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(11.11) An Improved Modulation Strategy For A Hybrid Multilevel Inverter
(11.11) An Improved Modulation Strategy For A Hybrid Multilevel Inverter
* * ** **
B. P. McGrath , D.G. Holmes , M. Manjrekar and T. A. Lipo
*
Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering,
Monash University
Wellington Road, Clayton, 3168, AUSTRALIA
**
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Wisconsin - Madison
1415 Engineering Drive Madison, WI 53706, USA
MVDC
+ + +
2VDC 2V DC 2V DC
+ + +
VDC VDC VDC
-MVDC
-VDC
VN
Figure 3 : Structure of a Seven Level Hybrid Inverter. 0 π/3 π2π/3 4π/3 5π/3 2π
ω0t
different types of power electronic devices that are required. Figure 4 : Reference and Carrier Waveform arrangement for PD PWM of
Furthermore because the number of full bridge inverters a 7 Level NPC inverter.
required is reduced the design of the multiwinding inverter, with phase shifted carriers between the cascaded
transformer for the DC supplies is considerably simplified. inverters of each phase leg to achieve optimum harmonic
Modulation of a multilevel converter is quite challenging, cancellation within the phase leg [7]. Recent work [8] has
and much of the reported research is based on somewhat shown that this modulation strategy achieves the same
heuristic investigations. For NPC multilevel inverters, most harmonic performance as the APOD technique for NPC
carrier based modulation strategies derive from disposition inverters when the switching frequencies are normalised so
techniques developed by Carrara et al [6], where for an N as to achieve the same overall number of switching
level inverter, N-1 carriers of identical frequency and transitions per fundamental cycle. From this understanding,
amplitude are arranged to occupy contiguous bands between an improved modulation strategy for Cascaded inverters has
+VDC and -VDC. These carriers can be arranged in: been developed using a discontinuous three level PWM
(i) Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD), 0
strategy with 180 phase shifted carriers within each full
0
where each carrier is phase shifted by 180 from its bridge inverter, which achieves the same harmonic
adjacent carriers. performance on a line-to-line basis as does PD modulation
(ii) Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) where the carriers for a NPC inverter.
above the reference zero point are out of phase with Since the Hybrid inverter topology is derived from the
0
those below the zero point by 180 . Cascaded structure it is reasonable to expect that a similar
(iii) Phase Disposition (PD) where all carriers are in phase. situation exists for the Hybrid inverter. This paper confirms
Figure 4 shows the reference and carrier waveform this expectation, firstly by showing that the Hybrid inverter
arrangements necessary to achieve PD PWM for a seven with three level modulation of the PWM inverters, like the
level converter. It is known from previous work [6] [8] that Cascaded inverter, does achieve a performance similar to the
the PD technique produces less harmonics on a line-to-line NPC inverter under APOD modulation, and then by
basis compared to the other two techniques because it puts proposing a discontinuous PWM strategy with 180 phase
0
harmonic energy directly into a common mode carrier shifted carriers for the Hybrid converter, which achieves an
component which cancels across the line-to-line outputs. improved harmonic performance similar to PD modulation of
For Cascaded Inverters, the common modulation strategy a NPC inverter.
is to use continuous three level PWM within each individual
3VDC 3VDC
VDC
2VDC 2VDC
VDC VDC
0 0 0
-VDC -VDC
-2VDC -2VDC
-VDC
-3VDC -3VDC
0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π
ω0t ω0t ω0t
Figure 5 : Hybrid Inverter Modulation Waveforms - (a) High Voltage (HV) Stage Reference and Switched Output Waveform, (b) Low Voltage (LV) Stage
Reference and Switched Output Waveform, (c) Hybrid Inverter Switched Output Waveform.
