The Scenes of Crime Handbook

THE
FORENSIC
SCIENCE
S E RV I C E
The Scenes Of Crime Handbook

A national service delivered through regional laboratories at:
BIRMINGHAM, CHEPSTOW, CHORLEY, HUNTINGDON, LONDON, WETHERBY
Chief Executive’s Statement
The ACPO/FSS joint report ‘Using Forensic Science Effectively’ (UFSE) highlighted
a number of principles designed to maximise the benefits to be gained from using
forensic science in the investigation of crime. These included good communication,
effective management mechanisms, an adequate level of understanding of forensic
science and partnerships between Police Forces and the Forensic Science Service
(FSS). Underpinning these principles is the ACPO/FSS re-inforcement strategy, a
strategy aimed at promulgating best practice in the use of forensic science and in
particular increasing levels of forensic awareness within police forces.
As part of the FSS’s continued commitment to encouraging best practice, I am pleased

to be able to present this updated edition of the FSS Scene of Crime Handbook.
The overall aim of the handbook is to encourage police forces and the FSS to work
together to make the most effective and efficient use of forensic science. This in turn
should ensure fit-for-purpose evidence is submitted and fit-for-purpose work is carried
out by the FSS.
Although this handbook cannot cover every conceivable situation encountered at a

crime scene, it does, I believe, provide comprehensive information relating to the
recovery and preservation of the most commonly encountered evidence types. I am
sure that you will find this handbook useful and, as always, my colleagues and I will
be pleased to receive comments or feedback.
Dr Janet Thompson
Chief Executive
The Forensic Science Service
Introduction
Welcome to the third edition of the Forensic Science Service Scene of Crime
Handbook.
A new addition to this handbook is a section on contamination. With advances in DNA

analysis, techniques have become so sensitive that a separate section on this issue is
required.
A supplementary introductory section offers general health and safety advice.

Additional health and safety information can be found in relevant sections of this
handbook. The Safety at Scenes Handbook provides detailed guidance on the
principles of safe working at scenes and is currently under review.
This handbook has been produced for use as a reference in situations where samples
and exhibits are to be collected and submitted to a Forensic Science Service
Laboratory. It deals with many aspects of sampling, packaging and the prevention of
contamination. However, situations may arise which require special treatment. In
these instances, as in any other, advice is freely available 24 hours a day, 365 days a
year from your local Forensic Science Service laboratory.
Please note that this handbook refers only to the services provided by the Forensic
Science Service. If your force uses a different forensic services provider please consult
their literature.
For further copies of this handbook, please contact your Scientific Support
Department or the Forensic Science Service:-
Scenesafe Unit
Forensic Science Service
Washington Hall
Euxton
Chorley
PR7 6HJ
Tel: 01257 265666

Fax: 01257 274752
3
Contents
SECTION PAGE
Health and Safety 5-9
Contamination Avoidance 10-11
Samples Required For Examination 12
Preservation Chart 13-15
1. Body Samples 16-24
2. Fibres, Hair and Fur 25-30
3. Marks 31-35
4. Glass 36-37
5. Paint 38-39
6. Miscellaneous Traces 40-44
7. Fire Investigation 45-49
8. Explosives 50-52
9. Weapons 53-58
10. Documents 59-63
11. Drugs 64-66
12. Toxicology 67-73
13. Vehicles 74-79
Index 80-83
4
Health and Safety
The FSS has a duty under the Health & Safety at Work Act (1974) to protect
employees, and others who may be affected by its acts or omissions, against
foreseeable risks to their health and safety. Some of the items you may wish to submit
to the FSS could be of a hazardous nature. The FSS needs to be confident that such
items are packaged in such a way that they do not pose a risk to the carriers, reception
staff, scientists or analysts. Please note that the FSS retains the right to return any
item(s), however delivered, if presenting an unacceptable risk to the safety and welfare
of FSS staff or others who may be affected.
The responsibility for the submission of hazardous materials in a safe condition lies
with individual Police Forces and it is anticipated that suitable procedures have been
or will be formulated. This advice, will, if followed, help us protect all personnel likely
to be affected and will assist in compliance of health and safety regulations.
Hazardous materials could include the following:-

• All liquid blood and body fluid samples, including toxicological samples.
• Any item stained with blood or other body fluid.
• Items infested with parasites.
• Hazardous chemicals.
• Explosives, explosive devices, incendiary materials and pyrotechnics.
• Firearms and ammunition.
• Any item with a sharp edge capable of causing penetration or injury.
WARNING!
Do not eat, drink, smoke or touch the facial area while handling samples,
and then, not until you have washed your hands!
Health and Safety Guidelines
The handling of many forensic samples may constitute a health hazard. Recommended
precautions must be strictly adhered to for the obtaining, handling and transportation
of many materials. Please refer to the following guidelines for appropriate health and
safety advice.
5
1. DISINFECTION GUIDELINES
• Commercial thick bleach can be used for spillages of biologically hazardous

material. This should be left in contact with the contaminated area before rinsing
and wiping dry.
• For general disinfection e.g. work surfaces after handling biological specimens, a 1
in 10 dilution of commercial thick bleach should be used as above.
• It should be noted that dilutions of thick bleach do not remain effective for periods
in excess of a few days.
• Further advice on suitable disinfection procedures is available from the FSS.
2. PERSONAL PROTECTION GUIDELINES
• In view of the serious health risk, the FSS will only accept hypodermic
paraphernalia by prior agreement.
• All body fluid samples should be regarded as potentially infective. If samples or
organs originate from a person known, or suspected, to have suffered from any form
of hepatitis, tuberculosis or immunodeficiency virus (HIV : AIDS), the FSS must be
informed at the time the samples are submitted.
• Cover any cuts or grazes on hands with waterproof dressings.
• Wash your hands often, especially when beginning or ending a new task, before
break or meal times, before smoking, and at the beginning and end of duty periods.
3. HANDLING AND SUBMISSION GUIDELINES
• If you are aware a specimen has leaked, is contagious in any way, or is hazardous
for any of the reasons mentioned above, you must inform the receiving FSS
laboratory.
• Handle all items or specimens as gently and as little as possible.
• Notify the laboratory if items are known, or suspected, to be infected.
• Indicate clearly if any items submitted for analysis are likely to be contaminated
with CS gas incapacitant.
• Submission of any material believed to be, or to contain, explosive substances
should only take place with prior discussion and agreement with the receiving
laboratory.
• To ensure safe submission of any firearm, it will be necessary for each weapon to
have been checked by an authorised firearms user and to be accompanied by a
signed record/label confirming that it is safe for transport.
• Notify the laboratory in advance if submitting items weighing more than 15kg or
large items likely to present handling difficulties.
• Items with sharp edges or points capable of causing penetrating injury must be
placed in suitably robust packaging to ensure the safety of those subsequently
transporting or handling them.
6
4. PACKAGING AND LABELLING GUIDELINES
• Wherever possible plastic containers ie. tubs, pots etc. should be used, unless
specific to the sample, e.g. RTA kits or certain solvent materials. In any case, glass
containers must never be frozen. They may shatter upon thawing and this is an
unacceptable health risk.
• The FSS does not normally expect to receive damp or wet items. These should be
dried prior to submission. However, if expediency is required for a particular case,
or safety or contamination may be compromised, the FSS will accept these items.
However, the receiving FSS laboratory must be notified in advance as arrangements
will have to be made for safe drying facilities.
• Never use staples to seal bags. Always use adhesive tape and seal all edges. Ideally
use ‘Biohazard’ tape on biological samples or items bearing body fluids.
• Wherever possible, FSS toxicology kits should be used for the submission of post
mortem samples. These kits have been extensively tested and will, when sealed
properly, prevent leakage of the contents. Organs and body fluid samples in non-
FSS packaging should be heat sealed into polythene bags which should contain
plenty of absorbent material.
4.1. Packaging and labelling of liquid body fluid samples and organs
• All samples should be contained in primary watertight containers, which should be

wrapped in sufficient absorbent material (e.g. paper tissues) to absorb the entire
contents in the event of a leak or breakage.
• Then sealed into watertight secondary packaging (usually a polythene bag). All
second level packaging should bear the international ‘Biohazard’ sign.
• This must be placed in a third packaging of adequate strength for its capacity, mass
and intended use.
4.2. Packaging and labelling of items stained with wet or dry body fluids
• Wet items should be placed in a stout polythene bag, securely sealed, as primary
packaging. Then placed in secondary packaging, with sufficient absorbent
material as required to absorb leakage and finally, appropriate third level
packaging. Do not use staples to seal any of the packaging.
• It should be noted that any wet biological sample, including those for DNA analysis,
may decompose at ambient temperature during transport.
• Items bearing dry body fluid staining should be securely packaged in paper sacks as
primary containers. Do not use staples to seal.
7
4.3. Packaging and labelling of body fluid swabs
• Place into original swab sleeve or tube. Such items should be placed into suitable
secondary packaging (usually a polythene bag) bearing the international
‘Biohazard’ sign, then into suitable third level packaging for transport to the
laboratory.
5. TRANSPORTATION GUIDELINES
Dependent upon the form of transport used, the third level packaging may need
labelling as follows:-
• An ‘Infectious Substances’ transportation label.

• A ‘This Way Up’ label.
• A label giving an emergency contact telephone number. (This may be supplied by
the FSS if the Collection & Delivery Service is used).
• If the third level packages are to be placed within commercial carrier transport
boxes, then the three labels identified above should be placed on the exterior of
these boxes.
5.1. Transportation of liquid body fluid samples and organs
• These samples are classified as ‘Infectious Substances’ for the purpose of transport
by road or rail because they may contain pathogens such as Hepatitis B or HIV.
• Several items may be packaged in any one third level packaging but their total
volume must not exceed 500ml as, for volumes greater than these, special legal
requirements apply to packaging for transport.
5.2. Transportation of biologically hazardous material in vehicles
• Liquid body fluid samples and organs should be securely packaged and labelled as
described above.
• Where vehicular transport other than commercial carrier is used, consideration
should be given to placing packages in deep sided plastic boxes with sealable lids,
lined with absorbent material which will retain spilled materials. Such boxes
constitute third level packaging and should be labelled as described above.
• The procurement of boot / load carrying area liners is recommended to enable the
load carrying area of vehicles to be effectively cleaned or disinfected in case of
spillage.
8
5.3. Transportation of biologically hazardous material by post
At the time of going to press, the Royal Mail is reviewing the postal regulations for
pathological specimens. All infectious substances must now be packaged in
compliance with IATA 602 (International Air Transport Authority instructions 602).
The FSS is currently in consultation with the Royal Mail to clarify the packaging
requirement and definition of infectious and diagnostic samples to ensure full
compliance with these regulations.
Where doubt exists on the most appropriate way to obtain, package and/or transport
an item for examination, customers are reminded that the FSS operates a 24 hour a
day, 365 day a year, on-call facility from each of its operational sites and is available
to provide detailed expert advice at any time.
———-
FSS ‘Scenesafe’ Evidence Recovery Kits and Packaging can provide suitable
containers for most submissions. These items have been designed for ease of use by
both scientific support and the scientist or analyst. They are also subject to rigorous
quality control procedures.
For further information, a guide and price list or to order, contact:-
Scenesafe Unit
Forensic Science Service
Washington Hall
Euxton
Chorley
PR7 6HJ
Tel: 01257 265666

Fax: 01257 274752
9
Contamination Avoidance
Contamination has always been an issue for all evidence types in forensic science, but
the continued advancements in DNA Profiling has added a whole new dimension. The
techniques currently in use are very sensitive and are likely to become even more so.
Therefore, while offering exceptional benefits to investigators in enabling the analysis
of ever decreasing sample sizes, it will also increase the frequency at which extraneous
body fluids, as a result of contamination, are detected.
As part of a programme to continually improve contamination management within the
FSS, a review of policy and practice has lead to the implementation of an ‘Anti-
Contamination Code of Practice.’
It is important that everyone in the forensic process is aware of contamination and
takes appropriate steps to minimise these risks. Casework material is vulnerable from
the moment a crime is committed so the risk of contamination can become an issue
long before items have been submitted to the FSS. These issues serve to emphasise the
need for even greater awareness of contamination risks by the first officer attending a
scene and also those responsible for the subsequent management of the scene.
Guidelines
Unless otherwise stated, the following guidelines should be followed for all evidence
types:
• Due to the sensitivity of current DNA techniques extreme caution, including
wearing a face mask, must be taken if you have a medical condition that causes the
shedding of body fluids or particles, e.g. colds, coughs or influenza.
• Other conditions such as eczema or severe dandruff may require the wearing of
additional barrier clothing.
• All containers used for transportation, e.g. cool boxes, crates, boxes, should be
cleaned prior to, and after, every use. Also refer to health and safety section.
• All work areas, scientific and non-scientific, should be regularly cleaned. Also refer
to health and safety section.
• Working surfaces and non-disposable equipment should be cleaned prior to, and
after, every use with alcohol based wipes. To prevent DNA contamination, wipes
containing Chlorhexidine should be used.
• Wherever possible, disposable materials should be used. To prevent DNA
contamination sterile, disposible materials should be used.
• Barrier clothing should be used as often as possible. Disposable gloves must always
be worn, should be over top cuffs and should be changed after handling individual
items. DNA contamination can even occur by touching your glasses, face,
telephones, doorhandles and light switches.
• For serious offences wear disposable facemasks, overshoes and suits - fully done
up with the hood up.
10
• Handle items as carefully and as little as possible.
• Do not re-open items, even for interview purposes - use bags with transparent
panels.
• Always handle one item at a time.
• Where possible, take the container to the evidence and not the evidence to the
container.
• All contact between control materials and clothing from individuals must be
avoided.
• Ensure that anyone who has attended the scene or been involved with the packaging
of control samples has no contact with the suspect or their clothing.
• Multiple suspects, the victim and their clothing must be kept apart at all times and
should not be allowed to come into contact with the same objects. e.g. police car,
interview room, custody suite.
• All exhibits should be packaged, sealed and labelled as soon as they are taken.
• Use bags or containers of a suitable size or shape, do not force items into packaging
that is too small, bags may tear or lids may be forced off.
• Seal all packaging securely, use adhesive tape on all edges.
• Never use staples to seal packages.
• Never re-use packaging. If an item will not fit or packaging is used in error, do not
use for a different item. It must be discarded or ideally enclosed with the final
packaging.
• Do not pack the control samples in the same outer container as items obtained from
the suspect. Use separate outer sacks for control samples, multiple suspects and
victims clothing.
If any of the above guidelines are not, or cannot be, followed, for whatever reason,
or contamination is known to have occurred - you must inform the FSS.
An informed decision, after discussion with the submitting officer, will be made by
the FSS as to whether meaningful information could be obtained from the items
and therefore whether they should be submitted or not. If the case is admitted, the
resulting statement will take account of the contamination issues.
Further advice is given in each section of this Handbook and in particular in the
Health and Safety Section.
11
Preservation Chart
Notes
The following chart is a guideline only.

