COLLAGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESURCES

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

SENIOR RESEARCH ON
ASSESSING THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN WATERSAHED
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND IMPROVING THE LIVELHOOD IN CHIMBOERD KEBELE
SHET WUHA WATERSHED

Submitted to Natural Resources Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements of

the award of Bachelor of Science degree (BSc) in Natural Resources Management

BY:

1. MELKE TESFAYE (2228/07)

2. NIBRET ALEM (2233/07)
3. ENDALECH JENBER (2211/07)

ADVISOR: TADELE AMDEMARIAM (PhD)

June, 2017

ACKNOWLEGEMENT
First of all we would like to that the almightily GOD for his helping and guiding us in every time of our
life. Next to this we would like to say thanks to our advisor Dr.TadeleAmdemariam who guide and
providing various materials and encourages us toward our task of research conduction and also we
would to thanks to the natural recourse department to supporting for any materials.

I
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents

II
ACKNOWLEGEMENT..............................................................................................................................I

List of table.................................................................................................................................................V

ACRONYMS...........................................................................................................................................VII

Abstract...................................................................................................................................................VIII

1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background of the study...................................................................................................................1

1.2. Statement of the problem..................................................................................................................2

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY.................................................................................................................2

1.3.1. General objective........................................................................................................................2

1.3.2. Specific objective.......................................................................................................................2

1.4. Research question.............................................................................................................................3

1.5. Significance of study.........................................................................................................................3

1.6. Scope of study...................................................................................................................................3

1.7. Limitation of the study.....................................................................................................................3

2. LITRATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................................4

2.1 Historical development of watershed management...........................................................................4

2.2. Watershed defined.............................................................................................................................4

2.3 Watershed management and its components.....................................................................................4

2.4. Watershed management practices in Ethiopia..................................................................................5

2.5. Community participation in watershed management........................................................................5

2.6. Improved livelihoods through convergence......................................................................................6

2.7Benefits from watershed management for Households......................................................................7

2.8. The role of community participation in watershed management...................................................7

2.9. Effect of watershed management on agricultural productivity.........................................................7

3. REASERCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................9

III
 3.1 Description of the study area.............................................................................................................9

3.1.1. Location......................................................................................................................................9

3.1.2. Topography and soil...................................................................................................................9

3.1.3. Climate.......................................................................................................................................9

3.1.4 Vegetation and land use system..................................................................................................9

3.1.5. Demography...............................................................................................................................9

3.1.6. Ethical composition and religious............................................................................................10

3.1.7. Social service............................................................................................................................10

3.2. Data source and type.......................................................................................................................10

3.2.1 Primary data source...................................................................................................................10

3.2.2 Secondary data source...............................................................................................................10

3.3. Sampling techniques.......................................................................................................................11

3.4. Data analysis.......................................................................................................................................11

4 Result and Discussions...........................................................................................................................12

4.1 General Characteristic of Respondent..............................................................................................12

Table 4.3 marital status of respondents..............................................................................................13

Table 4.4 educational status of the respondents.................................................................................13

Table 4.6 occupation of respondents..................................................................................................14

4.2 level of people participate in watershed management practice........................................................14

Table 4.7 knowledge of households about watershed management..................................................14

Table4.8Level of respondent participating in water shade activity....................................................15

Table 4.9the role of farmer during planning phase............................................................................15

Table 4.10 the role of farmers during implementation phase.............................................................15

Table 4.11 the role of farmer during monitoring level.......................................................................16

Table 4.12 the role of Kebele administration office in watershed management................................16

IV
 Table 4.13 the role of Woreda agriculture in watershed activity.......................................................16

Table 4.14 the role of elder people in watershed management..........................................................17

Table 4.15 the role of women in watershed activity..........................................................................17

Table 4.16stakeholder in watershed management..............................................................................17

Table 4.17 the role of stakeholder......................................................................................................18

4.3 The outcome of watershed intervention on livelihood.....................................................................18

Table4.18 effectiveness of watershed activity...................................................................................18

Table 4.19the outcome of watershed management............................................................................18

Table 4.20 benefits of watershed management on households..........................................................19

Table 4.21 watershed management plan............................................................................................19

4.4 The effect of watershed management on Agricultural productivity................................................20

4.4.1 The major problem in your farm land that initiate the implementation of watershed activity..20

Table 4.22 Soil erosion your farm land..............................................................................................20

Table 4.23 the main cause of the soil erosion....................................................................................20

Table 4.24 implementation of soil and water conservation activity...................................................21

5. Conclusion and recommendation..........................................................................................................22

5.1 conclusions.......................................................................................................................................22

5.2 Recommendation.............................................................................................................................22

REFERENCE............................................................................................................................................23

APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................26

V
List of table

Table 4.1 .Age distribution of respondent……………………………………………….12

Table4.2. sex distribution of respondents……………………………………………..…12

Table4.3 marital status of respondents………………………………….……….……...13

Table4.4 educational status of respondents………………………………………………13

Table4.5 family size distribution of respondent…………………………………………13

Table4.6 occupation of respondent………………………………………………………14

Table4.7knolodge of household about watershed management……………………...….14

Table4.8 level of respondent participating in watershed activity……………………….15

Table4.9the role of farmer during planning phase………………………………………15

Table4.10 the role of farmer during implementation phase…………………………..…..15

Table4.11the role of farmer during monitoring level……………………………………..16

Table4.12the role of kebele administration office in watershed management……….......16