A00 ∞ A0 n cos(nω o t ) + ∞ Am 0 cos(mω c t ) + ∞ ∞ Amn cos(mω ct + nω o t ) +
F (t ) = + ∑ + ∑ + ∑ ∑ (1)
2 n =1 B0n sin (nω t )
o m =1 Bm0 sin (mω t )
c m =1n = −∞ Bmn sin (m ω c t + nω o
t )
n≠0
π π
F (x , y )e j (mx + ny )dxdy ,
1
C mn = Amn + jB mn =
2π 2 ∫ ∫
−π −π
x = ω c t, y = ω o t (2)
F(x,y) F(x,y) F(x,y) F(x,y) F(x,y) = F(x,y) F(x,y) = +2VDC F(x,y) F(x,y) =
=0 =0 =0 =0 -2VDC =0 =0 -2VDC
x=(π/2)(3Mcosy-1)
x=-2π- x=-2π-
x=(3π/2)(Mcosy+1) 3πMcosy
x=(π/2)(3Mcosy+1) x=-2π+3πMcosy 3πMcosy
F(x,y) = F(x,y) = F(x,y) = F(x,y) = F(x,y) = F=- F=- F =+ F(x,y) = F =+ F=- F=-
2VDC 2VDC 2VDC 2VDC 2VDC y = ω0t 3VDC VDC VDC +3VDC VDC VDC 3VDC y = ω0t
Figure 6 : Contour Plot of F(x,y) for (a) LV Stage, Seven Level Hybrid Inverter (b) Seven Level NPC inverter - APOD PWM.
∞ 1
∑ (2n + 1) sin (2n + 1)cos −1 3M cos((2n + 1)ω 0t )
8VDC 1
VHV = (3a)
π n = 0
∞
−1
V LV = 3MV DC cos(ω 0 t ) − ∑ 2n + 1 sin (2n + 1)cos cos((2n + 1)ω 0 t )
8V DC 1 1
π n =0 3M
∞ ∞ (3b)
1
∑∑ cos((m + n + 1)π )J 2 n −1 (3mπM )cos(2mω C t + (2n − 1)ω 0 t )
2V DC
+
π m =1 n =−∞ m
n =0
∞ ∞
V HYB _ AN = 3MV DC cos(ω 0 t ) + ∑ ∑ m J (3mπM )cos((m + n + 1)π )cos(2mω C t + (2n − 1)ω 0 t )
2V DC 1
2 n −1 (3c)
π m =1 n = −∞
n =0
∞ ∞
2mω C t +
π 4V 1 π
V HYB _ AB = 3 3MV DC cos ω 0 t + + DC
6 π ∑∑ J 2 n −1 (3mπM )cos((m + n )π )sin (2n − 1) sin
m =1 n = −∞
m
π (3d)
3 (2n − 1) ω 0 t −
n =0 3
Equation 3 : Analytic Solution for the Voltage Spectra for a Hybrid Inverter with a continuous three level PWM strategy.
(a) HV Stage Spectra (b) LV Stage Spectra (c) Hybrid Phase Leg Voltage Spectra (d) Hybrid Line-to-Line Voltage Spectra..
difference is that for the NPC inverter the first set of sideband
harmonics are centered about the carrier frequency, while for III. PHASE DISPOSITION (PD) MODULATION FOR HYBRID INVERTERS.
the Hybrid inverter these harmonics appear about the second Since it is known from previous work [6] that the PD
multiple of the carrier. However, if the carrier frequencies technique is the harmonically superior modulation strategy
are adjusted so that each scheme produces the same number for NPC inverters, the question then becomes how to
of overall switch transitions per fundamental cycle then the implement a similar strategy for the Hybrid inverter. The key
spectra become the same, which confirms that an APOD to achieving this objective comes from analysis of the
equivalent modulation technique is being implemented on the spectrum of the phase voltage for a NPC inverter under PD
Hybrid inverter. Figures 10 through 13 show the analytic modulation (Figure 16), where it can be seen that the most
switched voltage spectra for a NPC inverter under APOD significant harmonic in the phase voltage is the first carrier
PWM and a Hybrid inverter under continuous three level component. This is in sharp contrast to APOD modulation
PWM with carrier frequencies normalised to achieve the which has only carrier sideband components. The implication
same number of overall switch transitions. A comparison of of this observation is that PD modulation places significant
these figures confirms that the same spectral performance has harmonic energy into a direct carrier component and relies on
been achieved in both cases. cancellation of this component (amongst others) between
It should be noted in passing that there is one minor phases when the line to line voltage is formed, as shown in
difference between equations (3) and (4) in terms of the sign Figure 17. So to achieve the equivalent of PD modulation for
of the sidebands. This difference results from different a Hybrid inverter, a carrier component should be retained in
placement of the active states within the carrier interval for the phase leg voltage spectrum.