For more detailed information refer to the individual sections of the handbook,
particularly where samples or circumstances are unusual.
Current DNA Profiling techniques are extremely sensitive.

Contamination avoidance procedures must be strictly adhered to.
All contact between control materials and clothing from individuals must be
avoided. Take the following precautions:-
• Ensure that anyone who has attended the scene or been involved with the
packaging of control samples has no contact with the suspect or their
clothing.
• Avoid situations where the same officer takes possession of clothing from a
suspect and victim in the same case.
• Multiple suspects, the victim and their clothing must be kept apart at all
times and should not be allowed to come into contact with the same objects
or people e.g. police car, interview room, custody suite, Forensic Medical
Examiners, Police Surgeons, etc.
• The same officer should not search a property and then deal with persons
or objects to be linked to the property.
• All exhibits should be packaged and sealed as soon as they are taken.
• Do not pack the control samples in the same outer container as items
obtained from the suspect. Use separate sacks for control samples and multiple
suspects and victims clothing.
If any of the above are not followed for whatever reason or contamination is
known to have occurred - you must inform the FSS.
13
SAMPLE CONTAINER STORAGE COMMENTS
Accelerants or Must be stored in a Dry environment Refer to Section 7 - Fire
Volatile nylon bag. Investigation
Substances Tied and sealed at
the top with a
swan neck.
Glass controls Sturdy cardboard Dry environment

box, sealed at all
edges.
Additional
protection can be
gained from
placing inside a
sealed polythene
bag.
Paint Pre-folded paper Dry environment Same principles for

packet. control and recovered paint.
Folded as for
medicinal papers.
Seal in a polythene
bag.
Miscellaneous Pre-folded paper Dry environment Refer to Section 6 -

Traces packet. Miscellaneous Traces
Dry Debris Folded as for
e.g. metals, medicinal papers.
building materials Seal in a polythene
bag.
Miscellaneous Ideally in original Dry environment Do not accelerate drying by

Traces container. the use of heat.
Damp or wet Other suitably Refer to Section 6 -
debris sized, plastic Miscellaneous Traces
e.g. oils, greases container.
Sealed into
a polythene bag.
Fibre Tapings Sealed Dry environment Ensure that each taping is

individually in labelled with the exact
polythene bags. location from where it came.
14
SAMPLE CONTAINER STORAGE COMMENTS
Dry Items Suitable sized Cool, dry Ensure that position and
e.g. clothing, brown paper bag. environment orientation is clearly marked
bedding etc Fold twice at the with labels e.g. bedding
top and seal all
open edges with
adhesive tape.
Do not put shoes
into polythene bags
as they go mouldy.
Damp or Wet Use paper bags for Do not accelerate drying by

Items dry items only. using heat.
e.g. clothing, Do not put shoes Damp or wet items should be air
bedding etc into polythene dried in a suitable, safe
bags as they go environment, e.g. drying room,
mouldy. fume cabinet, etc.
Do not seal or Care must be taken to avoid
store damp or wet contamination and to observe
items in Health & Safety regulations.
polythene bags If items cannot be dried, contact
without freezing. the FSS and submit items
immediately in polythene bags.
Underwear Suitable sized Small items can be Damp or wet underwear can be
brown paper bag. frozen placed in sealed polybags and
Fold twice at the frozen immediately.
top and seal all Avoid putting paper bags into the
open edges with freezer, as they go damp/wet and
adhesive tape. can tear.
Do not use paper
bags for wet items.
Do not seal or
store damp or wet
items in polythene
bags without
freezing.
Condoms Put into rigid Freeze Knot the condom if it contains

sterile plastic liquid.
container.
Sanitary Wear Freeze. Do not store these items in
e.g. Tampons, Sealed polybag. Cool, dry polythene bags unless being frozen.
sanitary towels etc If completely dry a environment Avoid putting paper bags into the
paper bag can be freezer, as they go damp/wet and
used. can tear.
1 Body Samples
This section is for dealing with cases For cases involving:-
involving:- Biological samples for alcohol, drugs or
The examination of biological samples poisons analysis.
that may require DNA analysis or
conventional grouping. Please refer to Section 12 - Toxicology
WARNING!
The handling of body fluids constitutes a health hazard.
Recommended precautions must be strictly adhered to for the obtaining, handling
and transportation of biological materials.
Refer to the Health and Safety Section of this Handbook for further guidance.
The Medical Examination Kit
The FSS recommends the use of a medical examination kit, particularly in instances
of Sexual Offence, where samples of blood, semen, and/or saliva are required. These
kits can be obtained from the FSS, are suitable for use in the examination of suspects
and complainants and contain advice regarding sampling and packaging of material.
The forms contained in the kits must be completed for each person examined.
TYPE OF EXHIBIT SAMPLING STORAGE
1. CONTROL SAMPLES
For crime investigations
submitted to the FSS, blood or
buccal scrapes are the
preferred control. If these are
not available, take pulled hairs
1.1 Blood Collect two 4 ml samples of Samples should be frozen and

blood in plastic EDTA (anti- kept frozen until arrival at the
coagulant) containers. FSS.
Suitable Monovette syringes
are available from the FSS.
NB Frozen samples are used If conventional grouping is

for DNA profiling. anticipated one sample should
be stored in the cool
compartment of a refrigerator.
Try to obtain a pre-transfusion blood sample from the hospital. If a person has had a
blood transfusion within the last three months, inform the FSS. Remember that a buccal
scrape or hair sample will suffice as a control.
16
1.2 Buccal scrapes Scrape the inside of the cheek 4- Place into appropriately
For submission to the 5 times with the serrated edge to labelled tube.
National DNA Database remove cells from the lining of Freeze as soon as possible.
or as an evidential sample the mouth. Take two sterile
(separate kits are available from the FSS
for both purposes)
scrapes, one from each cheek.
1.3 Hair Minimum of 10 plucked head Store dry at ambient

See also Section 2 - Fibres, hairs with visible roots temperature.
Hairs and Fur present.
The preferred control sample for Mitochondrial DNA Analysis is a buccal scrape. A control
hair sample will incur an increased charge.
1.4 Saliva The donor should wash out Collect samples into a sterile
NB Control sample only. their mouth prior to sampling. 25ml wide mouthed universal
If presence of semen, etc. is Collect approx. 10mls bottle with screw cap. Do not
required collect as described (dessert spoonful) of use glass. Label with donor’s
in section 2.3. saliva from the donor. name and date and time taken.
Freeze sample as soon as
possible.
1.5 Post mortem samples Blood samples from the
deceased can prove Tissue samples should be
problematic. Tissue samples frozen in suitable, sealed,
such as psoas muscle and bone sterile plastic containers.
marrow should also be taken. Do not
Deep muscle tissue or bone put tissue in fixative or
marrow may yield DNA in preservative.
badly decomposed bodies.
Samples which are to be submitted to the National DNA Database must be taken with the approved
sampling kit. The preferred sample is a buccal scrape, however a hair sample will suffice.
2 EVIDENTIAL SAMPLES
2.1 Blood Where possible whole items

should be submitted
to the FSS.
Blood on immovable items
Liquid blood Collect samples using a sterile Dry, sterile bottle (Universal
pipette with teat or a syringe. type) with a screw cap.
If blood is partially clotted, lift Freeze as soon as possible and
on a sterile disposable blade. store frozen.
17
Wet bloodstains Allow stain to dry naturally. Place each individual item in a
Do not accelerate drying. separate, suitable, properly
Avoid talking in the vicinity of sealed container, e.g. sealed
the item as it dries. polythene bags. stout paper
sack, cardboard box, etc.
Note on the HOLAB form any
stains that were wet when Store in a cool, dry
items were obtained. environment.
If any item is still wet when Avoid the use of polythene

submitted to the FSS, inform bags, unless the item is to be
Customer Services. frozen or it is still wet, in
which case it must be frozen
If blood pattern analysis is not or transported to the FSS as
required, it may be preferable soon as possible.
to collect the stain on a dry, Return swabs immediately to
sterile swab. Ensure a control appropriate swab sleeve/tube
swab is also taken from the and seal. Freeze as soon as
unstained surrounding area. possible.
Dry blood (larger amounts) If possible, using a sterile Place each individual item in a
disposible blade, cut away the separate, suitable, properly
surface bearing the bloodstain sealed container, e.g.sealed
(such as wallpaper, plywood, polythene bags, stout paper
fabric, etc). Leave an unstained sack, cardboard box, etc.
area approximately 2-3cm around Store in a cool, dry
the stain. A non-stained piece of environment.
the surface material should be
taken as a control before the Avoid the use of polythene
bloodstain to avoid contamination. bags, unless the item is to be
Submit this control blank in a frozen.
separate package. Fold paper carefully (as for
OR medicinal powders). Seal in a
Scrape dry blood on to a sheet of labelled envelope.
paper using a sterile disposable Store in a cool dry
blade. environment.
Dry blood (smaller amounts) Lightly moisten a sterile swab Return swabs immediately to
tip with sterile water. Swab appropriate swab sleeve/tube
the stain concentrating as and seal. Freeze as soon as
much of the stain as possible possible.
on to a small area of the swab.
Use small swabs for small
stains
18
Dry blood NB before sampling, a blank

(Smaller amounts) cont. control swab should be
obtained from the same
surface, near to, but not in
contact with, the blood.
Blood on moveable items eg. Where possible whole items Dry items should be submitted
clothing, bedding etc. should be submitted. individually packaged in paper
bags or sacks.
If the stain is still damp, allow
to dry naturally before Fold twice at the top and seal.
packaging. Do not accelerate Store in a cool, dry
drying and take care to avoid environment.
contamination.
Never store damp or wet items
Arrangements can be made for in polythene bags.
the submission of large items
or for examination to take Never put damp or wet items
place at the scene or Police into polythene bags unless the
Station. item is being frozen.
Remember to note the position Care must be taken to avoid

and orientation of items as this contamination or loss of
may be relevant to the evidence. If items cannot be
scientist’s examination and dried, contact the laboratory
interpretation, e.g. bedding. and submit immediately in
polythene bags.
Take both scene and control samples to the FSS laboratory AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
If a delay is unavoidable, store samples in a deep freeze.
2.2 Semen
Semen stains Submit the whole item to the Dry items should be packaged
FSS if possible. separately in sealed paper
sacks, avoid the use of
If stains are still wet, allow polythene bags unless the item
them to dry naturally before is frozen.
packaging. Do not accelerate
drying and avoid talking over Clothing and other bagged
the item. items should be kept in a cool
dry environment.
Note any stains, which were
wet when items were obtained, Small items e.g. tampons,
on the submission form and sanitary towels, knickers should
Medical Examination Forms. be frozen where possible.
19
Vaginal, anal or oral swabs To maximise recovery of Return swabs immediately to
semen, multiple sterile swabs appropriate swab sleeve/tube
should be taken from each and seal. Freeze as soon as
area. possible.
Label swabs as to the order
taken and the exact location of
sampling.
Penile swabs Sterile swabs should be

moistened with sterile water Return swabs immediately to
before sampling. appropriate swab sleeve/tube
and seal. Freeze as soon as
Label swabs as to order taken possible.
and exact location of sampling.
Liquid semen Liquid stains should be

collected in a sterile container
or using a sterile swab. If Return swabs immediately to
necessary, moisten swab with appropriate swab sleeve/tube
sterile water. and seal. Freeze as soon as
possible.
Condoms should be knotted if
they contain liquid. Condoms should be stored in
a rigid, sterile container and
It may be possible to recover frozen.
vaginal material from the
outside of a condom so care
should be taken with handling.
Freeze as soon as possible in a

Semen in stomach contents Include entire contents. sterile rigid container.
With all body fluids avoid freeze/thaw/freeze situations
2.3. Saliva
Liquid saliva Do not allow the donor to Collect samples into a sterile
(e.g. to establish the presence wash out their mouth until 25ml wide mouthed universal
of semen or other evidential ready for sampling. Collect bottle with screw cap. Do not
material) about 10 mls (approx. a dessert use glass. Label with donors
spoonful) of saliva from the name and date and time taken.
donor.
Collection of buccal scrapes or Freeze samples and swabs as
swabs from around the teeth soon as possible.
and gums may also yield the
presence of foreign fluids.
20
Saliva stains Submit the whole item where Small items should be stored
possible. Allow to dry naturally frozen. Larger items should be
before packaging. Do not accelerate placed separately into paper sacks
drying. Avoid talking over the item and stored in a cool, dry
and take care to avoid contamination environment.
If stains are present on the body (i.e.
kissing or biting), swab the area with Return swabs immediately to
a dry, sterile swab if the stain is appropriate swab sleeve/tube and
visibly wet. If the area is dry the swab seal. Freeze as soon as possible.
should be moistened with sterile
water before sampling.
Label swabs as to order taken and
exact location of sampling.
Cigarette ends If transfer of the cigarette end to a Completely dry cigarette ends
property/vehicle is likely to be should be separately packaged in a
questioned (e.g. walked in on the polythene bag, paper bag or
bottom of a shoe.) store in a rigid envelope.
container. Store in a cool, dry environment.
Wet or recently smoked cigarette
ends should be frozen as soon as
possible.
Envelopes/stamps Submit whole item before any Separately package in polythene

fingerprint treatment. bag, paper bag or envelope.
Store in a cool, dry environment.
Drinking vessels Submit the liquid and the vessel if Keep items containing liquids
possible. upright and ideally in their original
Alternatively sterile swab around container. If the latter cannot be
the rim of the vessel. readily and securely sealed, decant
liquid into a sealable, sterile, plastic
container and submit both this and
the original container.
Freeze any decanted liquid
otherwise store in a cool dry
environment.
Return swabs to original tubes,
label and freeze as soon as possible
Foodstuffs incl. chewing gum Store in a sterile plastic container

and freeze.
2.4. Hairs If possible, the whole item should be Store in a cool, dry environment unless
submitted so that hairs can be recovered other body fluids are present that would
in a controlled environment. require freezing.
Loose hairs should be collected Wrap in a paper packet as for medicinal
individually, unless in an obvious tuft. powders. Seal in a polythene bag.
Alternatively collect in a screw top vial.
Store in a cool dry environment
2.5. Faeces If possible, the whole stool should be