Table4.13 role of woreda agriculture in watershed management………………………..16

Table4.14the role of elder people in watershed management……………………………17

Table4.15the role of women in watershed activity…………………………………….…17

Table4.16stakeholder in watershed management……………………………………….17

Table 4.17 the role of stakeholder in watershed management………………………..…18

Table4.18 the effectiveness of watershed activity…………………………………..……18

VI
Table4.19the outcome of watershed management………………………………………..18

Table4.20 the benefit of watershed management on households…………………………19

Table 4.21watershed management plan…………………………………………………..19

Table4.22soil erosion in your farm land………………………………………………..…20

Table 4.23the main cause of soil erosion…………………………………………………20

Table4.24implimentastion of soil and water conservation activity………………………21

Table4.25soil and water conservation implemented by farmers…………………………21

VII
ACRONYMS
ANRSFRE- Amhara National Regional State of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia

CKAO-Chembordkebele agricultural office

CSA -Central Statistical Agency

FAO -Food and Agricultural Organization

IWRM -Integrated Water Resource Management

MoA-Ministry of Agriculture

MoARD-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

NGOs -Non -Governmental Organization

VIII
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the role of community participation in watershed management
practices and improving the livelihood of the community in the study area. With specific objective to
identify level of household’s participation in watershed activity,the outcome of the watershed on
livelihoods and the effect of watershed on agricultural land. To achieve the objective of the research
used primary and secondary data sources to achieve reliable data for the study.The primary data
sources were; Questionnaire, Interviews and Observation and secondary data sources from published
and unpublished materials.The sample size of the respondents involved in the study were
76households.Data analysis techniques we employed both qualitative and quantitative and
accomplished by using tabulation and percentage. In the study area the community participation on
watershed management practice is better from the previous years. But, still small number of
respondent’s participation is not well.The house hold crop yield before and after watershed
management intervention has a great difference. From these after watershed management intervention
was applied crop production of the farmer was increased. Stakeholder’s are high role in watershed
management activity’s such role is fulfilling labor equipment or materials, creating awareness to the
society, supporting budget to do watershed activity and supporting seedling to protect soil erosion.

IX
1 INTRODUCTION
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed aimed at the
sustainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans, programs,
and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal, and human
communities within a watershed boundary. Features of a watershed that agencies seek to manage
include water supply, water quality, drainage, storm water runoff, water rights, and the overall planning
and utilization of watersheds. Landowners, land use agencies, storm water management experts,
environmental specialists, water use surveyors and communities all play an integral part in watershed
management. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed_managemen

1.1. Background of the study

Watershed, especially in the developing world has increasingly been managed and developed for
poverty alleviation and environmental conservation (FAO 2006). Watershed management is a
landscape-based strategy that aims to implement improved natural resource management systems for
improving livelihoods and promoting beneficial conservation, sustainable of natural resources.
Integrated watershed management (IWM) has been promoted in many countries as a suitable strategy
for improving productivity and sustainable intensification of agriculture (Bekele 2007).

In Ethiopia agriculture is the main stay of economic (Teshome 2006) which has been the primary source
of income for more than 85 percent of the population. The productivity is low due to its subsistence rain
fed agriculture (FDRE, 2009). In most developing countries the agricultural land is highly degraded and
major factors contributing for deterioration includes. Ethiopia as a developing country and that which is
characterized by scarce land resource is becoming increasingly dwindling, improper land management,
population pressure, land tenure insecurity, land redistribution, and limited access to credit and
education (IFPRI, 2005). Land degradation in the form of soil erosion sedimentation, depilation of
nutrient, deforestation and overgrazing is one of the basic problems facing farmers in Ethiopia and this
limit their ability to increase agricultural productivity and reduce poverty and food insecurity
(Temsegen, 2012).To address the land degradation and loss of soil, extensive watershed management
practice were launched in Ethiopia particularly after the famine of 19705. Since the huge area been
covered by terrace, bund, and millions of tree have been planted (Herwegn, 1993). The major part of

1
intimate was supported by the World Food Program through its food for work rehabilitation project
(Gete, 2006).

Ethiopia, there was non-governmental policy on soil and water conservation and natural resource
management prior to 1970s. The 1974-1975 famine has made the turning point to conserve the natural
resource (Alemneh, 2003).Watershed development planning with the aim of natural resource
conservation and development program was started in1970s (Lakew, 2005).

Shetwuha was started in 2012, to arrest the problem of soil erosion and land degradation and thus,
conserve this resource for the improvement of the livelihood of the farmers in the study area. Shetwuha
watershed constructed by farm land 250hectar, rangeland 120 hectare and forest and shrub 5 hectares.

1.2. Statement of the problem

The watershed area to be covered under this study is subjected for overexploitation through intensive
and unwise cultivation practices. The study area is characterized by high level of erosion and this is
caused due to lack of soil conservation (CKAO, 2009). Formation of gully is the major problem
observed in the study area, reducing farm the size of terrace and also planting tree for soil conservation
the farmer use to animal feeds. So the study would attempt to examine the role of community
participation in watershed management practice and evaluate the improvement in the lands overall
productivity and its contribution to the livelihood of the farmers in the watershed area.

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

1.3.1. General objective

The overall objective of study is to assess the role of community participation in watershed management
practice and its contribution in improving the livelihood of farmers in the study area.

1.3.2. Specific objective

 To identify the level of people participation in Shetwuha watershed
 To assess the outcome of the watershed intervention on the livelihood of the farmers in the study
area
 To explore the effect of watershed management on agricultural productivity

2
1.4. Research question
What is the level of participation of different stakeholders in the development and implementation of the
watershed plan?