the two modulation strategies. Theoretically this difference It is well known for single phase inverters that a carrier
could slightly affect sideband interactions between carrier component is retained in the output voltage when the carriers
0
sets, but in practice the effect is negligible for pulse ratios for each phase leg have a 180 phase shift (i.e. two level
greater than 10. modulation). However, the harmonic sidebands of two level
∞ ∞
V APOD _ AN (t ) = 3MV DC cos(ω 0 t ) + ∑ ∑ m J (3mπM )cos((n + 1)π )cos(mω C t + (2n − 1)ω 0 t )
2V DC 1
2 n −1 (4a)
π m =1 n = −∞
n =0
∞
∞ mω C t +
π 4V 1 π
V APOD _ AB (t ) = 3 3MVDC cos ω 0 t − + DC
6 π ∑∑ J 2 n −1 (3mπM )cos(nπ )sin (2n − 1) sin
m 3 (2 n − 1)
ω
0 t −
π
(4b)
m =1 n = −∞
n =0 3
Equation 4 : Analytic Solution for the Voltage Spectra for a 7 Level NPC Inverter under APOD PWM
(a) Phase Leg Voltage Spectra (b) Line to Line Voltage Spectra.
modulation occur around the carrier frequency, rather than IV. EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION.
around the double carrier frequency as occurs for three level In principle the Hybrid inverter topology uses different
modulation. So the switching frequency benefit of three level switching devices in the HV and LV stages. However, for
modulation is lost, unless the reference waveform is modified simplicity, a lower voltage system was constructed for this
so as to achieve discontinuous modulation. (Discontinuous investigation which used IGBT based inverters for both the
modulation allows the carrier frequency to be doubled to LV and the HV stages.
retain the same switching frequency per fundamental cycle) The experimental Hybrid inverter system comprised two
Of course, as a consequence, the switching losses for any one single phase inverters per phase leg, with two phase legs only
switch are condensed into only part of the fundamental cycle, being constructed. Each phase leg was controlled using a
but this is very similar to the way a NPC inverter operates TMS320C240 DSP micro controller. (It is commented that
0
under any of the disposition modulation techniques. this DSP does not support 180 phase shifted carriers with the
Applying these concepts to the Hybrid inverter suggests PWM outputs that are available, so this requirement was
that the LV stage reference waveform must be modified to implemented for the LV stage by enabling one set of gate
achieve discontinuous modulation. Figure 7(a) shows the signals as active high and the second set as active low. The
reference and carrier waveform arrangements used for the the reference waveform for the active low gate signals was then
0
previous continuous three level LV stage PWM, while Figure inverted, to achieve an effective 180 carrier phase shift.)
7(b) shows the necessary modifications required to achieve Figures 8 and 9 show the switched output voltages and
discontinuous three level PWM. For continuous PWM, the filtered load currents for the Hybrid inverter under both the
reference for the second phase leg in the LV full bridge continuous three level PWM strategy and the new
inverter is simply the inverse of the reference waveform for discontinuous three level PWM method. Figures 14, 15 and
the first phase leg. For the discontinuous case, the two 20, 21 show the experimental spectra for the phase and line-
reference waveforms are arranged so that whenever a to-line voltages for the two modulation approaches
positive bridge output is required, the first phase leg is PWM respectively. These figures can be directly compared with
modulated and the second phase leg is held to the negative the analytical and simulated spectra shown in Figures 10 - 13
rail, while whenever a negative bridge output is required, the and 16 – 19. From these results it can clearly be seen that the
first phase leg is held to the negative rail and the second discontinuous PWM method has a significant harmonic
phase leg is PWM modulated. improvement when compared to the continuous PWM and
Figures 18 and 19 respectively show the simulated phase achieves the same performance as a seven level NPC inverter
leg and line voltage spectra of the Hybrid inverter under this operating under PD modulation.
form of discontinuous modulation. A comparison of these Close examination of Figures 8 and 9 also reveals a small
spectra with those of Figures 16 and 17 shows that the anomaly in the switched waveform - a spurious pulse in the
discontinuous PWM technique for Hybrid inverters has switched phase voltage that occurs each time the HV stage
achieved equivalent harmonic performance to PD modulation makes a transition (i.e. four times per cycle). These pulses
of an NPC inverter. Furthermore, this result has been arise from the requirement that when the HV stage makes a
achieved without requiring co-ordinated switching across all transition, a corresponding LV transition must also occur
three phase legs of the hybrid inverter, hence maintaining the exactly at the same time. If these transitions do not occur
modularity of control that is seen as an advantage of the together then a pulse equal to the size of the HV DC bus
Cascaded inverter type topologies. results for a short time.