NB for mitochondrial DNA submitted.
minisequencing only
21
2.5. Faeces Stains on immovable items should be Place faecal stools or scrapings in
Continued cut from the surface with a sterile a sterile plastic container.
disposable blade, leaving an
unstained area approximately 2-3cm Return swabs immediately to
around the stain. appropriate swab sleeve/tube and
Large stains should be scraped seal. Freeze as soon as possible.
using a sterile disposable blade.
Otherwise stains can be swabbed Place wrappings that have passed
with a sterile swab. Use sterile through the body in a plastic sterile
water if the swab needs to be container.
moistened and remember to take
and submit a control swab. All faeces, swabs and wrappings
In drugs cases the entire wrapping should be frozen as soon as
should be submitted possible.
3. OTHER ITEMS
3.1. Deep muscle/bone shaft If blood samples from the deceased Tissue samples should be frozen in
including marrow (or femur if prove problematic, tissue samples suitable, sealed sterile plastic
available) such as psoas muscle and bone containers.
marrow should also be taken as
these may yield DNA in badly Do not put tissue in fixative or
composed bodies. preservative.
3.2. Bones/teeth If possible submit at least two teeth. Seal items in suitable sterile rigid
plastic containers and freeze as
soon as possible.
3.3. Fingernail debris Due to the sensitivity of current DNA Package in a sterile, plastic
techniques, clippings are preferred to container. Clippings should be
scrapings. taken with sterile or thoroughly
However if this is not possible scrape cleaned scissors (as per
beneath the fingernails with a sterile contamination section advice).
cocktail stick.
Store in a cool, dry environment. If
blood is present, freeze as soon as
possible.
3.4. Aborted foetus Freeze as soon as possible in a

e.g. For questioned paternity suitable, rigid, plastic container.
analysis.
3.5. Nasal secretions It is possible to obtain DNA from Dry items should be placed in
nasal secretions on tissues or brown paper bags or sacks. Store in
clothing. a cool, dry environment. Wet,
damp items should be frozen,
ideally in polythene bags
22
NOTE
* In cases of Sexual Offence, where the grouping of blood, semen or saliva staining
may be required, control blood and saliva samples should be obtained from the
victim as well as the accused. Control samples should also be obtained from any
other male who has had recent intercourse with the aggrieved prior to the alleged
sexual offence.
* All body fluids (blood, semen, saliva, etc.) deteriorate when stored wet or in liquid
form at room temperature. Freezing is recommended for most samples. Refer to
individual sections above.
23
DNA
The human body is composed of millions of cells. Cells are made up of many
components, including the NUCLEUS and MITOCHONDRIA. Both of these
components contain DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), although the composition and
function of the two types of DNA differs.
The DNA found in the nucleus is responsible for the physical differences between
individuals and, EXCEPT for identical twins, each person’s DNA is unique. By
analysing the structural differences in the DNA it is possible to produce a DNA profile
which can identify an individual with a high degree of certainty. The current method
for the analysis of this type of DNA is known as STR Profiling, it is this method that
was used to construct the National DNA Database.
The DNA found in the nucleus of any individual is inherited from their parents;
approximately half of which is inherited from each parent. Therefore, DNA profiling
can be used to determine paternity, in cases such as civil litigation, incestuous
relationships or alleged acts of rape.
Mitochondrial DNA Analysis uses two techniques to look at the different types of
DNA found in the mitochondria. Although this type of analysis does not offer the same
discriminating power as STR or SLP profiling, it is extremely sensitive. It can be used
on samples that are unsuitable for analysis with nuclear DNA techniques but is most
suitable for the analysis of discrete samples. In particular, Mitochondrial DNA is
found in the hair shaft which enables analysis to take place where no root is present.
Unlike nuclear DNA, Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother, all the
descendants along the maternal line will have the same Mitochondrial DNA. This
feature of Mitochondrial DNA can be used for the identification of bodies or body
parts which are unsuitable for analysis with STR profiling.
The results from SLP profiling or Mitochondrial sequencing are incompatible with the
results from STR profiling and therefore cannot be used for speculative searching of
the National DNA Database.
NOTE
Current DNA Profiling techniques are EXTREMELY sensitive.
Contamination avoidance procedures must be strictly adhered to.
24
2 Fibres, Hairs and Fur
1. FIBRES
1.1. Recovered samples Where possible submit the

ie. items on to which fibres whole item for examination.
may have been transferred
(e.g. garments, weapons,
seats, bodies)
Items that cannot be Before taping whole item, Mount tapes on a labelled
submitted to the FSS. tape, or remove with forceps, acetate sheet and place in
any obvious tufts or small polythene bags or envelopes,
threads. Note where these were taped at all seams and
removed from. openings.
To tape an item, use the
Ensure that labelling indicates
supplied adhesive tape. This
the exact location of the
should be one inch wide
taping and in which order they
adhesive tape. This tape should were taken.
be kept in its tin or bag at all
times - it must not be stored
loose in kits, bags, cupboards
or SOC vehicles.
Use as many pieces of tape as
necessary, do not overload the
tape so that it will not adhere
to the acetate. Do not use
excessively long strips of tape,
they should not overlap when
on the acetate sheet.
If necessary, seal edges of
taping using further strips of
tape.
Remember
• To tape seat belts, headrests and between where the seat base and seat back join.
• Where possible, tape exposed parts of bodies before removal from the scene.
25
Items that are submitted to the Tape any obvious tufts onto For items such as shoes,
FSS. adhesive tape, placed onto a clothes, bedding, etc. use
clearly labelled acetate sheet. suitably sized paper sacks.
Ideally with viewing strips.
Alternatively, recover into a Fold over the top twice, secure
polythene bag or with adhesive tape and label.
screw-capped vial.
Polythene bags should never
be used with damp items or
shoes as mould occurs.
Polythene bags can also cause
static which is a problem for
fibre or hair examination.
Wrap each item separately and

1.2. Control samples seal effectively. Self seal bags
i.e. items which are potential Submit the whole item should still be taped at edges.
sources of fibres for transfer wherever possible.
e.g. garments, carpets, Place in envelope or polythene
upholstery. If the whole item cannot be bag, taping all seams and
submitted, sample all openings.
component fibre types and
colours (including faded and
unfaded areas, worn and less
worn areas.)
Cut out approx. 3cm2 of

material OR pull out tufts of
fibres.
Ensure that the tape is labelled
Control tapes should be as a control.
sampled using a piece of
adhesive tape 7-10cm in length
until the adhesive is almost
exhausted but will still adhere
to an acetate sheet.
Do not take tapings as a sole

control sample.
26
Folded paper, as
for medicinal
powders.
27
1.3. Combings Use a clean new fine toothed Wrap the comb in the paper
comb supplied in the hair package over which the
combing kit. Comb the hair combings were made. Fold as
over a large sheet of paper. for medicinal powders. Seal in
an envelope or sealed
These kits are available from polythene bag. Ensuring that
the Forensic Science Service. all seams and openings are
taped.
Store in a cool, dry
environment.
1.4. Ropes or Twines Submit the whole length of Wrap each item separately and
rope, if possible, or submit a seal effectively.
length of rope at least 25cm
long.
Protect any cut or broken
If the rope must be cut to ends. Prevent knots from
remove it, clearly label the unravelling.
original cut or broken ends.
Leave all knots intact.
Remember to take controls AFTER taping to remove suspect fibres has taken place.
2. HAIRS
2.1. Control Samples
Head Hair If possible, pull out at least 25 Wrap sample in a paper

hairs, each by its root. Do not use packet, as for medicinal
forceps as this will crush the hairs. powders. Seal in a polythene
Obtain adequate representative bag. Alternatively collect in a
samples from different parts of the screw-capped vial.
head, include areas of different
lengths or colours. Give details on
the submission form of any
environment.
treatments (bleaches, dyes, perms,
lacquers, etc) known to have been
used on the hair.
When injury is involved, obtain
the control hair sample from the
injured site.
28
Removing a
knot/ligature.
In order to keep ligatures
and knots intact use string
to knot either side before
cutting away
29
Pubic hair If possible, obtain at least 10 As Above

plucked hairs.
Matted pubic hair should be

cut off and submitted as a
separate sample.
2.2. Recovered samples
Hair combings Use a clean new fine toothed Wrap the comb in the paper to
comb supplied in the hair form a package. Seal in an
combing kit. Comb the hair envelope or sealed polythene
over a large sheet of paper. bag. Ensuring that all seams
and openings are taped.
These kits are available from Store in a cool, dry
the Forensic Science Service. environment.
Note
• Debris falls rapidly from the head so combings should be taken as soon as possible.
• It is important that head hair combings are taken before the removal of clothing.
• Head hair combings do not replace hair controls, which should be taken separately if required.
Items for hair recovery Submit the whole item, where For items such as shoes,
examination possible. clothes, bedding, etc. use
suitably sized paper sacks,
Tape any obvious loose hairs ideally with viewing strips.
on to adhesive tape or recover Fold over the top twice, secure
into a polybag or screw-capped with adhesive tape and label.
vial. Polythene bags should never
be used with damp items or
shoes as mould occurs.
Polythene bags can also cause
static which is a problem for
fibre or hair examination.
Wrap sample in a paper packet,

3. ANIMAL FUR AND If the whole item cannot be as for medicinal powders. Seal
HAIR submitted, obtain an area 3cm in a polythene bag. Alternatively
2
of fur as a control. Or remove collect in a screw-capped vial.
hairs as per human hair. Store in a cool, dry
Ensure that a representative environment. If skin/tissue
sample is obtained of all colours samples are present, freeze.
and lengths.
30
3 Marks
1. FOOTWEAR MARKS
1.1. Two dimensional marks Submit whole item to the FSS Package each item separately
if possible, e.g. papers, in a box or folder, secure and
cardboard, broken glass, seal effectively. Ensure
clothing, door, etc. marked surfaces are protected.
If the above is not possible, Do not place FWM’s directly
photograph with two scales at into polythene bags due to
right angles to each other static.
around the mark. Keep the
camera film plane parallel with When submitting photographs,
the mark. provide the negatives or actual
If the mark is dry and dusty size black and white prints.
use electrostatic lifting prior to
any other techniques, e.g. Electrostatic lifts should be
gelatine or adhesive lifts. mounted into hard folders or
If the mark was made wet or secured into the base of a box
damp, but subsequently dried, using masking tape. Never
use black gelatine lifters or discard a lift until it has been
powder and lift with black examined using the right
gelatine (do not replace the conditions - in the dark using
acetate sheet) or a clear an oblique light.
adhesive sheet. Any marks
enhanced by powdering should Folders that have contained a
be photographed prior to lift must be discarded.
lifting.
Items bearing marks should not be placed directly into plastic bags.
1.2. Three dimensional Photograph the mark with When submitting photographs,
marks scales, in situ. Try to ensure provide the negatives or actual
that the scales are at the same size black and white prints.
level as the mark - if this is not
possible, measure the depth of Pack in a sturdy container,
the mark below the scales. protecting the appropriate
Cast the mark, preferably surfaces.
using dental stone. If this is
not available, plaster DO NOT remove adhering
will suffice. material from the cast.
Ensure cast is dry before
packaging.
31
When recovering or casting toolmarks consider both
leverage and impressed marks.
32
1.3. Latent marks Submit the whole item to the
FSS where methods of
enhancement are available. If
this is not possible speak to the
FSS about a scene visit to
enhance the marks.
2. TYREMARKS Recover as for 3-dimensional Ideally submit the whole tyre

See Also Section 13 - Vehicles footwear marks. As much of to the FSS, with its wheel,
the tread length as possible plus any test marks made with
should be retrieved. tyre and wheel. Alternatively
Photographs and sketches of arrange for the vehicle to be
the scene showing all the submitted to the FSS.
marks and those taken should
be submitted to the FSS.
3. TOOLMARKS
3.1. Impressed marks Wherever possible submit the Package in any appropriately
e.g. Cutting instrument marks, whole item bearing the mark sized container, taking care to
leverage marks, manufactured e.g. cash box, window frame, protect the damaged area and
marks, contact surface marks. wood shavings. to prevent leakage of
particulate material.
Remember to consider all
marks not just those at the point
of entry. Also remember there If the item has to be cut out at
are often two sides to a mark the scene ensure that the
and that leverage marks can removal cuts are clearly
also be important. marked and leave sufficient
material around mark so that it
If the above is not possible, is not disturbed.
photograph general location of
marks. Indicate on photographs
any marks made in removing Label the cast with an
the item. Also indicate indelible marker showing
relationship of mark to the
which way is up, down, in,
scene; inside, outside, etc.
out.
If the mark is to be cast use a
silicone rubber moulding Seal in secure packaging.
compound which has been
tested and approved by the
FSS.
Remember to take any paint
samples if necessary.
33
3.2. Cut items Submit all cut ends of wires, Any suitable packaging/
ropes, metal, etc. container. Ensure that all
edges are sealed to avoid loss
Ensure that any removal cuts of particulate material.
are clearly labelled.
Remember to preserve the cut
When submitting locks and ends and indicate any cuts
padlocks always remember to caused during removal. As
submit the key. with all marks provide
photographs, sketches and
additional information.
3.3. Tools/instruments Securely package ensuring

cutting blades or tips are
protected and that trace
materials on cutting
blades/tips are not disturbed,
contaminated or lost.
Package using a knife tube or

box where possible.
3.4. Control samples Obtain samples from the Pack in a sealed cardboard
e.g. wood and paint damaged areas. Take care not box or double wrap in heavy
from damaged to disturb any instrument duty intact polythene bags.
surface. marks that may be present.
Protect sharp edges so that the

