COLLEGE OF AGRICTURE AND

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SCHOOLE OF NATURAL RESOURES MANAGEMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROGRAME
Senior seminar

Title household solid waste generation rate and

composition in Injibara town

Advisor Mr .Arbo, F
Prepared by Abebe Yilak

January 13/01/2017
Acknowledgment
Above all, I am grateful to the Almighty God in giving me health,
patience, strength protection throughout the period of the
study.Furthermore, I, am indebted to Mr Arbo.F Who put me in the right
track of the successful and timely accomplished of this study for his
continuous and constructive comments with friendly approach and
unreserved assistance from early title selection till the final write up
of the thesis.
List of Abbreviation
HH household
MSW municipal solid waste
SBD sanitation and beatification desk
UK united kingdom
Table of content
page
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………….. i
List of Abbreviation……………………………………………………... ….ii
List of table
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...ii
1 Introduction………………………………………………………………1
1.1 Background of the study………………………………………… 1
1.2 Statement of the problem………………………………………. 2
1.3 Objective ………………………………………………………………. 2
1.3.1 General objective……………………………………………….2
1.3.2 Specific objective………………………………………………3
2 Literature review……………………………………………………… 3
2.1 Waste…………………………………………………………………… 3
2.2 Solid waste……………………………………………………………… 4
2.3 Solid waste generation rate…………………………………………6
2.4 Sources and type of solid waste…………………………………..6
2.5 Characteristic of solid waste……………………………………….7
2.6 2.6 Component of solid waste………………………………………7
3 Conclusion and recommendation……………………………………….7
3.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….8
3.2 Recommendation……………………………………………………….8
4 Reference………………………………………………………………… ………. 9
Abstract
Solid waste are generates in different sources. Injibara town like other
developing town many of solid generate from household like hotels,
restaurants offices ,commercials ,and street sweeping .solid waste
have different types such as municipal solid waste ,food waste,
biomedical waste .solid waste are dived into organic matter
(paper ,wood food waste). inorganic waste ( rubber ,leather, plastic ,
metal ) solid waste are affect the beatification of the cities and affect
the human health ,animal health .generally waste are unwanted
materials that generate by different human activities some of the
degraded by living organism others are not degraded by organism.
1 INTRODUCTION
• Background of the study
The rapid urbanization that has been taking place during the
20 century virtually transformed the world into community of
cities and town facing similar challenges on environmental
issue in which most of them have to be addressed at
international level (Smith 2010) among the environmental
issue .Solid waste generation has been an unavoidable and
critical issue both developed and developing nations
In developed country the daily life of people can generate
greater quantity of solid waste than developing
country .however most parte of developed nation are more
efficient in handling waste than those compared in developing
nation .because of their technologically complex,
institutionally efficient and cost effective in solid waste
management system (Srinivas 2006) .on the contrary
compared to developed countries, developing countries
produced less per. Capital solid waste . but the capacity of
developing countries to collect process and disposal waste is
limited due to inadequate infrastructure ,finance ,political
instability ,in efficient institutional capacity and low level of
awareness
(Solomon 2011) indicate that about 30 to 50 percent of the
solid waste produced in urban area of low income country and
in poorest parte of middle-income country has been left
uncollected. This situation has introduced numerous
discomforts to communities and threaten human health
through direct contact or through contamination of water and
soil (Asnani 2009) in Ethiopia urbanization and population
booming .
According to Dawit and Alebel (2008) the amount of solid
waste in Addis Ababa and other fast growing area in the
country has been increase over time largely attribute to rapid
population growth rate .the authors indicated that from the
total solid waste released by the population in the cities about
50-60 % was collected and the rest was un attended (Zebenay
2010) like other developing countries the increase of solid
waste generation is resulted from rapid
.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In Injibara town is characterized by rapid population growth
caused by natural increase and migration .such as rapid
increase in population together with rapid development of the
town has increase produced volume of solid waste .however
the tow sanitation and beautification desk (SBD) which run the
solid waste management activity of the town could not fulfill
the above requirements . for instance currently the SBD
provide the collection services in part of the town through
some small group organized for door to door collection . there
is neither any public communal waste collection nor any rod
side dustbins in the town . most of solid waste that generate
in the town remain uncollected and simply dumped in open
area ,rod side and river course . the environment and sanitary
condition of the town has become more serious problem from
time to time and people are suffering from living such
condition .