Did the implementation of watershed management plan met the targeted and perceived goal and change
the livelihood of the community?

What was the role of the implementation of the watershed plan the improvement of the condition of
agricultural land?

1.5. Significance of study

The study would be helpful to further protect the natural resource base of the watershed and it is
essential to maintain health and wellbeing of all living things. It also helps community participation in
watershed management practice and creating awareness to people to use the land in sustainable manner.
The study also enriches the existing literate farmers to participating in watershed management practice
and there important to households. The outcome of the study also generates information for different
stakeholders, engineers, researchers, governments and the local farmers to effectively participate in
watershed management practice. The study wasinvestigate major challenges encountered in the
watershed management plan, and the potential experience obtained from the same and such information
will help the best involvement of the community at all level of watershed management implementation.
It also contributes to the effective integration of different stakeholders for the efficient utilization and
management of the watershed resources. The information generated from the study can also be utilized
different researchers to further investigate related studies.

1.6. Scope of study

The study was conducted only one district Chimbordkebele; Shetwuha watershed area and thus other
geographic area are in the domain of this study. Therefore, the finding of this study was not generalized
for other area.

1.7. Limitation of the study

Data collection through observation and discussion with the farmers were highly constrained by time
and measurement of structures limited to fewer samples. Some respondents were not voluntary to
respond questionnaires.

3
2. LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 Historical development of watershed management

History of the development of watershed in the world is not really but now Indonesia by the World
Bank watershed management project started. In Ethiopia, the watershed development started after the
famine of 1973 and the country faced a chronic food shortage. Due to this effect the government of
Ethiopia and nongovernmental organization have initiated soil and water conservation and watershed
development since in 1970 and 1980 respectively (Lakew, 2005).

2.2. Watershed defined

A watershed can simply be defined as any surface area from which run off from rainfall collected and
drained to a common outlet. It is synonymous with a drainage basin or catchment area (Reference). At
socioeconomic level a watershed includes people, their farming system and interactions with their land
resources, coping strategies, social, economic and cultural aspects (Lakew et.al, 2005). In line with this,
Achouri (2002) also defined as an area that water at surface or subsurface flow to a given drainage
system or common outlet. It is the basic building block for land and water planning.

2.3 Watershed management and its components

Watershed management has emerged as a new paradigm for planning, development and management of
land, water and biomass resources with a focus on social and environmental aspects following a
participatory approach. Watershed management is more a philosophy of comprehensive integrated
approach to natural resources management. It aims at integration of social resources management with
natural resource management. The three main components in watershed management are land
management, water management and biomass management (Kerala Calling, 2004).

Water management: Water characteristics like inflows (precipitation, surface water inflow, Ground
water inflow) water use (evaporation, evapo-transpiration, irrigation, drinking water) outflows (surface
water outflow, ground water out flow) storage (surface storage, groundwater storage, root zone storage)
are the principal factors to be taken care of in sustainable water management. The broad interventions
for water management are: Rainwater harvesting, ground water recharge, maintenance of water balance,
preventing water pollution, economic use of water. Rainwater harvesting forms the major component of
water management (Kerala Calling, 2004).

4
Land management: Land characteristics like terrain, slope, and formation, depthand textureand moisture
and infiltration rate and soil capability are the major determinants of land management activities in a
watershed. The broad category of land management interventions can be as follows: structural measures,
vegetative measures, production measures and protection measures (Kerala Calling, 2004).

Biomass management: The major intervention areas for biomass management areeco
preservation,biomass regeneration, forest management and conservation, plant protection and social
forestry, increased productivity of animals, income and employment generation activities, coordination
of health and sanitation programmers, better living standards for people, eco-friendly life style of
people, formation of a learning community etc. (Kerala Calling, 2004).

2.4. Watershed management practices in Ethiopia

The Ethiopian government has for a long time recognized the serious implications of continuing soil
erosion to mitigate environmental degradation and as a result large national programs were implemented
in the 1970s and 1980s (Lakew, 2005).Since 1980, the government has supported rural land
rehabilitation, these aimed to implement natural resource conservation and development programs in
Ethiopia through watershed development (MOARD, 2005). Watershed projects in Ethiopia were very
few in number. The institutional strengthening project was implemented by FAO, and was principally
aimed at capacity building of Ministry of Natural Resource’s technicians and experts and development
agents in the highland regions of the country .By late 1990, watershed development was considered the
focal point for rural development and poverty alleviation. In Ethiopia Watershed management was
merely considered as a practice of soil and water conservation. The success stories of early watershed
projects were marked as the basis of major watershed initiatives in Ethiopia.

2.5. Community participation in watershed management

Participatory watershed development planning and management will be employed to improve the
livelihoods of community/households/ in rural areas and optimize the use of existing natural resources
(ANRSFRE, 2008). Environmental deterioration can best be reversed through involving local people
directly with the state, transforming the common experience of conflict into co-operation ( Jeffery and
Viral, 2001,). Governments and NGOs have recognized that protection of watersheds cannot be

5
achieved without the willing participation of local people (Pretty and Ward, 2001).Therefore for
Successful and sustainable watershed management, people’s participation is essential.

The local people have been either forced to involve in construct terraces, bunds, rehabilitating gullies
and other technical measures that external experts believed would cure watershed degradation (IDB,
1995; Kerr et al., 1996; Rhoades, 1998).