wrapper cannot be penetrated
in transit.
4. FABRIC AND GLOVE Recover as for 2-dimensional Wrap each item separately in
MARKS footwear marks. an appropriate container, such
as a box, secure and seal
Submit whole item to the FSS if effectively. Ensure marked
possible, e.g. papers, cardboard, surfaces are protected.
broken glass, clothing, door, etc.
If the above is not possible, When submitting photographs,
photograph with two scales at provide the negatives or actual
right angles to each other size black and white prints.
around the mark. Keep the
camera film plane parallel with
the mark.
34
4. FABRIC AND GLOVE If the mark is dry and dusty Electrostatic lifts should be
MARKS use electrostatic lifting prior to mounted into hard folders or
contd any other techniques, e.g. secured into the base of a box
gelatine or adhesive lifts. using masking tape. Never
discard a lift until it has been
If mark was made wet or examined using the right
damp, but subsequently dried, conditions - in the dark using
use black gelatine lifters or an oblique light.
powder and lift with black
gelatine or a clear adhesive Folders that have contained a
sheet. Any marks enhanced by lift must be discarded.
powdering should be
photographed prior to lifting.
The possibility of fibre transfer should be considered when dealing with fabric or glove marks.
Fibre recovery must take place before dusting.
Contact the FSS to discuss.
5. REGULAR WEARER OF Submit the shoes of questioned The uppers may be cut from
FOOTWEAR origin and shoes of a similar the shoes - permission should
type known to have been worn be obtained from the
Consider alternative means of by the offender. investigating officer before
linking shoes to an individual submission to the FSS.
such as DNA or fibre transfer. Take inked impressions on Sealed and labelled brown
paper of the suspect walking paper bags. Do not use
or standing. Do not take rolled polythene bags to package
impressions of the feet. shoes as they go mouldy.
35
4 Glass
1. CONTROL SAMPLES Collect several pieces of glass Package glass from each
(six if possible) from around broken pane or item
Remember the possibility the broken area. separately.
of the presence of footwear State the number of broken
marks and/or bloodstains etc. When more than one glass panes on the submission form.
on broken glass at the scene of pane or item has been broken,
crime. Whilst blood may be collect several pieces of glass Place samples into a polythene
scraped/swabbed no attempt (six if possible), from each bag, inside a sturdy cardboard
should be made to lift the broken pane or item. box with a close fitting and
footwear mark from the glass. sealed lid. Ensure that the
Submit the whole item The recovered glass should glass cannot protrude from its
wherever possible. represent the full original container.
thickness and should be
representative of all the glass Seal the sample as soon as
types present. possible to prevent leakage or
injury.
Do not recover glass from the
floor, footwell, etc. but rather Boxes for control glass
from its original casing. If samples are available from the
samples are obtainable only FSS.
from the floor, they should be
labelled as such.
Before removal, mark the glass

with a permanent marker
showing which is inside or
outside.
Provide a sketch showing the

size and height of the window,
and the method of breaking, if
known eg. has the glass fallen
out or has it been kicked out to
enable the offender to climb in
(particularly where the frame
remains locked).
36
2. RECOVERED SAMPLES
2.1. Head hair combings Take hair combings prior to Fold the paper, together with
the removal of clothing. the comb, (as for medicinal
powders) and seal in an
Comb the hair with a clean envelope or polythene bag,
fine toothed comb over a large sealing all openings and the
sheet of clean paper. seams with adhesive tape.
Comb kits are available from environment.
the FSS.
3. DETERMINATION OF Collect all of the broken glass. Package in a box keeping the
THE DIRECTION OF THE Label inside (or outside) of a pane as intact as possible hold
BREAKING FORCE few pieces which were in place with packaging to
removed from the frame. prevent further breakage.
4. PHYSICAL FIT Where there is the possibility Ensure that damaged surfaces
of a physical fit all of the are protected in transit from
broken glass must be disruption or further damage.
submitted.
REMEMBER
To inform the FSS of any legitimate access to broken glass,
i.e. the suspect is a glazier or works in a scrap yard.
37
1. CONTROL SAMPLES Obtain paint sample from as Fold each sample into separate
close as possible to all pieces of clean, pre-folded
damaged areas. Sample right paper. Fold the paper as for
down to base wood or metal medicinal powders. Secure
using a clean sharp instrument. flaps and place into envelope
or polythene bag sealing all
openings and seams.
Thrown or sprayed paint. The paint can or aerosol is the

preferred control.
In cases where a tool-mark has Where the paint sample forms

been cut from a window frame part of a tool-mark
this will be sufficient for the examination the exhibit should
paint sample as well. be protected accordingly.
2. TRANSFERRED Painted object - Submit the Collect samples onto a pre-

SAMPLES whole object. Where this is not folded, clean piece of paper,
possible, sample. fold the paper as for medicinal
Vehicle paint - Sample down powders.
to bare metal.
Thrown or sprayed paint - Secure flaps and place into
remove adequate sample from envelope or polythene bag
substrate, eg. car, wall, etc. sealing all openings and
Anti-climb paint - These are seams.
often not uniform in their
composition. The sample must
be taken from all areas of
disturbance. Where possible
submit the paint smeared
surface intact. Scrape into a polythene bag or
Wet Paint glass vial
Remember, when paint is left behind at the scene of a fail to stop RTA, it is possible to indicate
the precise colour and manufacturer of the vehicle
2.1. Head hair combings Comb the hair with a clean Fold the paper, with the comb,
fine-toothed comb over a large (as for medicinal powders)
sheet of clean paper. and seal in an envelope or
polythene bag, sealing all
openings and seams with
adhesive tape.
38
2.2 Paint transferred It may be possible to scrape Put scrapings in an envelope,
to skin transferred paint from the surface paper package or polythene
of skin using a clean blunt metal bag. Store in a cool, dry
instrument. If this is unsuccessful environment.
contact the FSS for further advice.
Do not swab dried paint from
a suspect’s hands using a solvent.
3. PHYSICAL FITS Where there is the possibility Ensure that damaged surfaces
of a physical fit all of the paint are protected from further
Remember the possibility of or damaged surfaces must be damage or disruption during
fitting back paint fragments to submitted. transit.
their original site by
comparison of edges or the
continuation of surface
markings.
Paint samples, of any kind, must NEVER be recovered onto adhesive tape.
39
6 Miscellaneous Traces
Miscellaneous Traces covers a multitude of materials. If samples can be recovered and
analysed then it is possible that the FSS will be able to carry out a comparison. If in
doubt do not hesitate to contact the FSS or Specialist Advisor. Those requiring
specialist treatment are detailed below. Follow anti-contamination advice contained in
this handbook.
Remember the possibility of physical fits.
Traces may include:- plastics, rubbers, lubricants, make-up, adhesives, soap,

detergents, bitumen, foodstuffs, chemicals and building materials, including,
fibreglass, putty, brick, sand, dust, slate.
1. METALS
1.1. Control samples In cases of metal theft, Package in properly sealed

remember the possibility of suitable containers. Protect
physical fits and identifiable sharp edges so that penetration
cutting tool marks. of the package cannot occur
and cause contamination or
injury.
1.2. Items for recovery of Submit the whole item to the Wrap each item separately and
traces FSS wherever possible. seal effectively.
Remember swarf, turnings, filings
and globules can be analysed and
that plating on coins & jewellery
can also be examined.
Radioactive materials can be Seek advice from an Follow the advice received.
examined where appropriate. accredited source if such
materials are suspected.
40
Tapings Submit tapings from surfaces, Submit tapings in sealed

skin, etc. polythene bags. Label each
taping as to exact location.
Remember to submit control
tapings from adjacent areas
when trace detection work is
required.
Hand swab sampling Either tape the suspect’s hands Use the standard FSS firearms
(for the examination for the having first taped a control discharge residue kit or the
presence of metal traces, e.g. area, OR swab the hands using metal traces kit for sampling
lead, copper). the following method:- prisoners, scenes etc.
Wash your hands. Kits are available from the

FSS.
Put on disposable gloves, if
available.
If disposable gloves are not

available prepare a swab as
below and swab both of your
hands prior to swabbing a
suspect.
Take a clean piece of lint Place this swab into a small

(approx. 2.5cm x 2.5cm), soak polythene bag, seal and label
it with water and squeeze out “CONTROL BLANK
the excess. SWAB”.
Prepare further swabs and
swab the right hand of the Package, seal and label the
suspect. Repeat for the swabs appropriately.
suspect’s left hand.
41
2.PETROLEUM BASED
MATERIALS
2.1. Control liquid samples Submit sample in a clean

(e.g. petrol, diesel, brake metal or glass container with a
fluid) well-fitting screw cap.
The container should be

sealed in a nylon bag and
placed in a rigid container,
padded to protect from
impact.
‘Blood bottles’ and other

containers with rubber seals or
plastic vials should be
avoided.
2.2 Control or questioned Swab the area to be sampled Place the swab or deposit into
samples of oil or grease using dry filter paper a clean glass container with a
on items which cannot be (available from the FSS) or use secure cap or lid.
submitted to the FSS un-coated swabs.
(e.g. road surface etc.).
Blanks of filter paper or swabs Protect interior of plastic caps
must be submitted in all cases. and rubber seals from
chemical attack using clean
If the deposit is solid or semi- aluminium cooking foil or
solid (e.g. bitumen or grease) nylon film.
scrape it from the surface
using a clean knife.
2.3. Control or questioned oil Where possible, transport the

or grease from a vehicle vehicle to the FSS on a low
engine or underside loader. Consult the FSS first.
In some cases it may be
possible, and desirable, to Pack each sample separately
drive the vehicle to the FSS. (as above) labelling with its
If submission to the FSS is not exact source of origin.
possible, take individual
samples from freshly abraded
areas on the underside of the
vehicle and individual small
areas of the lowest points.
42
2.3. Control or questioned oil Samples can be taken as drips,
or grease from a vehicle scraped off with a clean knife or
engine or underside wiped off with dry filter paper or
contd swab.
Consider sampling these areas for
fibres and be aware of any fabric
marks.
2.4. Items bearing stains Submit the whole item to the Wrap each item separately and
FSS wherever possible. seal effectively.
Prevent grease stains from

coming into contact with other
material.
Significant stains may be

protected with aluminium foil.
2.5. Hand swabs Use clean, dry cotton wool or Pack and label each sample
lint. separately.
Submit an unused blank

sample as a control.
If disposable gloves are not

used, submit swabs from the
hands of the person doing the
swabbing also.
3. SOIL Take three or four control Pack each sample separately

samples from suspected contact in a properly sealed, heavy
points. duty paper bag.
Take a further one or two more Include a sketch showing the

from around that point within a areas sampled.
radius of 3-4 metres.
Sample only the surface soil,
taking a trowel skim of the area.
Where a footwear mark is also
recovered, leave any samples
adhering to a cast in place but
also take samples from the
surrounding area as described
above.
43
4. PLANT MATERIAL Fresh material is the ideal. Transport samples to the FSS
Quantities of samples as soon as possible and inform
Algae must be kept wet as it them if there are wet/damp
cannot be revived from a dry samples.
state. All other plants can
generally be identified from If samples are growing wet,
the dry material. keep wet by packaging in
screw-capped jars or
Leaves - A generous handful polythene bags but for no
longer than 24 hours.
Moss - preferably the patch
that has been made contact Wet samples may go mouldy
with. Try to include the so store in a fridge.
capsules.
Package dry samples in paper
Seeds and seed mixtures - as bags.
much as possible ensuring all
types are included.
Flowering plants - at least one

complete plant including
flowers and seeds, but not
roots.
5.WOOD Samples should be taken at the Suitable sealed bags or

point of entry or any damaged containers will suffice.
areas.
Ensure that all edges are
For most samples a small sealed to avoid contamination.
cube, approx. 1cm3 in size will
be required.
For plywood, and veneered

surfaces a 2cm2 sample is
required.
For chipboard, fibreboard and

hardboard a 10cm2 sample is
required.
For safe ballast or sawdust, Further wrap in two thick
half fill a 20cmx15cm polythene bags.
polythene bag.
44
7 Fire Investigation
Fire Scenes
Consider use of a scientist for:-
• Fatal fires, even if no immediate suspicion.

• Fires that have a strong suspect.
• Eliminating electrical or other accidental causes.
• Single seat fires, where there is no obvious accidental ignition source and there are no signs of
flammable liquids.
• Fires where the OIC is considering ‘endangerment of life’ charges.
A visit may not be productive if the scene is completely burnt out or if it cannot be safely
examined. If in doubt, contact your local fire investigator for advice.
In the absence of a scientist:-
• Find the seat of the fire by interpreting the patterns of fire damage.
• Investigate any odours suggestive of accelerants and take appropriate samples.
• Evaluate all the evidence at the scene to determine the likely cause of the fire.
• Take appropriate samples that might be needed later to link any suspect to the scene through
contact traces.
• Establish the security of all doors and windows at the time of Fire Service arrival.
• Check alarm systems and establish if the control panel contains an events log memory. If the
control panel is not badly burnt, call an engineer from the alarm company to interrogate.
• Check for CCTV systems covering the fire area. The recorder for an internal system may be
located in a non fire damaged area. Other CCTV systems on adjacent buildings may have
recorded persons at salient times. Tapes may be playable despite heat, physical, water or smoke
damage. (Consult the FSS for advice)
1. LIQUID SAMPLES
1.1 Hydrocarbon liquids Place sample in a nylon bag and

swan neck seal. Place this bag
e.g. petrol, white spirit,
into a polythene bag and also
kerosene, paraffin, turpentine, swan neck seal. These items
diesel, etc. should be isolated from other
items and should be placed in an
outer rigid container, suitably
padded, to protect from impact.
‘Blood bottles’ & other containers
with rubber seals or plastic vials
must not be used.
45
To swan neck seal a
bag, twist top of
nylon bag, fold over
(swan-neck) and
seal with sellotape
or security tag
46
1.2. Non-hydrocarbon Submit sample in a clean
liquids metal or glass container with a
e.g. methylated spirits, well-fitting screw cap. The
surgical spirit, acetone,etc. container should be sealed in a
nylon bag.
Alternatively, place sample in

a nylon bag and swan neck
seal. Place this bag into a
polythene bag and also swan
neck seal.
These items should be isolated

from other items and should
be placed in an outer rigid
container, suitably padded, to
protect from impact.
‘Blood bottles’ and other

containers with rubber seals or
plastic vials must not be used.
NOTE
Where a nylon bag has been used to package items, it is advisable to submit a control bag from
the same batch. The control should be swan neck sealed like the other
items but must contain air only.
2. ITEMS FOR
ACCELERANT ANALYSIS
2.1. Clothing Items of clothing can be Pack clothing loosely in nylon