1.3 OBJECTIVE
 • General objective
Objective of the study was to assess the generation rate
composition of household solid waste

1.3.1 Specific Objective

To describe the generation rate of household solid waste in the
Town per day
To determine the generation rate and composition of household
Solid waste
To know the source and type of solid waste
To control generation rate of solid waste

2 LITERATURE REVIWE
2.1 Waste:
Waste is unavoidable part of human activity .they either come from
man production activities or as by product of the material consumed
by man. Arising quality of life and high rate of resource consumption
patterns have had an unintended and negative impact on the urban
environment.
Generation of waste for the handling capacities of urban government
and agencies. Cities are now grappling with the problem of high
volume of waste the cost involved the disposal technologies and
methodologies the impact of waste on the local and global
environment (Srinivis 2006).
Waste according to UK environmental protection act (1990) it is any
substance which constitutes scarp material an effluent or other
unwanted surplus arising from application of any substance. Which
requires disposed of which has broken worn out contaminated or
otherwise spoiled solid waste can be define as any
garbage ,refuse ,sludge and other discarded solid material resulting
from industry, commercial, agricultural operation and communities
activity .but does not include dissolved material . in short it is
anything that is neither liquid nor gasses and discarded as unwanted
(Federal Negarit Gazeta of Ethiopia,proclamation number 513 of 2007)
materials. Generally waste are classified into solid waste, hazardous
waste, liquid waste, gaseous waste , municipal waste and have
deferent source that are agricultural ,commercial ,industrial,
household street sweeping.

2.2 solid waste

According to Techobanoglous et.al (1993) solid waste comprise all the
waste arising from human and animal activities that are normally
discarded as useless or unwanted materials.
(Guerrero et.al(2012) also regard solid waste as material that no
longer has any value to the person who is responsible for it and is not
intended to be discharged through a pipe .It does not normally include
human excreta .It is generated domestic ,commercial ,
industrial ,agricultural and mineral extraction activities and
accumulates in street and public places .
Solid waste may be in the form of household garbage left over of food
and other wastage that include old household item such as paper,
plastic waste in the form of kitchens equipment or any other product
that are consumed during every day activities .
The emergence of solid waste can be dated back to the beginning of
human civilization when early man began to consume animal product
and generate garbage in the form of bones and other part of animal
they used to slaughter.
Some of solid waste did not pose any serious health hazard to the
environment as this solid waste was degrade nature and goes easily
mixed up with the soil The industrial revolution in the beginning of 19
th century led to all enormous increase in the production of different
type of goods that led to the generation of solid waste that was non-
biodegradable.

2.3 Solid waste generation rate

Solid waste generation rate refers to the “amount of waste disposed
during a given period of time and the quantification of it involves different
methods: by measurement at the point of generation, through use of
vehicle survey and by examination of records at the disposal facility”
(UNEP, 2009) The rate of solid waste generated in a given town is
basically determined by demographic growth, seasonal variation,
geographic location, economic development and people’s attitude
towards waste. Nashiimirimana (2004) explained the influence of
economic development by comparing gross national product of developed
and
Developing countries with their waste generation rate. He concludes that
the higher the gross national product of a country result the higher the
generation of waste. It means due to difference in level economic
performance, waste generation rate of developed countries is highly
greater than that of developing countries. Although developing countries
have a lower rate of waste generation compared to developed countries,
their quantum of waste is high owing to their higher levels of population
growth. This clearly shows impact of population
size on waste generation rate (Nashiimirimana 2004).On the other hand,
people’s attitude towards waste can also conditioned solid waste
generation rate in the form of their pattern of material use and waste
handling, their interest in waste reduction and minimization, and the
degree to which they refrain from indiscriminate dumping and littering
(Schubeler, 1996). Therefore, an accurate knowledge of quantity and rate
of solid waste generation in a given area is essential for preparation and
implementationOf appropriate Municipal solid waste management.
Because it provides information on Human, financial and equipment
resources required for collection and transportation of waste, to enact
appropriate laws on waste reduction, and establish current and future
needs for solid Waste disposal sites (Abel, 2007).
2.4 Sources and types solid waste
In order to categorize what exactly municipal solid waste constitutes,
there have been different attempts of categorization based on
numerous classification criteria. Some of those criteria are sources
from which solid wastes emanate, and nature of solid waste
components. On the basis of the nature of items that constitute solid
wastes, it can be classified into organic
Or inorganic, combustible or non-combustible, and putrescible or non-
putrescible (G/Tsadkan,2002).With respect to source from which solid
waste emanates, Martin (2000) categorized municipal
Solid waste as household (residential) refuse, institutional wastes,
street sweepings, commercial areas wastes, as well as construction
and demolition debris. In developing countries, MSW also contains
various amounts of industrial wastes from small scale industries. In
these sources there are diverse types of solid wastes. But, some of
typical solid wastes of those sources are described by Dereje (2001)
as follows:
Domestic solid wastes: wastes generated from household activities
such as food preparation, cleaning, fuel burning, old cloths, furniture,
obsolete utensils and equipment, packaging, newsprint, and garden
wastes. In developing countries, food waste and ashes dominate
households’ solid wastes. Commercial wastes: waste from shops,
offices, hotels, restaurants, etc and typically consisting packaging
materials, office supplies and food wastes. In low income countries
food markets contribute the largest proportion of commercial waste
Institutional wastes: waste from schools, hospitals, clinics,
government offices, military bases etc., and comprise hospital and
clinical wastes including potentially infectious and
Hazardous materials. Industrial wastes: composition of industrial
waste depends on the kind of industries involved. It consist food waste
from kitchens, and canteens, packaging materials plastics ,papers,
metal items and chemicals. Street sweepings: dust, soil, paper, etc. In
developing countries street sweeping also include
Fruit and vegetable residues, household wastes dumped along roads,
drain cleanings, animal manure and plant remains 4
According to Puopic (2010) rubbish waste consist of compostable and
non-compostable solid waste from household, commercial and
institutional activities. Compostable material includes paper ,card
bored ,plastic textile rubber and wood.