VDC VDC
LV Ref 1
LV Ref 1
-VDC -VDC
VDC VDC
LV Ref 2
VDC VDC
-VDC -VDC
0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π
ω0t ω0t
Figure 7 : Hybrid Inverter modulation, Reference and Carrier Waveform Arrangement – LV Stage.
(a) Conventional Modulation (b) Bipolar Discontinuous PWM.
Under detailed examination the width of the pulses were inverter. Theoretical and experimental results confirming
found to be 3µsec, which is the exact interval of the dead these findings have been presented.
time period for the inverters. So the pulses arise because of
dead time preventing the simultaneous transition of the HV VI. REFERENCES.
and LV inverters. [1] A. Nabae, H. Akagi and I. Takahashi, “A New Neutral-Point-Clamped
PWM Inverter”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-
This has significant implications for a Hybrid converter
17, NO. 5, September/October 1981, pp.518-523.
constructed from IGCT’s and IGBT’s, since the two device [2] F. Z. Peng, J.S. Lai, J. W. McKeever, J. VanCoevering, “A Multilevel
types will have different dead time requirements, and Voltage-Source Inverter with Separate DC Sources for Static Var
different rise times. Determining the exact time at which the Generation”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol 32, No.
HV stage must switch to minimise these pulses may be quite 5, September/October 1996, pp.1130-1138.
complex, and is still unresolved at this point. [3] N. P. Schibli, T. Nguyen, A. C. Rufer, “A Three-Phase Multilevel
Converter for High-Power Induction Motors”, IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, Vol. 13, No. 5, September 1998, pp. 978-985.
V. SUMMARY.
[4] M. Marchesoni, M. Mazzuchelli, S. Tenconi, “A Non-conventional
Continuous three level modulation of the individual Power Converter for Plasma Stabilization”, in Conf. Rec. IEEE PESC
inverters in multilevel Hybrid inverter systems has been 1988, pp. 122-129.
shown to achieve an equivalent harmonic performance to [5] M. D. Manjrekar, P. Steimer, T. A. Lipo, “Hybrid Multilevel Power
Conversion System: a competitive solution for high power
APOD modulation of a NPC multilevel inverter, when the
applications”, in Conf. Rec. 1999 IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting,
switching frequencies are scaled to achieve the same number pp.1520-1527.
of overall switch transitions. However, it is known from [6] G. Carrara, S. Gardella, M. Marchesoni, R. Salutari and G. Sciutto, “A
previous work that PD modulation of a NPC inverter is New Multilevel PWM Method: A Theoretical Analysis”, IEEE
harmonically superior. Analysis of this modulation strategy Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 7, NO. 3, July 1992, pp.497-
has shown that its superiority derives from the fact that it 505.
[7] D.G. Holmes & B. P. McGrath, “Opportunities for Harmonic
places harmonic energy directly in the carrier harmonic for Cancellation with Carrier Based PWM for Two-Level and Multi-Level
each phase leg, and then relies on cancellation of this Cascaded Inverters”, in Conf. Rec. 1999 IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting,
harmonic across phase legs as the line-to-line voltage is pp.781-788.
developed. Based on this result, a discontinuous modulation [8] B. P. McGrath, D. G. Holmes, “A Comparison of Multicarrier PWM
strategy has been developed for Hybrid inverters which Strategies for Cascaded and Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel
Inverters.”, (In Print) 2000 IEEE PESC Conference Record.
achieves the same improvement in line-to-line harmonics [9] S.R Bowes, “New Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter”, IEE
compared to continuous three level modulation of the Proceedings, Vol.122, No. 11, pp. 1279-1285, November, 1975
Asymmetrical Regular Sampled 7 Level Hybrid Inverter Asymmetrical Regular Sampled 7 Level Hybrid Inverter
Waveforms – Continuous PWM Waveforms – Discontinuous PWM
250V 250V
Phase Phase
Voltage Voltage
-250V -250V
375V 375V
Line
Voltage Line
Voltage
-375V -375V
5A 5A
Line Line
Current Current
Figure 8 : Hybrid Inverter Experimental Switched Waveforms - Figure 9 : Hybrid Inverter Experimental Switched Waveforms -
Continuous Three Level PWM. Discontinuous Three Level PWM.