examined for the presence of bags, firmly knotted and swan
flammable liquids and for any neck sealed at the top.
scorching or flash-burns.
Keep isolated from other
The laboratory submission items.
form should clearly state any
requirements in addition to Do not dry wet clothing prior
accelerant analysis. to packaging. If the item is
wet or heavily bloodstained
Remember to search pockets contact the FSS for advice.
and linings prior to
submission.
47
2.2 Fragile items recovered Handle as little as possible and Pack in a sealed sturdy box or
from the scene of a fire always with extreme care. tin. Transport personally to the
FSS as soon as possible.
2.3. Accelerant sampling a Samples should be taken at the Pack in nylon bags, firmly
fire scene lowest level of burning. swan neck sealed so that they
NB Ensure that any containers are airtight. Leave a volume of
found at the scene that may Unburned materials are more air above the sample.
have contained a flammable likely to contain accelerant
liquid are submitted to the residues than is charcoal. Look Clean, dry glass jars with well
FSS. through the debris to find fitting caps can be used as an
absorbent materials which alternative to nylon bags.
smell of accelerant.
If the presence of methylated
Any control samples of debris spirits is suspected, a glass
should be of the same type as bottle with a well fitting cap is
the questioned sample and preferred, although double
originate from an wrapping in nylon bags may
uncontaminated region. They be employed.
should be packaged and
treated in the same way as the Submit samples to the FSS as
questioned sample. quickly as possible.
Package structural woodwork, Take precautions to avoid

such as floorboards and joists, cross contamination from
separately from surface debris. other scenes.
Handle packaged debris Sharp items should be placed

samples very carefully to avoid in a rigid enclosure such as a
damage to the package. box, this should then be sealed
in a nylon bag. Ensure that
Do not more than half fill the packaging indicates a
bags with debris, a sample of sharp item is contained within.
1 - 2kg is sufficient.
48
2.4. Incendiary devices These should be photographed If flammable liquids are

and made safe; otherwise left involved, secure in an upright
intact. position in a sturdy box, then
swan neck seal in a nylon bag.
Where fingerprint examination
is required contact the FSS
before submission.
Pack in a sturdy box or tin and
2.5. Other fire related items Handle as little as possible. secure.
e.g. burnt paper, electrical
items, gas appliances, If item is believed to contain
manufactured pyrotechnics, traces of accelerant, seal
etc. further into a nylon bag with a
swan neck seal.
2.6. Hand swabs Do not submit hand-swabs

for traces of accelerants -
there is currently no effective
way of recovering flammable
liquid residues from skin.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
• Never dry out items suspected of containing fire accelerants before packing.
• Never store or transport items for examination for the presence of volatile fire accelerant
materials in close proximity to control samples of fire accelerant.
• Medi-swabs must not be used for sampling wet surfaces. If it is impossible to take a sample
in any other way then a clean, dry absorbent tissue should be used. A control sample of
tissue should also be submitted.
49
8 Explosives
IMPORTANT!
Safety takes precedence over evidence collection.
Obtaining specialist advice should always be considered first. The submission of any material to
the FSS which is believed to be, or to contain, explosive material is prohibited without prior
discussion and agreement with the receiving laboratory. Explosives and detonators should never
be sent in the same transport box. Further details of packaging and mode of submission will be
dealt with on a case by case basis.
At the Scene of an Explosion:-
At a major scene, where terrorism may be suspected, a BOMB SCENE MANAGER will be
appointed. In these circumstances it is normal to request a Forensic Scientist to attend the scene
and assist in co-ordinating the search.
Where an explosion has occurred or it is suspected that an incendiary device has been used, it is
important to collect all the debris from the relevant areas. Advice is always available from the FSS
and the military.
In ALL cases where an explosion has occurred or property needs to be searched, the military and
the FSS should be consulted to ensure that no danger exists from unexploded devices ( e.g. Booby
Traps)
On no account should any radio transmitters be used in or near such buildings and electric devices,
such as light switches or bells, are not to be operated.
1. RECOVERED ITEMS
1.1 Explosive material or Collect any small amounts of Place in a clean, dry glass
incendiary mixture suspected solid explosive bottle or jar.
e.g. sugar/chlorate mixtures. material found at the scene.
If large quantities are present Do not use a screw cap.

submit only small (5g)
Contact the FSS for advice
amounts, approximately one
teaspoonful.
Arrange for safe disposal of

the remaining bulk material.
50
1.2. Explosive wrappers Collect any intact wrappers or Pack in suitably sealed, clean
torn fragments found at the containers such as boxes or
scene. polythene bags.
Consider the possibility of

fingerprints.
1.3. Detonators Live, suspected live or home Consult an expert for advice
made detonators. before handling.
Do not tamper until the
expert has fully assessed the
situation.
Collect all fragments of an Pack in suitably sealed, clean

exploded detonator found at containers such as boxes or
the scene e.g. from embedded polythene bags.
locations in walls, ceilings,
furniture.
1.4. Batteries, wires, timers, Collect any extension wires, Pack in securely sealed
tapes, printed circuits torn insulation tape, polythene bags.
connectors, batteries, etc.
found at the scene.
Be aware of the various types

of devices sometimes used as
timing mechanisms for
explosive devices, e.g. clocks
and watches, clock timers,
clothes pegs, candles etc.
Do not forget the relevance of other evidence

e.g. fingerprints, glass, fibres, blood, etc. Treat and sample accordingly.
2. ITEMS FROM THE
SUSPECT
2.1 Clothing Submit the whole item to the Wrap each item separately and
FSS wherever possible. If this seal effectively.
If other contact trace material
is not possible consult the FSS
will be required for examination
who will be able to arrange or accelerants are suspected,
examination at a suitable site. follow the guidelines for those
evidence types. Otherwise,
brown paper bags or sacks will
suffice, folded at the top twice
and sealed with tape.
51
2.2 Swabs and fingernail Use the Gunshot Residues and Follow the procedures
scrapings Explosives Sampling Kit. outlined in the instructions for
These are available from use and complete the incident
SOCOS, Special Branch and form supplied with the kit.
the FSS.
CAUTION
• Extreme cleanliness must be maintained throughout dealings with persons or items suspected
of having been in contact with explosives.
• The officer(s) who deal(s) with the suspect or items obtained from them must not have had
any direct contact with any source of explosives, detonators, firearms, ammunition, etc. or with
the scene.
• The officer(s) should not be an operational firearms officer.
• Suspects must not be carried in vehicles which may have carried explosives or firearms or
explosives/firearms officers.
• Disposable gloves should be worn when dealing with any items which are to be submitted to
the FSS for examination for the presence of explosive materials. Physical contact with other
persons or objects must be avoided wherever possible, when carrying out procedures of this
kind.
52
9 Weapons
1. WEAPONS OTHER Do not attach any adhesive Tie the item with string, to the
THAN FIREARMS material to the blades or inner surface of a cardboard
e.g. Knives, hammers, handles. box, so that movement inside
hatchets. the box cannot occur in
Ensure that adhering debris or transit.
body fluids are preserved. Seal and label the box
correctly.
Rigid knife tubes can be
obtained from the FSS.
Wherever possible these
should be used to package
knives and other sharp
implements.
Ensure that the outer
packaging warns of a sharp
item inside.
WARNING!
In many cases the nature of the suspect chemical may not be apparent. Extreme care must be
taken. Use gloves at all times, two pairs in the case of acids. Do not touch the facial area and
wash thoroughly after handling. Where it is necessary to submit larger quantities of chemicals
than those indicated above, prior discussion with the FSS must take place before submission.
2. NOXIOUS CHEMICALS If clothing is damp notify the Most items, including

e.g. Tear gas, acids and FSS and submit as soon as clothing, should be packaged
alkalis, etc. possible. in a nylon bag.
Ensure that pressurised Place bagged canisters in
canisters are adequately boxes or jars to ensure they
protected so that they cannot remain upright.
discharge. Items suspected of containing
For unknown chemicals no acids should be sealed in a
more than 5g of solid or 10ml glass jar and/or a polythene
of liquid should be submitted, bag.
in a primary glass container Containers should be suitably
with screw cap (glass universal padded and sealed into a
is preferred.) plastic or nylon bag to contain
NB Acids will attack nylon. any leakage before being
Hydrofluoric acid will attack placed within a larger rigid
glass. cardboard package to protect
the primary glass container
from impact.
53
3. FIREARMS
All enquiries should, in the first instance, be made through the FSS Firearms Units at the London
Laboratory or Greater Manchester Firearms Unit. Your FSS Specialist Advisor will also be able to
assist.
3.1. Scenes
R v Bamber (1986)
HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary recommended that... “Where firearms are used in what is a
suspected murder or unlawful killing, a Forensic Pathologist and a Ballistics expert should always
be required to attend the scene, together with, if appropriate, a Biologist”.
Plans of the scene would be of value in all cases, with copies of relevant photographs.
3.2. Firearm handling
Never touch a firearm unless you have received firearms training.