2.5 Characteristics of Solid Waste

For effective and efficient management of solid waste generated in a
particular city, adequate knowledge and data about the
characteristics of solid waste is essential. In order to decide or
determine types of facilities required for solid waste management,best
disposal options, and projecting future needs requires precise
information about quantities, compositions, densities,moisture content
and calorific value of solid waste produced in a city ( G/tsadkan,2002).
Though all the above characteristics are important, for this study the
researcher emphasize only on municipal solid waste physical
composition and generation rate

2.6 Component of solid waste

The domestic solid waste also contain different component which are
also classify them into such type of organic or inorganic and bio-
degradable or non-biodegradable for example plastic paper glass
ceramic textile metal and inert waste conducted by surrey country UK
in 2oo2/2003.
(Baaberegis, 2009 ) analysis the composition of solid waste stream in
the country contain paper, plastic film , dens plastic ,textile
glass ,metal and food waste in that aspect of the waste stream that is
compostable. Organic waste that are paper, wood and food waste that
is aspect of the waste stream compostable .inorganic waste on the
other hand non-compostable waste (rubber , glass ,leather,
plastic ,metal ). Biodegradable waste matter is type of waste typically
originated from plant and animal source which may be broken down by
lining organism (paper waste ,human waste ,sewage) and non-
biodegradable waste are will not broken down by living organism
(plastic ,metal and glass).Dangerous chemical and toxins are also non-
biodegradable as are plastic grocery bags,styrofoam(polystyrene) and
other similar materials. (Yitayal,2005)waste from low and middle-
income countries fewer paper product and non- food item than waste
from industrial countries .the composition of solid waste is a key
determinate in decision concerning type of vehicles needed for
collection and transfer, requirement for final disposal (Crrales and
Horton, 1995). Increase of food waste in household with increase in
income level is common in less industrialized countries
(Fernandez,1996)

3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

3.1 Conclusion
Solid waste is waste that generates by human activities
either come from production activities or by produced material
consumed and food makes. Most of waste are non degraded
solid other are degraded solid .this solid waste are either
municipal or hazardous waste. Solid waste that generated
from commercial activities, agricultural activities, institutional
and constricts of building that affect of the
environment ,health of human ,animal and pollute water
bodies .
3.2 Recommendation
• People that practice care about generation of solid
waste that generate agricultural practice because
they pollute water body
• Health care organization are give awareness to the
communities and different institutions the effects
of waste on the environment and health of human,
anima
• The administration of the town make rules and
regulation on the people that throw of waste in to
the street and water bodies

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Addis Ababa Ethiopia
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Metropolitan Area ,Ms c Thesis,Kwame Nkrumah University
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