Farmer’s participation is essential not only for implementation of soil and water conservation activities
like terracing, bundling by food for work but also during planning of sustainable management of land
and water resources. Farmers are closer to the real problems, and therefore they are aware of issues that
experts may miss, and their objectives are more practical for economic development (Stocking, 1996).
Furthermore, farmer’s participation in conservation work is also considered important in improving the
adoption of the recommended technology (Ashby et al., 1996)

Managing a watershed involves not only individual plots, but also common property resources like
forests, springs, gullies, roads and footpaths, and vegetation along streams and rivers. User participation
is vital for the success of watershed development projects. A participatory approach implies a major role
for the community and involves partnerships with other interested groups, from bottom to top, and with
policy makers. But the key concern is to identify approaches that can attain an efficient, effective and
accountable line between the community, the local bodies, the state and the central bodies (Carney and
Farrington, 1998).

People’s participation and collective action are critical ingredients for watershed management.
Sustainability, equity and participation are the three basic elements of participatory watershed
management. Sustainability involves conservation and enhancement of the primary productivity of the
ecosystem, the main components of which are land, water and biomass. Of the primary productivity of
the ecosystem, the main components of which are land, water and biomass. Equity has to be seen in
terms of creating an equitable access to livelihood resources for the watershed community. Participatory
watershed management attempts at ensuring sustainability of the ecological, economic and social
exchanges taking place in the watershed territory.

2.6. Improved livelihoods through convergence

To achieve the goal of improving rural livelihoods and sustainable utilization of existing resources
through convergence of activities in the watersheds, such as agriculture, horticulture, livestock, fisheries,

6
poultry and small enterprises that bring value addition to rural produce. The convergence approach is to
make watershed development to be explicitly linked with rural livelihoods and effective poverty
reduction and in the process to identify policy interventions at micro, meso and macro levels. (Wangi et
al 2003)

2.7Benefits from watershed management for Households

Watershed management increases the expected benefits experienced by water supply customers by
reducing the risk of a water supply system failure and in certain cases, by reducing the occurrence of
objectionable colors and in water (Freeman, 1993). System failures can expose the customer to unsafe
drinking water and potential impairment of health. Unpalatable water reduces the customers level;
satisfaction. Watershed management by improving the quality of ground and surface water, increase the
customers expected benefit from consuming tap water by reducing both the risk of system failure and
the risk of receiving unpalatable water.

An improvement in raw water quality may also reduce the customer’s water bill by reducing the cost of
producing treated water and the cost of treating waste water. The reduction in the expected price of
water services increases the expected benefit s the consumer derives from the consumption of various
goods/services including top water. (Boardman, et al., 1996)

2.8. The role of community participation in watershed management

Community participation is an important aspect of both micro and macro watershed management
program (Hiliam, 1972).the process of community participation involvement starts from the
identification the village to analysis, monitoring and evaluation of watershed program. The sustainability
of watershed development therefore depends on the level of participation which requires effective
planning an implementation (Hose k 1982). The participation faster ownership of people over the
resource being managed in the program planning with community allow increasing participation and
produce batter result. Both women and men should play similar role in watershed management practice
(Greek, 1980)

2.9. Effect of watershed management on agricultural productivity

The effect of watershed management is not only in agriculture but also in commercial and
industrialoperation. Thesebenefits are produced by increase in the expected income generated by either
reducing production cost or increasing productivity (Boardmeetal, 1996). For example, watershed

7
management can modify quantity and quality of water that is available for irrigation, resulting reduction
in the cost of producing irrigated crops or in the yield or quality of these crops will benefit the farm
operator by increasing net farm revenues. The example of benefit is user benefit .these is benefit
experienced nonuse benefit from watershed planning. These are individual who value the environmental
for reasons other than their direct use of environmental amenities. Economics identify a number of
distinct nonuse values that can be magnified through watershed management (Boardmen et al 1996).

The other major effect of watershed management on agricultural productivity includes

newirrigationschemes started to be developed with availability of water (Kerr et al 2000), biodiversity
generation and wild animal are emerge, sedimentation of soil reduced with increase fertility of the soil.
Watershed management is economically affect the farmers by increasing the productivity and income
salary (Boardman, 1996).watershed management also recue the current shortage of livestock feed and
increase livestock production and productivity.

8
3. REASERCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of the study area

3.1.1. Location
Shetwuha watershed is founded in Amhara region East Go jam Zone, Gozmenworeda, in Chambord
kebele. It is located in the eastern side of Debre Marko’s and is 8 km away from Debre Markos and 305
km away from Addis Ababa. The total area of the watershed is 425.5 hectare.

3.1.2. Topography and soil

Shetwuha watershed lies in high land area of chimbordkebele with elevation that ranges between 2049
and 2555 meter above sea level (msl). The area is steep slope covered by vegetation the soil type found
in the area is clay loam and the soil is less fertile. (CKAO, 2009)

3.1.3. Climate
The rain fall pattern of DebreMarkos is unimodal and characterized by single maximum rainfall pattern
with peak in July and august. About 800-1200mm of mean annual rain fall in the main rainy season
(keremt) which started from June/July and extends to august the rain fall is low. The mean annual
temperature is 18-20c (CKAO, 2009).

3.1.4 Vegetation and land use system

The vegetation found in the area is both trees and shrubs, but most dominate by trees. The vegetation is
green all year the species occur in the area includes, suspania, treelusern, decrrence, slogan, Omidala,
Eucalyptus Globus. Eucalyptus is the main tree planted in the area for construction and generation
purpose. The most common land use system in study area is mixed both crop and livestock. Wheat is the
dominate crop followed by teff, barley, maize, potato and beans.Sheep and horse are dominant livestock
(CKAO, 2009).