• Always ensure that a weapon is unloaded or safe before it comes into your possession.
• Never position yourself so that the gun barrel is pointing in your direction.
• Remember that bullets and shot can ricochet around corners and pass through walls and doors.
• Never trust any label which says that a weapon is unloaded or safe.
• Be prepared for a weapon to discharge as soon as it is touched.
• Only trained firearm personnel should examine firearms at a scene. The position of safety
catches, hammers, spent/live rounds, etc. should be noted.
• The gun should be unloaded by trained firearms staff. Keep people away when the weapon is
being made safe, unloaded or checked for safety.
• The position of any cartridges in the chambers of revolvers and shotguns should be noted.
Magazines and/or unfired cartridges must be removed first from automatic or repeating
weapons, bearing in mind that a live cartridge may also be present in the chamber. Any cartridge
removed from the chamber should be packed separately.
WARNING!
It is dangerous practice to lift a weapon by its trigger guard during examination.
Never insert pencils or other objects into barrels.
• Once unloaded, firearms should be handled as little as possible. Always remember that weapons can
malfunction and always point the weapon in the safest direction.
• The firing mechanism, if interfered with or activated, might well affect the mechanical condition, which
is crucial to the outcome of a case. It should only be touched to assist with making the weapon safe.
54
3.3. Firearm packaging
• The muzzle ends of sawn-off shotgun barrels should be protected by a small bag, placed over
the muzzle and taped in place on the barrel about 5cm back from the muzzle. Do not tape
over the end of the barrel at any time.
• If fingerprint treatment is required it is better, in most cases, for this to be done before the
firearms or ammunition are submitted to the FSS. This applies to all dry treatments, including
‘Super-glue’. The fingerprint medium must not enter the barrel or firing mechanisms. Firearms
which require fingerprint treatment by the FSS should be packed in a rigid container to prevent
movement.
• Do not package any weapon before it has been made safe.
• Firearms should be stored in dry conditions to prevent rusting, which can rapidly develop in
fired gun barrels.
• Wet firearms must be submitted to the FSS as soon as possible. If the weapon retains any
moisture it should not be packaged in polythene as this promotes rusting. Robust paper bags
are better.
• Remember the weapon could be a source of contamination of firearms residues. Keep the
weapon separate from other exhibits.
• If it is suspected that the gun has been in the mouth of a victim it will be necessary to test the
muzzle for the presence of saliva. This part of the barrel must be protected. Where it is
necessary to preserve the presence of saliva or blood on the muzzle, stock or barrel of a
firearm these specific areas may be covered once the secretion has dried. Contact your
Specialist Advisor for further assistance.
3.4. Firearm submission
• A weapon which needs to undergo examination in order to determine its status within the
firearms legislation should be forwarded to the FSS London Laboratory or the Northern
Firearms Unit. Any decision on priorities (the order in which certain tests are done) will be
made in consultation with the investigating officer.
• Usually the FSS restricts examination to determining the “firearms” information about the
weapon, ammunition, etc. However, if evidence of another nature is seen during examination
other departments in the FSS will deal with the situation and a comprehensive statement will
be issued.
• Firearms for submission to the FSS should be packaged in the appropriate sealable bags
provided by the FSS, robust paper bags or in normal transportation boxes. Firearms and
ammunition must not be submitted in the same transport box unless they cannot be separated.
In this case the receiving FSS laboratory must be notified. Firearms should be transported to
the FSS by hand. Ideally its ‘safe status’ should be clearly visible through the packaging.
3.5. Photographs
• A marked scale, preferably two dimensional, should be shown on all photographs of damage
or wounds. It is desirable that both the scale and the camera should be positioned at
right angles to the damaged surface and the scales should also be at right angles to
each other.
55
• Photographs of bullet and shot entry wounds should be taken both before and after washing, or
shaving, of the wound at the post-mortem or medical examination.
• A colour photograph of the wound permits differentiation between blood-staining and
blackening.
• Photographs submitted in connection with range estimation must contain an indication of scale
in two dimensions, with the camera positioned so as to eliminate parallax errors.
3.6. Recovery of projectiles
• Never prise out embedded bullets. If the bullet cannot be removed without damaging it, the
surrounding material should be removed and submitted to the FSS. Instrument marks introduced
on to a bullet could well preclude a conclusive identification.
• Once removed, bullets and especially air gun pellets, should be wrapped in polythene, not cotton
wool, and placed in a container to prevent damage, friction or crushing by movement during
transit. Fired cartridge cases should be treated similarly. All fired items from the scene must be
submitted for examination.
• Bullets, shot and plastic wadding from bodies should be rinsed in cold water, dried and packed
separately, as above.
3.7. Wadding and cartridge cases
• Cartridge wads found at a scene may yield useful information as to the type and make of
cartridge used, and sometimes be associated with a specific weapon. They can easily be blown
about by the wind because of their shape and can often be found several yards either side of the
flight path of the shot.
• Modern plastic cup wads can disintegrate upon firing, into shapes not normally associated with
shotgun cartridge wads. Do not ignore an irregular shaped piece of heavy-gauge plastic of any
colour, it could be shotgun wadding.
3.8. Model, replica and blank-firing arms
The barrels of model, replica and blank firing firearms usually contain blockages. The chambers in
the cylinders of revolvers are usually restricted or blocked completely.
When sold these types of firearm are usually incapable of discharging missiles. They are not
subject to the requirements of the Firearms Act 1968, apart from circumstances relating to the
definition of an imitation firearm (Section 57 41) of the Act. Yet, prior to the 1982 Act it was
considered a blank firing revolver that could be converted to discharge a missile should be subject
to Section 1 of the Firearms Act 1968. The Firearms Act 1982 now provides a statutory defence
(Section 1 51) in simple possession cases only, against proceedings for an offence under the
Firearms Act 1968. In view of this defence the FSS will not examine model, replica, or blank firing
firearms in such cases, unless it can be shown that the accused knows the ‘firearm’ in question can
be converted or has attempted to do so.
To establish whether a particular example model can be converted to discharge a missile it is
necessary for the FSS to attempt to drill out or otherwise remove any blockages or restrictions.
Under arrangements connected with the 1982 Act, the FSS will test such examples, submitted by
the gun trade, to establish whether a particular gun can be converted to a Section 1 firearm.
56
4. POST MORTEM SAMPLES
• Bullets removed from bodies should be washed in cold water, dried, wrapped in polythene and
placed in separate rigid containers. Lead shot and wads need not necessarily be packed
separately.
• Gunshot wounds are occasionally excised by pathologists. These must never be placed in any
form of preservative (e.g. formalin). They should be contained face up in a substantial polythene
bag and stored in a deep freeze unless transported to the FSS immediately.
See also Section 1 - Body Samples, and the Health and Safety Section for further advice.
Firearms Discharge Residues (FDR’s) and Firearms
Confusion sometimes arises over firearms and firearms discharge residue (FDR) examinations:-
• The firearm examination deals with residues as part of the process involved in determining the
range of firing and in characterising entry and exit holes.
• FDR examination is concerned with the identification of discharge residues on a suspect and
establishing an association with a discharge.
5. FIREARM DISCHARGE RESIDUES
5.1. On a person
• Firearms discharge residues may be detected on swabs taken from the hands of the firer of a
firearm. Varying amounts of residues may be deposited on the hands, mainly in the area between
the thumb and forefinger.
• The non-firing hand may be used to support the barrel of the weapon. Heavy areas of residues
originating from the main muzzle blast may be found in these circumstances.
• Firearms discharge residues may also be found on the face and hair where they may persist for
up to twelve hours after a shooting incident.
• They are unlikely to be detected when swabs are taken more than two hours after the gun has
been fired except in suicide cases.
• The number of swabs necessary to sample all the relevant areas is provided in the FSS Gunshot
Residues or Explosives Sampling Kit. Always read the instructions contained in these kits prior
to use.
NOTE
Discharged firearms and ammunition are covered with residues. Officers and SOCOs investigating
crimes involving the use of discharged firearms, who have handled any weapon(s) or ammunition
must not take the swabs or clothing from a suspect. The packaging of clothing from the suspect and
clothing from the victim must not take place in the same room. If the clothing of more than one
suspect is to be examined special care must be taken to avoid cross contamination.
57
5.2. On clothing
Firearms discharge residues can also be deposited on the clothing of the firer. The clothing should
be treated carefully since the residue particles are easily lost from the surface of the clothing.
Residues have been detected on the surfaces of clothing more than five days after a shooting
incident. They may be retained in pockets indefinitely.
• Firearm discharge residues on the clothing of the victim can be used as an aid for range of firing
determination.
• Where the clothing of suspects is to be examined for firearm discharge residues, it should be sent
to the local FSS laboratory for vacuum recovery and analysis. Clothing should be carefully
handled, when packaging, to preserve lightly adhering firearm discharge residues. Providing the
clothing is dry, suitably sized brown paper bags are recommended. They should be folded twice
at the top, sealed and labelled. Wet clothing, including bloodstained items, should be air dried
prior to submission. Appropriate precautions must be taken to prevent contamination or loss of
evidence.
58
10 Documents
Extreme care must be taken when packaging items for document examination to avoid leaving
unwanted indented impressions or other marks. Wherever possible, submit the documents for
examination before fingerprint treatment.
Cases can be submitted to the FSS by personal delivery or by recorded delivery post. Never submit
cases by ordinary post.
The FSS can advise on the submission of large cases to reduce examination costs. Documents can
also be screened at the lab or off site.
Please contact the Documents sections at the London, Huntingdon or Wetherby laboratories
for free advice if in doubt.
1. HAND-WRITTEN Submit the original documents Pack flat and seal each item
DOCUMENTS wherever possible as separately in envelopes or
Handwriting and signatures photocopies may limit the polythene bags.
e.g. Cheques, notebooks, examination, especially if
letters, application forms, signatures are to be examined. Complete labels before
wills, demand notes, etc. Photocopying can also affect the attaching to the package.
paper or inks of original
documents. Do not mark, fold, pin, or
staple exhibit.
Specimens can be of two types:
1) Documents known to have Do not stick labels onto the
been written by the suspect exhibit.
(course of business writing)
2) Writings taken specifically Do not use excessive amounts
for the purpose of examination. of adhesive tape.
Obtain as many writing
specimens as possible. Samples taken together can be
Remember: packaged together.
When obtaining request samples
or seizing course of business
writing the scientist can
compare only ‘like with like’,
e.g. BLOCK CAPITALS with
BLOCK CAPITALS
• When requesting samples,
dictate the text required.
• Ask the suspect to write in
their normal style using a
well used, ball point pen.
• In the case of cheque fraud,
fifteen sample cheques are
required.
• In other cases the text of a
sample questioned document
written out five times is
adequate.
• The suspect should sign and
date each page of samples.
• Remove previous samples
from suspect’s view.
59
REMEMBER
• Complete labels before attaching to packaged items.
• Do not write labels or fill in submission forms on top of items, even once inside their packaging.
• Do not use adhesive tape on items or stick labels to items.
• Handle the documents as little as possible.
2. ALTERED DOCUMENTS Always submit the originals. Package as instructed above.

e.g. Credit cards, obliterated Do not treat with fingerprint
writing in diaries, MOT reagents.
certificates, insurance
documents, etc. Also submit a genuinely issued
document if possible.
3. TYPEWRITTEN Submit typewriter together Typewritten documents -

DOCUMENTS with any type/printing package as above.
Typewritten or printed elements or used single impact
documents for comparison ribbons found with the Typewriters or printers should
with typewriters or printers, typewriter. be submitted by personal
including inkjet, laser printers, delivery only.
faxes or other documents. If it is not possible to submit a
suspect typewriter make a note
of the make, model and serial
number of the machine and
take samples as follows:-
• Remove the ribbon and

replace it with carbon paper
(for typebar machines) or
another ribbon cassette.
• Type out the keyboard at
least three times.
• Type out the questioned
document at least three
times, keeping as close as
possible to the same layout.
If the questioned document
is very long, type out a
passage of at least half a
page, three times.
• Printers other than
typewriters should be
submitted direct to the FSS.
Do not attempt to obtain
samples. If this is not
possible, contact the FSS for
advice.
• Remember to submit any
cables found with the
machines.
60
4. PHOTOCOPIED It is not usually practical or Package documents separately
necessary to seize a
DOCUMENTS photocopier but note the make, as outlined above.
Any photocopied document model and serial number for
for comparison with future reference. If a service
photocopiers or other record is obtainable submit a
copy to the FSS.
photocopied documents to
Samples should be taken as
determine source.
follows:
•Do not clean the machine first.
•6 copies with no paper on the
platen and the lid down.
•6 copies with a clean piece of
white paper on the platen.
•Take samples of the same size
as the questioned document,
eg. A4, A3, A5,etc.
5. COUNTERFEIT Where a printing works is to Package documents separately

DOCUMENTS AND be raided or printing as outlined above.
PRINTING APPARATUS equipment is found, the
document examiner may Protect plates, negatives and
attend the scene and advise on artwork from being scratched,
which items to seize. acquiring dirt or damage in
Contact your local FSS any way.
laboratory prior to any raid.
If a scene visit is unnecessary,
some or all of the following
items may be required for
examination:-
• Genuine documents that may
have been copied.
• Artwork.
• Working sketches and notes.
• Photographic negatives or
positives.
• Printing plates.
• Printed material - test runs,
incomplete documents or
final versions.
• The blanket fitted to an offset
litho press. This may bear an
image of what has been
printed even if everything else
has been removed or
destroyed.
61
5. COUNTERFEIT Genuine samples of

DOCUMENTS AND counterfeited documents
PRINTING APPARATUS for use as control samples.
contd.
Paper, ink or unused plates are
likely to be of less evidential
value.
Include genuine samples
where possible.
6. DRY-TRANSFER OR Submit documents containing Package documents separately

RUB-DOWN LETTERING original artwork and any as outlined above.
e.g. ‘Letraset’ ‘Letraset’ carrier sheets found.
Do not allow documents to
Remember it is possible to come into contact with each
match the rub-down marks on other or with carrier sheets.
paper with the lettering carrier
sheet. Avoid excessive handling,
7. DOCUMENTS FOR Submit documents where Do not fingerprint.

INDENTED IMPRESSION authorship is unknown. Handle with cotton gloves.
EXAMINATION Do not package in plastic.
e.g. Anonymous letters, logs For sequencing of pages Do not rest on the document
or notes for sequencing. submit all associated to write labels, etc.
documents in the condition in Do not mark, staple, fold,
which they were found. crush or in any other way alter
the document.
Do not alter the order. Protect document with card to
prevent further impressions
being made.
8. PAPER If the source is known, only Package in a polythene bag or

For common origin, country, one sample of paper is cardboard box.
manufacturer or brand. required. If taken from a
manufacturer then samples If fingerprints are also
from all batches should be required, place in a paper
taken. folder first.
9. WORD PROCESSOR/ Submit processor machines

COMPUTERS/PERSONAL together with associated disks,
ORGANISERS cassettes and power cables.
Monitors, keyboards and mice
are not normally required.
62
9. WORD PROCESSOR/ If the screen display shows
something of evidential value
COMPUTERS/PERSONAL attempt to get it photographed.
ORGANISERS
Contd. If possible save any open files
to a new, blank floppy disk and
package separately.
Turn the computer off.

Information may be lost if the
machine is switched off
incorrectly. Check with the
instruction book, manufacturer
or the FSS, if in doubt.
Remember that many

machines have memories.
Check for diaries, notebooks

or scraps of paper which may
contain passwords.
10. VIDEO Submit original tapes, not Suitable packaging to prevent

INVESTIGATIONS copies. damage in transit, strong
paper bag or cardboard box.
When original tapes are seized,
break out the record/erase tab Clothing or other items for
to prevent accidental erasure. comparison should be
Specify any requirement not to packaged as per instructions
break the tab. for any other evidence types
that require examination -
Identify the position of the otherwise strong paper bags,
recording sequence in sealed and labelled will
question, using time and date usually suffice.
code incorporated in the
recording. In the case of
multiplexed recordings, the
cameras concerned must also
be identified.
Where no time code is present,

the tape should be stopped at
the sequence of interest and
appropriate instruction given.
63
11. Drugs
involving:- Biological samples for alcohol, drugs or
• Possession of controlled drugs poisons analysis.
• Intent to supply, and supply of, controlled Please refer to Section 12 - Toxicology
drugs
• Production of controlled drugs
NOTE
In view of the serious health risk the FSS will only accept hypodermic paraphernalia by prior
agreement.
1. DRUGS AND Submit the whole item, The FSS provides uniquely
ASSOCIATED securely packaged and labelled numbered tamper evident
MATERIALS with the name of the suspect polythene bags suitable for
e.g. tablets, capsules, powders, and the source of the sample. submission of most drug items.
pipes, vegetable material, Small amounts of powder
knives, tobacco tins, boxes NB: In the case of knives - should be put into a paper
and pouches containing drug care should be taken to ensure package, as for medicinal
abuse paraphernalia, etc. they are securely and safely powders, and then into the
packaged. polythene bag.
Polythene bags are not suitable
Plastic knife tubes and robust for perishable or wet items.
containers are available from Cannabis leaves should be
the FSS. placed in brown paper envelopes
inside a perforated, tamper
evident bag.
The perforations should only be
sufficient to allow the leaves to
dry without compromising the
security of the item.
1.1 Hypodermic syringes CARE! Advice will be given

and needles In view of the serious health regarding packaging and
risk the FSS will only accept submission requirements once
hypodermic paraphernalia by agreement has been reached.
prior agreement. Do not remove the needle.
Interim containers should be
extremely sturdy, e.g. metal
tin with tight fitting lid, plastic
knife tube or cardboard box.
Ensure hazard warning tape is
clearly visible.
64
2. CANNABIS
CULTIVATION
(Also see below *)
2.1. Plants If the set-up is a small Cannabis leaves should be

domestic one then samples of placed in brown paper
leaves will suffice. envelopes inside a tamper
If the set-up is larger, evident bag.
(i.e. commercial) then plants
will be required. The perforations should only
be sufficient to allow the
The plants should be submitted leaves to dry without
intact and include the compromising the security of
rootstock. Only a the item.
representative sample is
required. This should include Air-dry plants and package in
two intact plants brown paper sacks and
representing each stage of transfer to the FSS promptly.
cultivation, and noticeably Polythene bags are unsuitable
different varieties of plants eg. for fresh plant material
colour, leaf shape, etc. because the closed conditions
Cannabis plants should not be encourage the growth of
watered after seizure but stored moulds and subsequent rotting
in such a way as to allow them of vegetable material.
to dry.
Leaf matter should not be
stripped away from the stalks.
The plants which are not
submitted should be
photographed and retained for
presentation at court.
2.2. Other items These items can provide Package according to item.
e.g. documentation, literature, valuable information to assist
growing materials, clothing, the scientist with yield Ensure items for fingerprint
cash, footwear marks, calculations or to connect examination cannot move
fingerprints, miscellaneous persons to scenes. around within the packaging.
traces, etc.
Refer also to other relevant Ensure wet items are allowed
sections of the handbook. to dry before packaging. If
this is not possible contact the
FSS for advice
Handle cash as little as

possible. If possible, do not
count before submission in
order to reduce the risk of
contamination.
65
Details as to lighting arrangements, chemicals present and settings on timer switches
are valuable information for the scientist.
Ensure they are recorded.
* Cannabis cultivation can range from a few plants being grown for personal use to highly effective,
high value set-ups involving special strains of cannabis grown under ‘ideal’ conditions. The latter
need not involve hundreds of plants. Set-ups based on the cultivation of multiple crops of small
numbers of high yield plants can be equally lucrative.
The FSS are able to estimate the potential yield of current, and in some cases, previous and future
crops. The scientist can estimate the effort and resources put into the set-up, establish the method
of cultivation and T.H.C. (Tetrahydrocannabinol) content of the crop.
Unless SOCOS have received specific training in the examination of cannabis cultivation
scenes a Forensic Scientist should attend.
It is not always necessary for an FSS scientist to attend the scene. However, contacting your local
FSS laboratory is advised. A discussion over the size and content of the scene can determine
which items should be seized, this can often cut down on the number of plants and items taken. The
FSS can provide specially prepared forms for accurately recording cannabis cultivation scenes -
contact your local FSS laboratory.
3. SYNTHETIC DRUG PRODUCTION
Amphetamine and ‘Ecstasy’ are the main drugs manufactured in this country. Occasionally
however, L.S.D ‘spotting’ factories and small scale ‘crack’ productions are also uncovered.
It is essential that a forensic scientist is involved at the early stages of an investigation regardless
of the drug involved. It is unwise to plan or execute a raid on a clandestine laboratory without
liaising with a forensic scientist.
It is likely that a variety of hazardous chemicals will be present in an illicit drugs laboratory. No
chemicals or other items should be sampled for submission to the FSS without prior consultation.
The Forensic Science Service Drugs Intelligence Unit.
The FSS Drugs Intelligence Unit (DIU) has access to all information collated from drugs seizures
submitted to the FSS, plus up-to-date information from drugs trends around the world. The FSS
DIU maintains close liaison with other UK law enforcement including the Home Office, the
Medical Control Agency & NCIS.
Examples of what the FSS DIU can tell you:
• If a particular preparation has been seen before.

