university for pure science : Vol.2: No.3 : 2008

4-Kopfermann H.; "Nuclear Ed.David. Stanford ,pub. In the

moments", Pure and applied united state by oxford
physics,Vol.2, P.386-391 (1958). university press., New York7th
5- Feshbach I. and Iachello F.; Phys. P.1,2.(1988).
Letters B, Vol.45. P.7 (1973). 11-Arima A. and Iachello F.," The
6-Arima A. and Iachello F.; interaction boson model ,"Ed.
Phys.Lett.B,Vol.53,p.309 Iachello F., Pub. Combridge
(1974). university ,press Combridge,
7-Iachello F.," An interacting bosons England,P.(1-133) (1987).
in nuclear physics ,"Ed. By 12-Casten R.F., and Warner D.D,
Iachello F. (plenum , New "The interaction boson
York) P.1 (1979). approximation."
8-Nurettin T.and Ismail M. Rev.modern.Phys.Vol.60,No.2,
,"Microscopic interacting P.389 (1988).
boson model calculation,"J. of 13-Arima A., and Iachello
phys.Vol.68No.5,pp.769(2007). F.,Ann.Phys.(N.Y),Vol.123,P.46
9-Arima A.and Iachello 8(1979).
F.;Ann.Phys..(N.Y)Vol.99,P.253 14-Bhat M.R.,"Nuclear data
(1976). sheets",Vol.51,No.1,2(1987).
10-Bonatsos D.,"Interaction boson
model of nuclear structure,"

Figure (1):The comparison of the experimental[14]and the calculated IBM-1 energy

74
for 34 Se40 nucleus .The parameters are used for calculations ain table(1).

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 J. of al-anbar university for pure science : Vol.2: No.3 : 2008

Figure (2): The electric quadrupole moment as a function of angular

momentum L=21 to 210.

Figure (3): Same as in fig. (2) but for L=3 1 to 3 5.

Figure(4):The electric quadrupole moment as a function of angular momentum

L=41 to410

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 ‫‪J. of al-anbar university for pure science : Vol.2: No.3 : 2008‬‬

‫‪Figure (5): Electric transition probability B(E2) with angular momentum (L)for g-band‬‬

‫‪Table (1): The values of the Hamiltonian operators and parameters (α2,β2)for‬‬
‫‪74‬‬
‫‪nucleus. 34 Se40 even-even‬‬
‫‪Nπ‬‬ ‫‪Nυ‬‬
‫‪ε‬‬ ‫ˆ‪Pˆ † .P‬‬ ‫ˆ‪Lˆ.L‬‬ ‫ˆ‪Qˆ .Q‬‬ ‫‪Tˆ3 .Tˆ3‬‬ ‫‪Tˆ4 .Tˆ4‬‬ ‫‪CHI‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫)‪α2(eb‬‬ ‫)‪β2(eb‬‬
‫)‪(MeV‬‬ ‫)‪(MeV‬‬ ‫)‪(MeV‬‬ ‫)‪(MeV‬‬ ‫)‪(MeV‬‬ ‫)‪(MeV‬‬
‫)‪(MeV‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪0.0830‬‬ ‫‪-0.1960‬‬ ‫‪0.2662‬‬ ‫‪0.1100‬‬ ‫‪0.0314‬‬ ‫‪0.0068‬‬ ‫‪0.1020‬‬ ‫‪0.0660‬‬ ‫‪0.0800‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺯﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ –ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬

‫‪74‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪Se 40‬‬

‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺠﺎﺴﻡ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬

‫‪E.mail:scicol@yahoo.com‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺯﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻭل )‪ (IBM-1‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪74‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ‪Se 40‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫‪34‬‬

‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ‪.‬ﺃﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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