3.1.5. Demography
Based on population censes conducted by the CSA of Ethiopia Chimbord total population 5034from this
2507 are male and 2527 women. In Shetwuha,watershed, the beneficial peoples are man 576 and woman
722 and the total beneficial people are 1298 from the area. (Agricultural and Rural Development Office,
2009)

9
3.1.6. Ethical composition and religious
In east Go jam Chimbordkebele found only Amhara Bihar or 100 percent of people live in chimbordis
Amhara. From the east GojamChimbordkebele is dominantly orthodox (CKAO. 2009)

3.1.7. Social service

The chimbordkebele are three elementary schools, one health center and there are also four agricultural
managers such as natural resource manager, plant science, animal science, and the rest one is
agricultural office head.

3.2. Data source and type

Data was collected from primary and secondary source

3.2.1 Primary data source

In the study area, the data was obtained by means of questionnaire, interview, observation and focus
group discussion.

Questionnaire:relevant information from the watershed people and other stakeholders were collected
through questionnaire

Interview: this method was undertaken to explore variable under investigation in greater detail. the
interview had with key informing of natural resource management expert and Kebele development
office agent. The interview with key information were on the issue such as when and how watershed
practice is started support provided community these participate in watershed management practice.

Observation; under this method the researcherswere directly observed the condition of watershed
management concerning its benefit for households and its effect on agricultural productivity in study
area.

3.2.2 Secondary data source

In secondary data was obtained from published and unpublished materials such as internet, book,
agricultural office and survey document.

10
3.3. Sampling techniques
The study sample technique was selected based on simple random sampling. This is mainly due to the
homogeneity of sample household in terms of the subject under investigation.

The sample size was determined by ;( Yamane, 1967)

N
n= 2
1+ N e

Where, n= the desired sample size

e=standard error ± 10 %

N=no of house hold =318 households

318
n= 2 =76 households
1+(318∗0.1 )

3.4. Data analysis

Data analysis was by both the Combinations of qualitative and quantitative methods were employed for
data analysis. Quantitative data was presented and interpreted by using tables and percentage (%) and,
the qualitative data was represented in the form of statement and descriptive statistical analysis.

11
4 Result and Discussions

4.1 General Characteristic of Respondent

The aim of the result and discussion is assessing the role of community participation in watershed
management and improving livelihood in ChimbordKebeleShetwuna watershed. The study includes the
overall idea of respondent and their respondent and their response based on a gin questionnaires so the
result of questionnaires and interview is present and discus in result and discussion.

Table4.1 age distribution of respondents

Age Frequency Percentage (%)
20-30 12 15.7
31.40 26 34.2
41-50 22 28.9
>50 16 21
Total 76 100
Source field survey 2009

As we observed from table 1, the highest percentage of the respondents were found in the interval 30-31
and 41-50 years old and the minimum percentage of the respondent age found in the age between20-30.
From this data the house hold participation in watershed management practice is between 31-40 years
old.

Table 4.2 Sex distribution of respondents

Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 63 82.8
Female 13 17.1
Total 76 100
Source field survey 2009

As indicated from the above table, the percentage of male is 82.8% and female 17.2%.From the
respondentthe male have higher percentage than those of the females.

12
Table 4.3 marital status of respondents
Marital status Frequency Percentage
Married 69 90.7
Unmarried 7 9.2
Divorced - -
Windowed - -
Total 76 100
Source filed survey 2009

As shown from the above table house hold marital status distribution 90.7% of the respondents were
married and 9.2% were unmarried from this married respondents are more participating than other
households.

Table 4.4 educational status of the respondents

Educational status Frequency Percentage
Illiterate 57 75
Primary school 11 14.4
Secondary school 8 10.5
Total 76 100
Source field survey 2009

As we observed from the above table the majority of respondent are illiterate when we see percent some
are primary and secondary school educated respondent .We understand from this more of the
respondents are not educated.

Table 5.5 family size distribution of respondent

No. of house hold Frequency Percentage (%)
2-3 17 22.3
4-6 43 56.3
7-8 13 17.1
>8 3 3.9
Total 76 100
Source field survey 2009

13
From the above table 5 majority of respondent household member found between intervals 4-6 so the
family size to participate in watershed management practice is necessary. Because the number of
households it gives additional force to watershed management.

Table 4.6 occupation of respondents

Occupation Frequency Percentage (%)
Farmer 71 93.4
Unemployment 5 6.6
Total 76 100
Field survey 2009

In the above table we can see majority of respondent is farmer and the farmer is more participant in
watershed Management practice

4.2 level of people participate in watershed management practice

Table 4.7 knowledge of households about watershed management

Variable Response Frequency Percentage
Do you have prior Knowledge before your Yes 75 99
participate in watershed management? No 1 1

Total 76 100
Did you participate watershed management activity? Yes 76 100
No - -
Total 76 100
Source;field survey 2009

From the above table 99% of the household had some knowledge about watershed management gained
through training that helped them to implement different watershed activities.This showed that most of
the house hold had knowledge about watershed management activity and the entirerespondent is
participating in watershed management activity on protecting agricultural land from erosion and related
land degradation problem. This concept is related with Lakew (2005) as he discussed that watershed
management the solution to mitigate environmental degradation.