• How long a particular preparation has been in circulation.
• What the average purity of a drug is in your area, regionally or nationally.
• What the drug is and what effect it has.
• What the legal position is relating to the possession and supply of the drug.
• Methods of synthesis.
• Typical dosage unit/wrap sizes of illicit drugs.
66
12 Toxicology
involving:- • Possession of controlled drugs
The analysis of biological samples for alcohol, • Intent to supply, and supply of, controlled
drugs of abuse, prescribed/medicinal drugs, drugs
poisons and volatile substances/solvents. • Production of controlled drugs
Please refer to Section 11 - Drugs
For cases involving:-

The examination of body fluids and samples
that may require DNA analysis or
conventional grouping.
Please refer to Section 1 - Body Samples
W A R N I N G !
The handling of body fluids constitutes a health hazard.

Recommended precautions must be strictly adhered to for the obtaining,
handling and transportation of biological materials.
Refer to the Health and Safety Section of this Handbook for further guidance.
REMEMBER
It is important to outline the purpose of the examination and to supply the scientist with all the
relevant background information (without this the analysis may be misdirected).
For example:-
• Any symptoms shown and any other medical information; this may help in the identification of
drugs or poisons.
• Information regarding items found at the scene e.g. drug paraphernalia; any substances known
or suspected to have been taken by or administered to the defendant/aggrieved prior to, during
or after the incident.
• Information regarding prescribed medication, or drugs administered in hospital or by a Forensic
Medical Examiner/Police Surgeon.
In cases where death has occurred, the circumstances surrounding the death, the time of death if
known, the condition of the body when found, information regarding any drugs given in
attempting to save life, and a copy of the Pathologist’s report if available.
1. SERIOUS OFFENCES
e.g. murder, manslaughter, rape, gbh.
It is often necessary to determine whether or not the victim or suspect was likely to have been
under the influence of alcohol, drugs or other substances at the time of the incident. This could
explain behaviour or may account for the inability of a victim to have offered resistance e.g. in
‘drug-rape’ cases. The actual combination of drugs or drugs and alcohol found could be significant.
67
1.1. Samples required - live subjects
Blood and urine samples should be taken in every case, as soon as possible after the incident.
Delays in sampling may result in relevant drugs or poisons being metabolised (broken down by
body processes) and subsequently excreted, and hence they may go undetected. If there is a long
delay between the incident and sample provision then urine samples are particularly important,
as urine can retain evidence of previous alcohol/drug use for longer periods than blood
specimens.
Blood Preferably 10ml Refrigerate or freeze

for alcohol and drugs (The actual volume of blood
required will vary depending
on case circumstances; 10ml
will not be required in all
cases. If only small volumes
are available analysis can still
be carried out, however, the
extent may be limited).
It is essential that at least a

portion of this is placed into a
container with adequate
fluoride preservative and
anticoagulant (e.g. septum
sealed RTA blood alcohol vials
containing fluoride/oxalate,
1 fl.oz. Universal with
fluoride/oxalate); this enables
meaningful alcohol
determination and is also
suitable for drugs analysis.
Any remaining blood taken

can be placed into a container
or containers with
anticoagulant only. (Analysis
for the presence of drugs can
be carried out using blood
specimens containing both
flouride preservative and
anticoagulant, or those
containing anticoagulant only)
68
Urine Preferably at least 20ml. Refrigerate or freeze
for alcohol and drugs Use a container with fluoride
preservative (e.g. 1 fl.oz. RTA
urine alcohol container);
preserved urine is essential for
meaningful alcohol determination.
and is also suitable for drugs
analysis. Drugs analysis can also
be carried out using unpreserved
urine.
A urine specimen can be obtained
immediately, under supervision; it
is not necessary for a Police
Surgeon/Forensic Medical
Examiner to be present during
collection of this specimen.
NOTE
• Do not completely fill the containers with sample, as they may break if frozen.
• If a subject has been admitted to hospital and samples, e.g. pre-transfusion blood, have been
taken, these should be retained and submitted to the FSS in their original specimen containers.
• In cases involving solvent abuse e.g. toluene, butane, the blood sample should be collected as
soon as possible in a rubber septum-sealed RTA vial with preservative and anticoagulant. The
sample must be refrigerated, or frozen if possible, and forwarded to the FSS as soon as possible,
as this type of case needs to be processed rapidly. Any ‘control’ solvents must be packaged
separately (securely sealed and inside a nylon bag) and kept remote from biological samples.
• Where blood specimens are taken ensure that non-alcohol containing swabs, such as those
approved for the purposes of the Road Traffic Act, are used when the skin is cleaned prior to
sampling.
1.2. Samples required - deceased subjects
Blood Preferably at least 20ml Refrigerate or freeze

for alcohol and drugs, carbon Preserved blood is essential
monoxide and volatiles for meaningful alcohol
determination; it is also
suitable for drugs analysis:-
use a container with fluoride
preservative and anticoagulant
e.g. septum sealed RTA type
vial, 1 fl.oz. Universal with
fluoride/oxalate.
Drugs analysis can also be
69
carried out using unpreserved
blood:- use a container with
anticoagulant (EDTA
Monovette, EDTA Sterilin) or
plain Sterilin
Urine Preferably at least 20ml Refrigerate or freeze

for alcohol and drugs
Preserved urine is essential for
meaningful alcohol
determination; it is also
suitable for drugs analysis:-
use a container with fluoride
preservative e.g. septum sealed
RTA type vial, 1 fl.oz. RTA
type Universal with fluoride
preservative.
Drugs analysis can also be
carried out using unpreserved
urine:- use a plain Sterilin,
plain Universal or screw cap jar
Stomach and contents Screw cap container e.g. white Refrigerate or freeze
for drugs plastic tub.
Include entire contents.
Liver Screw cap container e.g. white Refrigerate or freeze

for drugs plastic tub.
Approx. 50-100gms.
Lungs Where volatiles are suspected Refrigerate or freeze

for volatiles place in a sealed nylon bag,
This sample can be useful in inside a sealed container e.g.
cases of solvent abuse white plastic tub.
e.g. glue sniffing.
(Any ‘control’ solvents must
be packaged separately,
securely sealed and inside a
nylon bag, and kept remote
from biological samples).
Vitreous humor Container with fluoride Refrigerate or freeze

for alcohol and drugs. preservative e.g. septum sealed
For decomposing or burnt RTA type vial
bodies.
70
NOTE
• All blood samples for toxicological analysis must be taken from a peripheral site e.g.
femoral vein. The sample site should be noted. The blood vessel should be isolated to
prevent contamination from other vessels.
• Do not completely fill the containers with sample, as they may break on freezing.
• Do not use hospital type fluoride/oxalate containers; they may contain insufficient preservative.
• In most cases all analyses can be carried out using blood and urine specimens only, however, the
other samples listed in the table may be required depending on case circumstances. An autopsy
specimen kit is available from the FSS which contains suitable containers for blood, urine,
stomach contents, liver, lungs and vitreous humor.
• In cases where death occurred in hospital, any ante-mortem specimens, e.g. pre-transfusion
blood , should also be submitted to the FSS. This is particularly important in cases where
there is a delay between the incident and death.
2. SUSPECTED POISONING
A wide range of potential poisons exists and a targeted or systematic analytical screen for
drugs/poisons would normally be carried out depending on the case circumstances. In this type of
case it is particularly important that communication occurs between the toxicologist and the
investigating officer prior to any submission.
2.1. Suspected poisoning of humans
• Live subjects - Blood and urine specimens should be taken and stored as described in the above
table (paragraph 1.1: Samples Required - Live Subjects).
• Deceased subjects - Samples should be taken and stored as described in the above table
(paragraph 1.2: Samples Required - Deceased Subjects).
• Samples of vomit or stomach wash may be available and these should be collected in sealed
screw cap containers.
2.2. Suspected adulteration of foodstuffs, drinks and medicines
• A prior discussion with a toxicologist is essential, especially if there is potential for harm or if a
rapid targeted analysis is required.
• It is important to submit appropriate control (unadulterated) samples of the foodstuff, drink or
medicine.
• Foodstuffs should ideally be frozen (otherwise refrigerated) and submitted to the FSS as soon as
possible. Drinks and medicines can normally be stored refrigerated. Keep items containing
liquids upright and ideally in their original container. If the latter cannot be readily and securely
sealed, decant the liquid into a sealable container and submit both this and the original container.
71
3. H.M. CORONERS CASES
In these cases there may be no natural cause of death e.g. drug overdose. The scientist is asked to
determine whether or not there are sufficient drugs/poisons present in body tissues to provide a
potential cause of death, or show that the substances detected could have been an important factor
in the death of the individual.
3.1. Samples required
• An autopsy specimen kit is available which contains suitable containers for blood, urine,
stomach contents, liver, lungs and vitreous humor. See above table (paragraph 1.2: Samples
Required - Deceased Subjects).
• In cases where death occurred in hospital, retain any ante-mortem specimens e.g blood in their
original containers and submit them together with the post mortem specimens. The choice of
sample used for analysis will depend on the case circumstances.
4. RTA CASES
The procedures that need to be followed in cases under the Road Traffic Act e.g. driving with an
alcohol level over the prescribed limit, alcohol technical defence cases, driving whilst unfit to do
so through drink or drugs, including samples taken in hospital, are described in Police Forms
MG/DD A to E.
Blood and urine kits for sample collection are supplied by the Forensic Science Service.
In alcohol technical defence cases, any drinks, glasses, cans, bottles etc. for submission to the FSS
should be securely sealed and packaged. Mark any containers (glasses, bottles etc.) as appropriate
to indicate levels of liquid. Keep items containing liquids upright and if the containers cannot be
securely sealed, decant the liquid into a sealable container and submit both this and the original
container.
Current Alcohol Limits
80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood

107 milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of urine
35 micrograms of alcohol in 100 millilitres of breath
72
4.1. Driving under the influence of drugs
There is a statutory alcohol limit in body fluids above which it is an offence to drive.
This is not the position in drugs/driving cases. Proof of impairment is the legal requirement. In
most drugs/driving cases the prosecution evidence will comprise three elements:
• Evidence of eye witnesses (including police officers) about abnormal driving behaviour by the
defendant.
• The opinion of the Police Surgeon/Forensic Medical Examiner after he has carried out a medical
examination, that the defendant’s condition may be due to drugs.
• Evidence from the FSS that a drug capable of affecting driving performance was present in the
defendant’s body.
The strongest case will include all three elements. It is not essential that all three elements are
present, however this may influence the decision to prosecute.
Because of the large number of drugs which can potentially affect behaviour or driving
performance, their low concentration in body fluids and the limited volume of specimen available
from a living subject it is important that as much information as possible is provided to the FSS
concerning symptoms, behaviour and case circumstances. Hence it is important to complete form
MG DD/E (Drug Sample Information Form) in addition to the standard laboratory submission
form.
4.2. Samples required
• It is recommended that 10ml of blood are taken and divided equally between two
standard rubber septum-capped RTA vials, containing preservative and anticoagulant.
• If the Police Surgeon/Forensic Medical Examiner advises that blood cannot or should not be
taken, then urine should be taken and this should be the second of two specimens provided
within the hour. The second specimen should be divided equally between two standard RTA
urine containers (with screw caps and containing preservative).
• Do not completely fill the containers with sample
• Both blood and urine samples should be stored refrigerated.
• If the offer of part of the specimen is declined by the defendant, both parts should be forwarded
to the FSS.
• Ensure that non-alcohol containing swabs (those approved for the purposes of the Road Traffic
Act) are used when the skin is cleaned prior to blood collection.
• For cases where solvent abuse is suspected, take blood into a standard rubber septum-capped
RTA vial, containing preservative and anticoagulant, as described above (paragraph 1.1: Samples
Required - Live Subjects).
73
13 Vehicles
1. SCENE Wherever possible pick up the Double wrap in heavy duty

Items from road surface or debris rather than sweeping. polythene bags and seal
impact area effectively.
Collect sweepings from
incident site.
1.1 Paint Collect all debris which has Package in cardboard box,
It is possible to indicate the been left at the scene by any of pre-folded paper and
precise colour & manufacturer the vehicles involved. polythene bag or envelope.
of the vehicle from paint. Seal all edges with Sellotape.
1.2 Glass Collect all debris which has Package in a sturdy cardboard
e.g. windows, mirrors, been left at the scene by any of container.
indicators, lamps, spotlights, the vehicles involved.
etc. Seal all edges, ensuring that
glass cannot harm or
contaminate.
1.3 Other Collect all debris which has Package in properly sealed
e.g. trim, number plate, been left at the scene by any of containers, ensuring that
bodywork metal or filler, the vehicles involved. sharp edges cannot penetrate
bumper, aerial, etc. the package and that
contamination cannot occur.
1.4. Tyremarks Photograph with scale,