100 100
Mod Depth = 0.8 Mod Depth = 0.8
FC = 2100Hz, F0 = 50Hz FC = 2100Hz, F0 = 50Hz
THD(120th Harmonic) = 21.8% THD(120th Harmonic) = 17.8%
10-1 10-1
10-2 10-2
10-3 10-3
10-4 10-4
10-5 10-5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Figure 10 : NPC Inverter, APOD PWM - Figure 11 : NPC Inverter, APOD PWM -
Analytical Phase Leg Voltage Spectrum. Analytical Line-to-Line Voltage Spectrum.
100 100
Mod Depth = 0.8 Mod Depth = 0.8
FC = 1050Hz, F0 = 50Hz FC = 1050Hz, F0 = 50Hz
THD(120th Harmonic) = 21.7% THD(120th Harmonic) = 17.7%
10-1 10-1
10-2 10-2
10-3 10-3
10-4 10-4
10-5 10-5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) ’
Figure 12 : Hybrid Inverter, Continuous Three Level PWM - Figure 13 : Hybrid Inverter, Continuous Three Level PWM -
Analytical Phase Leg Voltage Spectrum. Analytical Line-to-Line Voltage Spectrum.
100
Mod Depth = 0.8 100
Mod Depth = 0.8
FC = 1050Hz, F0 = 50Hz
FC = 1050Hz, F0 = 50Hz
THD(120th Harmonic) = 21.8%
THD(120th Harmonic) = 17.8%
10-1
10-1
10-2
10-2
10-3
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 10-5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 14 : Hybrid Inverter, Continuous PWM - Figure 15 : Hybrid Inverter, Continuous Three Level PWM -
Experimental Phase Leg Voltage Spectrum. Experimental Line-to-Line Voltage Spectrum.
100 100
Mod Depth = 0.8 Mod Depth = 0.8
FC = 2100Hz, F0 = 50Hz FC = 2100Hz, F0 = 50Hz
THD(120th Harmonic) = 21.8% THD(120th Harmonic) = 9.98%
10-1 10-1
10-2 10-2
10-3 10-3
10-4 10-4
10-5 10-5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Figure 16 : NPC Inverter, PD PWM - Figure 17 : NPC Inverter, PD PWM -
Simulated Phase Leg Voltage Spectrum. Simulated Line-to-Line Voltage Spectrum.
100 100
Mod Depth = 0.8 Mod Depth = 0.8
FC = 2100Hz, F0 = 50Hz FC = 2100Hz, F0 = 50Hz
THD(120th Harmonic) = 21.8% THD(120th Harmonic) = 9.9%
10-1 10-1
10-2 10-2
10-3 10-3
10-4 10-4
10-5 10-5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Figure 18 : Hybrid Inverter, Discontinuous Three Level PWM - Figure 19 : Hybrid Inverter, Discontinuous Three Level PWM -
Simulated Phase Leg Voltage Spectrum. Simulated Line-to-Line Voltage Spectrum.
100 100
Mod Depth = 0.8 Mod Depth = 0.8
FC = 2100Hz, F0 = 50Hz FC = 2100Hz, F0 = 50Hz
THD(120th Harmonic) = 21.8% THD(120th Harmonic) = 10.1%
10-1 10-1
10-2 10-2
10-3 10-3
10-4 10-4
10-5 10-5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Figure 20 : Hybrid Inverter, Discontinuous Three Level PWM - Figure 21 : Hybrid Inverter, Discontinuous Three Level PWM -
Experimental Phase Leg Voltage Spectrum. Experimental Line-to-Line Voltage Spectrum.