14
Table4.8Level of respondent participating in water shade activity
In which part of the watershed Frequency Percentage
process do you participate
During planning 1 1.3
During implementation 58 76.3
During monitoring 6 7.8
Implementation and monitoring 5 6.5
All phase 6 7.8

From above table the respondent participation in planning, implementation and monitoring phrase. The
household is more participation implementation phase. The house hold participate in implementation is
76.3 % in planning phase 1.3% and in monitoring phase 7.6% during implementation and monitoring
phase6.5%andinall phase7.8%. So the farmer is participating in implementation and next to this
participates in monitoring phase.This idea is similar toStocking (1996) he concluded that farmers not
only participate in implementation phase but also participate in all phase for sustainable management of
natural resource.

Table 4.9the role of farmer during planning phase

The role of farmer during Frequency Percentage
planning phase
Supply of information 31 40.7
Time scheduling 3 3.9
Participatory rural appraisal 42 55.2

From the above table the role of farmer during planning phase are supply of information, time
scheduling and participatory rural appraisal as respondent says in percentage 40.7, 3.9 and 55.2
respectively. So the highest percentage of respondent indicates the farmer role in planning is
participatory in rural appraisal.

Table 4.10 the role of farmers during implementation phase

The role of farmer during the Frequency Percentage
implementation phase
Causal labor 60 78.9
Responsibility for received
material 17 22.3
Source field survey 2009

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From the above table majority of respondent have responsible in causal labor it implementation phase.
So the role of farmer at implementation phase is causal labor and 23.3% of the farmers are responsibility
for technical materials.

Table 4.11 the role of farmer during monitoring level

The role of farmer during Frequency Percentage (%)
monitoring level
Writing report 6 7.8
Public meeting 63 82.8
Observation 7 9.2
Source filed observation 2009

From the above table the role of farmer in monitoring phase is writing report, public meeting and
observation and the percentage that role of farmer is 7.8, 82.9 and 9.2,respectively. So in study area the
role of farmer is high in public meeting than others. In study area majority of the house hold not
participating in monitoring phase but more of the house hold participating implementation phase.

Table 4.12 the role of Kebele administration office in watershed management

The role of Kebele administration office in watershed management Frequency Percentage
Promote the principle of participatory 19 25
Demonstration 52 68.4
Measurement 15 19.7
Source field survey 2009

From the table above the main role of Kebele administration office in watershed management is promote
the principle of participatory, demonstration and measurement and in percentage 25%, 68.4%, 19.7%
respectively. So that in study area the highest percentage in role of Kebele administration office is
demonstration.

Table 4.13 the role of Woreda agriculture in watershed activity

The role of Woreda agriculture in Frequency Percentage
watershed management
Fulfilling labor material 16 21.0
Create public meeting 29 38.1
Provide export 36 47.3

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From the above table the main role of Woreda agricultural office in watershed management is
providingexpert, creating public matting and fulfilling labor materials. But the major role of Woreda
agricultural offices is providing expert to support the participant in watershed management activity.

Table 4.14 the role of elder people in watershed management

The role of elder people in watershed management Frequency Percentage (%)
Public meeting 29 28.2
Punishing not participate people 22 38.9
Decision on distribution of benefit 27 35.5
Source filed survey 2009

As observe from the above table the role of elder people in watershed management activity the major
role in punishing not participating people in watershed management.

Table 4.15 the role of women in watershed activity

The role of women’s in watershed management Frequency Percentage
Active participation 34 44.7
Participate in public meeting 14 18.4
Initiating family 24 38.1
Filed survey 2009

As observe from the above table the role women are watershed management is Active participation.
Participating in public meeting, initiating family the percentage is 44.7, 18.4, and 38.1 respectively. So
the role of women in watershed management is active participation compare to others roles. But the role
of women’s in study area is low compare to males but the in watershed management both men and
women are similar role (Greek 1980).

Table 4.16stakeholder in watershed management

Do you have stake holders role in watershed management Frequency Percentage
Yes 76 100
No - -

As observed from the above table stakeholders are role in watershed management because the
percentage is 100%

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Table 4.17 the role of stakeholder
The role of stakeholders Frequency Percentage
High 43 56.3
Medium 26 34.3
Low 7 9.2

As observed from the above table stake holders are role in watershed management activity the role is
high. Such role of stakeholder in watershed management is fill filing labor equipment or material that
are used to watershed activity, creating awareness to the society about watershed management activity.
Supporting awareness to the society about watershed activity, supporting in budget to do watershed
activity and support seedling to protect soil erosion and increase its fertility.

4.3 The outcome of watershed intervention on livelihood

Table4.18 effectiveness of watershed activity

Do you think the watershed Frequency Percentage
activity is effective
Yes 76 100
No - -
Source field survey 2009

As observed from the above table 100% of the respondents tell that the watershed activity is effective
and met the target.

Table 4.19the outcome of watershed management

The outcome of watershed Frequency Percentage
management
Improved a lot 66 86.8
Improved little 10 13.15
No change - -

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Table 4.20 benefits of watershed management on households
Do you have benefit Frequency Percentage (%)
fromwatershedmanagement in
term of income
Yes 76 100
No - -
Source field survey 2009

As observed from the above table 100% of the respondents tell that the watershed is benefit house hold.
According to natural resource management of Kebele and respondent the watershed management is
getmore benefit the benefit is increase productivity of crop, reducing soil erosion, increase soil fertility,
rehabilitation of eroded land and increase the income of society, create job opportunity to un
employment during the participation of watershed activity and the planted tree is source of feed for
animals. So the watershed management is benefiting the households.