For accident investigation measure all dimensions.
purposes the type of mark Obtain scale plan showing
(locked or rotating for all skid-marks.
example) will need to be Obtain plaster casts of tyre
determined. This is usually impressions.
carried out by the Accident
Investigation Officer.
Also refer to Section 3 -
Marks.
74
1.5. Samples from damaged Collect all transferred material. Package suitably with regard
areas of impacts to each item by ensuring sharp
e.g. walls, posts, gates, etc. Take control samples from edges are protected and debris
each damaged surface. cannot be lost from the
packaging.
Consider possibility of
identification by physical Ensure any relevant features,
evidence e.g. impressed such as impressed markings
bodywork markings. are protected from further
damage in transit.
2. AGGRIEVED VEHICLE
IN VEHICLE IMPACT
2.1. Damaged areas Measure the height above Steel/cast iron fractures can
of vehicles ground and photograph. rust very rapidly. These items
Record details of the damage may be protected from further
on the submission form. rusting by the application of
grease, where appropriate.
Where possible submit both
parts of the broken item.
Paint from damaged areas If physical fit seems possible, Collect the paint sample on to
contact the FSS. a pre-folded clean piece of
Obtain samples from around paper, as for medicinal
the damaged areas (to include powders.
native and transferred paint) Fold the paper (as for
using a clean sharp instrument. medicinal powders) and seal
Sample right down to base in an envelope or polythene
metal. bag, sealing all openings and
Often the impact will have seams.
distorted the metal allowing
the paint to crack away. If so
collect a sample from each car
about 10mm2
75
Glass from broken
components
Laminated windscreen Cut out samples from the Use a polythene bag inside a
damaged screen. sturdy cardboard box with a
Ensure both sides are present close fitting lid.
in the sample and label outside Seal all openings and seams.
facing surface. Boxes for control glass
Include decorative features samples are available from the
such as shade bands. FSS.
Toughened windscreen or Collect about 50 pebbles of Package glass from each

side windows glass (a handful) broken pane or item
separately.
Recover glass from each Polythene bag inside a sturdy
broken window. cardboard box with a close
fitting lid.
Seal all openings and seams.
Boxes for control glass
samples are available from the
FSS.
Lamps, lights, bulbs or Collect all broken parts. Package in properly sealed
mirrors. suitable containers. Lamp
Do not test lights before filaments are extremely fragile
removing bulbs (inform the - they will need to be padded
FSS if this has occurred). and kept stable inside the
packaging, for example tissue
wadding inside a small box.
Glass should be placed in a
sturdy box, sealed at all edges,
and placed into a polythene
bag and sealed.
Protect sharp edges so that
penetration of the package
cannot occur.
Rubber trim Collect all transferred material. Package in properly sealed

Obtain control samples from containers, ensuring that sharp
all damaged components. edges cannot penetrate and
that contamination cannot
If any items have to be cut occur.
away these controlled cuts
should be identified to the
FSS.
76
3. SUSPECT VEHICLE IN
VEHICLE IMPACT
3.1. Vehicles to be examined Transport the vehicle to the Protect damaged areas and
by the FSS FSS on a low loader. Inform contact areas of vehicle with
the FSS first. polythene sheeting.
Do not drive the vehicle.
NB Important evidence can be
lost if the tyre & wheel are
separated.
3.2. Vehicles not submitted

to the FSS
Fibres/fabric impressions. Photograph fabric marks with Collect the paint sample on to
scales and then lift. a pre-folded clean piece of
Where fibres can be seen paper.
embedded or melted on to Fold the paper (as for
paint-work then sample as for medicinal powders) and seal in
paint using a clean sharp an envelope or polythene bag,
instrument sealing all openings and seams.
Mount tapes on a labelled
Obtain Sellotape lifts from acetate sheet and place in
likely contact areas (including polythene bags or envelopes,
underside of vehicle where taped at all seams and
relevant). openings.
Ensure that labelling indicates
the exact location of the
taping and in which order they
were taken.
Blood, hairs and human Obtain samples from contact Refer to Section 1 - Body
tissue. areas. Samples.
Remember blood
splashes/drops may be found
some distance from the point
of contact.
Consider the use of Blood
Pattern Analysis.
Pulled hair is often found
embedded in windscreens or
trapped by vehicle trim.
Oil/grease samples. Obtain samples from all likely Refer to Section 6 -

contact points. Miscellaneous Traces.
77
IMPACT LOCATION
The services of the force Accident Investigation Unit will be most useful. Additionally, the FSS
are able to estimate the speed of the vehicle and the movements of the vehicle can be determined.
The actions of the driver can also be deduced. Examinations should not be attempted without
first seeking advice from the FSS.

4. VICTIM IN
VEHICLE/PERSON IMPACT
4.1. Outer clothing Obtain all outer clothing. Where possible package these
Take care to preserve material items so that they remain flat
of evidential value. e.g. in a sturdy box or container.
Dry items should be packaged
separately in sealed paper sacks,
avoid the use of polythene bags
unless the item is to be frozen.
Do not put wet or damp items in
paper bags.
Wet items should be air-dried.
Care must be taken to avoid
contamination or loss of
evidence. If items cannot be
dried, contact the FSS and
submit immediately in
polythene bags.
4.2. Hair Obtain hair combings and a Wrap the combings, along
control hair sample. with the comb, in the paper
package over which the
Use a clean new fine toothed combings were made (wrap as
comb. Comb the hair over a for medicinal papers). Seal in
large sheet of paper. an envelope or sealed
polythene bag. Ensuring that
Hair combing kits are available all seams and openings are
from the FSS. taped.
4.3. Blood Ask police surgeon, hospital Refer to Section 1 - Body

staff or pathologist to obtain a Samples and Section 12 -
control sample of non- Toxicology.
transfused blood.
78
4.4. Property Obtain any property from the Package and label each item
victim which was apparently separately in properly sealed
damaged during impact. suitable containers.
5. TACHOGRAPH Submit the original chart, not a Sandwich the charts

CHARTS photocopy. individually, between layers of
Do not bend the chart or mark smooth cardboard or place in
its surface. a box.
Do not staple or clip anything Seal in a polythene bag.
to the chart, including labels. Fill in labels before attaching
Do not attach adhesive labels to packaging, taking care not
to the chart. to lean on the charts while
writing.
6. NUMBER Vehicles can be examined off-

RESTORATION site. Contact your local FSS
laboratory.
Submit small items to the FSS. Package and label each item
Along with punches for separately in properly sealed
comparison, where suitable containers.
appropriate.
7. DEFECTS AND Where possible, submit Where possible, pack in

FAILURES complete items. sturdy containers.
Consult the FSS or force
vehicle examiners in all cases. Wheels and tyres should not Ensure that items cannot be
be separated, important further damaged in transit.
evidence may be lost. Label
clearly indicating position on Care must be taken to prevent
the vehicle. Note pressures of sharp items from penetrating
this to other tyres. packaging.
Fractured metal can rust very

quickly, protect with grease.
Ensure that any removal cuts

are clearly marked.
79
Index
SUBJECT PAGE
Accelerants 45,47,48
Acids 53
Adulteration, Foodstuff 71
Alcohol 68,69,70,72
Algae 44
Alkalis 53
Animal Fur 30
Animal Hair 30
Blood 16-19,77,78
Toxicology 68
Transfusion 16
Body Samples 16-24
Bones 22
Buccal Scrapes 17
Bulbs 76
Cannabis 64,65
Cultivation 66
Hydroponics 66
Carbon Monoxide 69
Cheques 59
Combings 28,30
Computers 62,63
Contamination 10-11
DNA 10
Credit Cards 60
CS Gas 53
Health and Safety 6
Defects, Vehicles 78
Detonators 51
Disinfection 6
DNA 24
Contamination 10
Documents 59-63
80
SUBJECT PAGE
Drugs 64-66
Scenes 66
Factories 66
Toxicology 68,69,70
Driving 73
Drugs Intelligence Unit 66
Etching 78
Explosives 50-52
Scene 50
Health and Safety 6
Fabric Marks 34,35,77
Factories,Drugs 66
Faeces 21,22
Failures, Vehicles 78
Fibres 25-30
Combings 28,30
Fibres 25,26,77
Tapings 25,26,41,77
Fingernail Debris 22,52
Firearm Discharge Residues 57,58
FDR Kit 41,52
Fires 45-49
Scenes 45
Flowers 44
Foetus 22
Footwear
Marks 31,36,43
Regular Wearer 35
Fur 25-30
Glass 36-37
Glass 36,74,76
Determination Of Direction Of Breaking Force 37
Glove, Marks 34,35
Glue Sniffing 70
Grease 42,43,77
81
Hair 17,21,28,77,78
Pubic 30
Combings 28,30,37,38,78
Hairs 25-30
Combings 28,30
Animal 30
Handwriting 59
Indented 62
Hazardous Materials 5
Health and Safety
Health and Safety 5-9
Hydroponics 66
Incendiary Devices 49,50,51
Indented Writing 62
Knives 53,64
Leaves 44
Cannabis 64,65
Letraset 62
Liver 70
Lungs 70
Marks 31-35
Footwear 31,36,43
Tools 32,33,38
Fabric 34,35,77
Glove 34,35
Medical Examination Kit 16
Metals 40,41
Moss 44
Nasal Secretions 22
Noxious Substances 53
Number Restoration 78
Oil 42-43,77
Paint 38-39,74
Paper 62
Comparison
Personal Protection 6
Petroleum 42
Photocopiers 59,61
82
Physical Fits 37,38,75
Plants 44
Poisoning 71
Post Mortem Samples 17,22
Toxicology 69,70,71,72
Printers 60
Radioactive Materials 40
Regular Wearer Of Footwear 35
Restoration, Numbers 78
Ropes 28,29
RTA Cases 72
Saliva 17,20,21
Seeds 44
Semen 19,20
Soil 43
Stomach Contents 20,70
Swabs 20,41,42,43,49,52
Tachograph Charts 79
Tear Gas 53
Teeth 22
Tools 34
Marks 32,33,38
Toxicology 67-73
Traces 40-44
Twines 28,29
Typewriters 60
Urine 69,70
Vehicles 74-79
Failures 78
Defects 78
Number Restoration 78
Tachograph Charts 79
Video Investigations 63
Vitreous Humor 70
Weapons 53-58
Firearms 54-58
Health and Safety 6
Windscreens 76
Wood 44
83
Regional Laboratories:
Birmingham Laboratory London Laboratory

Priory House 109 Lambeth Road
Gooch Street North London SE1 7LP
Birmingham B5 6QQ Until April 22, 2000
Tel: 0121 607 6800 Tel: 0171 230 6700
Fax: 0121 622 5889 Fax: 0171 230 6253
After April 22, 2000
Tel: 020 7230 6700
Chepstow Laboratory Fax: 020 7230 6253
Usk Road, Chepstow
Gwent NP16 6YE
Tel: 01291 637100
Fax: 01291 629482 Wetherby Laboratory
Sandbeck Way
Audby Lane, Wetherby
Chorley Laboratory West Yorkshire LS22 7DN
Washington Hall Tel: 01937 548100
Euxton, Chorley Fax: 01937 587683
Lancashire PR7 6HJ
Tel: 01257 265666
Fax: 01257 274752 Woodley Local Office
Suite C, Loddon Vale House
Hurricane Way
Huntingdon Laboratory Woodley, Reading
Hinchingbrooke Park, Berkshire RG5 4UX
Huntingdon Tel: 01189 440391
Cambridgeshire PE18 8NP Fax: 01189 440408
Tel: 01480 450071
Fax: 01480 450079

The Scenes of Crime Handbook

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Scenes of Crime Handbook

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE

The Scenes Of Crime Handbook

As part of the FSS’s continued commitment to encouraging best practice, I am pleased

Although this handbook cannot cover every conceivable situation encountered at a

A new addition to this handbook is a section on contamination. With advances in DNA

A supplementary introductory section offers general health and safety advice.

Tel: 01257 265666

Hazardous materials could include the following:-

Health and Safety Guidelines

• Commercial thick bleach can be used for spillages of biologically hazardous

2. PERSONAL PROTECTION GUIDELINES

3. HANDLING AND SUBMISSION GUIDELINES

• All samples should be contained in primary watertight containers, which should be

• An ‘Infectious Substances’ transportation label.

5.1. Transportation of liquid body fluid samples and organs

5.2. Transportation of biologically hazardous material in vehicles

For further information, a guide and price list or to order, contact:-

Tel: 01257 265666

The following chart is a guideline only.

Current DNA Profiling techniques are extremely sensitive.

Glass controls Sturdy cardboard Dry environment

Paint Pre-folded paper Dry environment Same principles for

Miscellaneous Pre-folded paper Dry environment Refer to Section 6 -

Miscellaneous Ideally in original Dry environment Do not accelerate drying by

Fibre Tapings Sealed Dry environment Ensure that each taping is

Damp or Wet Use paper bags for Do not accelerate drying by

Condoms Put into rigid Freeze Knot the condom if it contains

The Medical Examination Kit

TYPE OF EXHIBIT SAMPLING STORAGE

1.1 Blood Collect two 4 ml samples of Samples should be frozen and

NB Frozen samples are used If conventional grouping is

1.3 Hair Minimum of 10 plucked head Store dry at ambient

2.1 Blood Where possible whole items

Blood on immovable items

If any item is still wet when Avoid the use of polythene

Dry blood NB before sampling, a blank

Remember to note the position Care must be taken to avoid

Penile swabs Sterile swabs should be

Liquid semen Liquid stains should be

Freeze as soon as possible in a

With all body fluids avoid freeze/thaw/freeze situations

Envelopes/stamps Submit whole item before any Separately package in polythene

Foodstuffs incl. chewing gum Store in a sterile plastic container

2.5. Faeces If possible, the whole stool should be

3.4. Aborted foetus Freeze as soon as possible in a

Contamination avoidance procedures must be strictly adhered to.

1.1. Recovered samples Where possible submit the

Wrap each item separately and

Cut out approx. 3cm2 of

Do not take tapings as a sole

Leave all knots intact.

2.1. Control Samples

Head Hair If possible, pull out at least 25 Wrap sample in a paper

Pubic hair If possible, obtain at least 10 As Above

Matted pubic hair should be

2.2. Recovered samples

Wrap sample in a paper packet,

2. TYREMARKS Recover as for 3-dimensional Ideally submit the whole tyre

3.3. Tools/instruments Securely package ensuring

Package using a knife tube or

Protect sharp edges so that the

Before removal, mark the glass

Provide a sketch showing the