At the current time the crop productivity of the farmer is increase and after watershed management
implementation the households change in livelihood status by fulfilling basic need and by saving money
after do watershed activity. Participating in watershed development and management will employed to
improve the livelihood of community in rural area and optimize the use of existing natural resource
(ANRSFRE, 2008).Before watershed activity is done the house hold not enough crops is produce house
of there is soil erosion and also the fertility of soil is also less then after watershed activity the improve
this problem.

Table 4.21 watershed management plan

Variable Response Frequenc Percentage
y
Yes 72 94.7
Do you implement the watershed according to the plan?
No 2 5.3
Yes 62 81.5
Do you they follow the plan every yearswatershed activity implemented?
No 14 18.5
Source field survey 2009

From the above table observed 94.7% of the respondent tell that the watershed is implement according
to the plan and the remaining 5.3 is assumed that the watershed is not implemented according to the plan
and 81.5% of the respondents say that the watershed is implementer every yearsaccording to the plan. So

19
that the watershed is implement according to the planned followed the plans every years. The watershed
is constructed by NGO the name of the NGO is MigbareSenay and the watershed is done by the
community because protection of the watershed cannot be achieved without the participation of local
people. (pretty and ward, 2991)

4.4 The effect of watershed management on Agricultural productivity

4.4.1 The major problem in your farm land that initiate the implementation of watershed
activity.
From the data obtained from the respondent the major problem in the farm land that initiate the
implementation of watershed activity are soil erosion, slop terrain. Soil fertility decline, yield decline
(crop productivity decrease) and others duet to effect of government of Ethiopia and NGO have initiate
soil and water conservation and watershed development(Lakew ,2005).From this soil erosion increase
decline agricultural productivity and affect agricultural land.

Table 4.22 Soil erosion your farm land

Is there soil erosion in your farm land Frequency Percentage
Yes 76 100
No - -
Filed survey 2009

From the above data obtained from the respondent there is soil erosion in the farm land. This shows soil
erosion is the serious problem in study area.

Table 4.23 the main cause of the soil erosion

The main cause of soil erosion Frequency Percentage
Slope terrain 51 67.1
Deforestation 10 13.1
High rainfall 12 15.1
Overgrazing 3 3.9

From the table above the main cause of soil erosion in study area were slopeterrain, deforestation, high
rainfall and overgrazing to the level of 67.1, 13.1, 15.1, 3.9%, respectively. So that in study area the
highest percentage of soil erosion cause due to slop terrain.

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Table 4.24 implementation of soil and water conservation activity
Did you implement soil and Frequency Percentage
water conservation practice
Yes 76 100
No - -
Source field survey 2009

From the above table house hold is implement soil and water conservation activity. This indicates that
the farmers do understandthe importance of watershed activity and implement soil and water
conservation practices.The localpeople have beenforced to involve in contractingterraces, bunds,
rehabilitating gullies and other technical measure that external expert believed cure watershed
degradation (IDB, 1995, Kerr et 1996)

Table 4.25 soil and water conservation implemented by farmers

Soil water conservation method Frequency Percentage
Strip cropping 2 2.6
Counter farming 16 21.0
Check dam 49 64.4
Tree planting 9 11.8
Source field survey 2009.

The above table indicate that soil and water conservation method applied by the farmer is strip cropping,
contour farming, check dam, tree planting and the percentage of respondents to the respective
conservation measure were found to be 2.6, 21.0, 64.4, 11.8, respectively. From all method, check dam
was applied most commonly. As the result obtained from observation other physical SWC measures
likefanyajju, stone bund, waterway,and cutoff drain were implemented in the study area. Farmer
participation in conservation work is important to adapting new technology (Ashby et al 1996).

From the data obtained from the respondent after the implementation watershed activity agricultural
crop productivity increase and also improve agricultural Land by reducing soil erosion, flood, by
improving soil fertility and rehabilitate the eroded land. (Kerr et al 2000)

21
5. Conclusion and recommendation
5.1 conclusions
The focus of this research is assessing the role of community participation in watershed management
practice and improving livelihood in chimboerdKebeleshetwuha watershed the data collected from76
households. Watershed management activity is a base to improve and conserving natural resource for
improving livelihoods. By the helping of NGO the local community participating in watershed activity
the participation of the watershed community household manifested in different stage of project activity
and about 89.5% of the respondent in implementation whereas less than 15% of respondents of
household participate in planning, monitoring and evaluation stage. After the implementation of
watershed management activity the agricultural productivity increase because of agricultural land is
improve by different soil and water conservation activity such as strip cropping, contour farming and
check dam tree planting and others.It has been noted that participating in watershed management
activity is an outcome on households by raise income, and agricultural productivity. The watershed
management activities are benefits the households by increasing crop productivity through increasing
soil fertility and reducing soil erosions.

5.2 Recommendation
Watershed management is major approach to sustain resource in study area. Therefore community
participation which is recognized as key to success of watershed management plan all stake holders,
governmental institution, NGO and other particles should be involved at the begging in watershed
management plan. Such participation should be a major component to design policy or development
plan.

Female house hold participation in watershed management was lower in study area. Therefore, in
watershed management should be gives to females because women is one component of society

Participating in watershed management activity is critical to conserve natural resources and all
stakeholders are role to conserve natural resource.

Government and other natural resource expert are following the watershed every year and creating
awareness to the society to protect the watershed.

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B., Okone,N,Acouri,M.andTennyson,L.(eds).proceedings of African workshop on watershed
management in Nairobi, Kenya held from 8-10October. Watershed management and mountain
development working paper No. 8, FAO, Rome

Amhara National Regional State of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia (ANRSFRE) incollaboration with
Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development
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watershed, Ethiopia. Pp.28

Alemneh 2003 integrated natural resource management to enhance food security case of community
based approach in Ethiopia, FAO, and Rome

Ashby, J. 1996. What do we mean by participatory research in agriculture: participatory research and
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BekeleTesemma, A2007. Profitable agro forestry innovations for easternAfricaexperiencefromagro-

climatic zones of Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. World Agro-forestry Centre
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CKAO,(2009)Chimbordkebele agricultural office

Farrington, J.,Turton, C., &James, A. J(1999). Participatory Watershed Development: Challenges for the
Twenty-first Century. London: Oxford University Press.

FAO, 2006.Thenew generation of watershed management program and project, forestry pape150Rome

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CSOP),s(2009). Review main development Opportunity addressed by the project: Fraiture,
Karlberg and rockstrom,
(2009).CanrainfedAgriculturefeedtheworldAnassessmentofpotentialsandriskinWani,Rockstorma
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Gete, (2006)thesimplywatershedmanagement show encouraging impacts.... Behind integrated watershed
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GeteZeleke(2003). State of Natural Resources Base in Ethiopia: Challenges and Opportunities. In:
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(FAO). FAO Corporate Document Repository Rome

Herweg, K. 1993. ''Problems of acceptance and adoption of soil conservation inEthiopia

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Hilliam, 1972 community participation is important aspect of both micro and macro watershed
development programs

Hoes, k(1982)sustainability of watershed depends on level of community participation

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Center) and EEPFE (Environmental Economics Policy Forum of Ethiopia) 2005.Poverty and
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management approach: a case study of the Save catchment, Zimbabwe, Physics and Chemistry
of the Earth, Vol. 27, 867-874.

Kerr, J. M., Sanghi, N. K., Sriramappa, G. 1996. Subsidies in watershed development projects in India:
distortions and opportunities, Gatekeeper Series No. 61, International Institute for environment...

Kerala calling (2004)http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-698X-13-42.pdfOct 12, 2013 ...

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to Enable Transition to More sustainable Livelihoods. 2004. Report on study tour to China and

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APPENDIX
Quaternaries to assessing the role of community participation in watershed management practice and
improving livelihood inchmbordkebeleshetwuha watershed

Part 1 Household information

1. Age A. 20-30 b. 31-40 C. 41-50 D. >50

2. Sex A. male B. female
3. Marital status A. married B. single C. divorced D. windowed
4. Educational status A. illiterate B. primary C. secondary D. diploma and above
5. Number of house hold A. 2-3 B. 4-6 C. 7-8 D. above 8
6. Occupation A. farmer B. civil servant C. trade D. un employment

Part 2 Information about the role of community participation in shetwuha watershed

1. Do you have knowledge about watershed management A. yes B. no

2. What were the major problems in your farm land that initiate the implementation of watershed
activity? ------------------------------------------ ------. ------------------------------ . ------------------------
3. Is there soil erosion in your farm land A. yes B. no
4. If your answer ifyes what is the major cause of soil erosion in your farm land
A. Slop terrain B. deforestation C. high rain fall, A. over grazing
5. Are you implemented soil and water conservation activity A. yes B. no
6. If your answer is yes which type of soil and water conservation method is practice in your farmland?
A. strip cropping B. contour farming C. check dam D. tree planting
7. Do you have stake holders role in watershed management A. yes B. no
8. If your answer is yes the role of stakeholders is A. high B. medium C. low
9. What was your role as stake holder ------------------- --------------.---------------------- . -----------
10. Do you have benefit household from watershed management A. yes B. no
11. If your answer is yes mention the benefit that option from watershed
management .---------------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ---------. ------------------
12. The outcome of watershed management on livelihood status is A. improved a lot B. improved
little C. no change

26
13. After watershed management implementation agricultural crop yield increase A. yes B. no C.
remain the same
14. Do you think the watershed is effective A. yes B. no
15. By whom contract the watershed A. government B. NGO C. community
16. Who participate in soil water conservation practice A. community B. family C. gov’t
17. Which type of crop did you mainly cultivate A. barely B. water C. maize D. beans E. teff
F. potato
18. Do you have livestock A. yes B. no
19. If your answer is yes mention type and number of live stock
20. Did you participate in watershed management A. yes b. no
21. If your answer is yes in which part you participate A. during planning B. during implementation
C. during monitoring
22. What was the role of farmer during planning phase A. identification and priorization of problem
B. time scheduling C. participatory rural appraisal
23. What was the role of farmer during implementation phase A. casual labor B. responsibility to
technical material
24. What was the role of farmer during monitoring A. report B. public meeting C. observation
25. What was the role of kebele administration office in watershed management A. promote the
principle of participatory B. demonstration C. measurement
26. What was the role of woreda agriculture in watershed management A. fulfill labor material B
create public metting C. provide experts
27. What was the role of elder people in watershed management A. public meeting B. pushing not
participate people C. diction on distribution of benefit
28. What was the role of women in watershed management A. active participation B. participate in
public meetings C. initiating family
29. How many years that prepare plan? A. one year’s B. two years C. more than two years
30. Do you implement the watershed management according to plan? A. yes B. no
31. Do they follow the plan every year they run in to the implementation of watershed activity
A. yes B. no

27