CELL

(STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION )

Blok 101

Dr. Yulia Sari,S.Si.,M.Si

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNS

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 OUTLINE
1. CELL THEORY
2. DEFINITION OF CELL
3. LIFE HIERARCHY
4. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PROKARIOTIC AND
EUKARIOTIC CELLS

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 CELL
• Cells  building blocks of life
• Elements  Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen
• Cell Theory consists of three principles:
a. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
b. Cells basic units of structure and function in an
organism
c. Cells  come only from the replication of existing

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 STUDY OF CELL STRUCTURE:
• CYTOLOGY (cells)
• HISTOLOGY (tissues),
• function of cells: CELL PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY,
and CYTOGENETICS.

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LIFE HIERARCHY

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The relative scale of biological molecules and structures

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 CELL THEORY

PROKARIOTIC & EUKARIOTIC

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Cell Theory

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 MICROSCOPE

The first instrument studying

cell structure
a.LIGHT MICROSCOPE
important tool
b.ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
1. SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE (SEM)
2.TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE (TEM)

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 RELATIVE POWERS OF MICROSCOPES
1. COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
maximum resolving power = 200 nm (maximum
useful magnification = ~1000 X)
2. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
maximum resolving power = 0.5 nm nm
(maximum useful magnification = >30,000 X)
3. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
3D images, but less magnification than
transmission EM
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PROKARIOTIC

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The composition of a
bacterial cell
• 70% water
• 30% proportions of
structural and functional
molecules.

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PROCARYOTIC Vs EUCARYOTIC

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PROCARYOTIC
Vs
EUCARYOTIC

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Sel Eukariotik

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ANIMAL
CELL

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PLANT
CELL

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 MEMBRANE DESIGN
 fluid-mosaic model
a. Fluid = pliable/easily moved
- due to lipid component
-phospholipids can move laterally
b. Mosaic = made of a combination of molecules

(lipids, proteins, and carbs)

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CELL MEMBRANE AND “FLUID MOSAIC” MODEL

• Functions
1. transport of materials in and out of cell
2. recognition
3. communication
4. homeostasis.
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 CELL
MEMBRANE

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 Phospholipids Phosphate
“attracted to water”
• Phosphate head
– hydrophilic
• Fatty acid tails
Fatty acid
– hydrophobic
• Arranged as a bilayer “repelled by water”
 Arranged as a Phospholipid bilayer
• Serves as a cellular barrier / border
sugar H2O salt
polar
hydrophilic
heads

nonpolar
hydrophobic impermeable to polar molecules
tails

polar
hydrophilic
heads
waste lipids
 CELL MEMBRANE DEFINES CELL
• Cell membrane separates living cell from aqueous
environment
– thin barrier = 8nm thick
• Controls traffic in & out of the cell
– allows some substances to cross more easily than others
• hydrophobic (nonpolar) vs. hydrophilic (polar)
 PERMEABILITY TO POLAR MOLECULES?
• Membrane becomes semi-permeable via protein
channels
– specific channels allow specific material across cell
membrane

inside cell H2O aa sugar

NH3 salt outside cell

 MEMBRANE PROTEINS
• Proteins determine membrane’s specific functions
– cell membrane & organelle membranes each have unique collections of
proteins
• Classes of membrane proteins:
– peripheral proteins
• loosely bound to surface of membrane
• ex: cell surface identity marker (antigens)
– integral proteins
• penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane
• transmembrane protein
• ex: transport proteins
– channels, permeases (pumps)
 Cholesterol
– Modifies fluidity
• High temp – stiffens membrane
• Low temp – prevents membrane from freezing
 EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

• Only in Animal cells

• Area between cells
• Contain various protein fibers and complex
carbohydrates
• Function: assists in communication between cells
 Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules embedded
in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer

Glycoprotein Extracellular fluid

Glycolipid

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Transmembrane
proteins
Peripheral
protein Cytoplasm Filaments of
cytoskeleton
 1. Phospholipids
a. polar heads are hydrophilic “water loving”
b. tails (fatty acids) are hydrophobic “water fearing”
and directed inward
2. Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
a. Only animal cells
PLASMA MEMBRANE b. Contain various protein fibers and complex
carbohydrates
STRUCTURES c. Function: assists in communication between cells

3. Carbohydrate Chains
a. Glycoproteins and glycolipids
b. Only occur on outside surface of cell membrane
c. Function:
 Adhesion between cells
 Reception of signaling molecules
 Cell to cell recognition
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 PLASMA MEMBRANE STRUCTURES
4. Cholesterol
– Lipid
– Modifies fluidity
• High temp – stiffens membrane
• Low temp – prevents membrane from freezing
5. Proteins
-serves many different functions
– Integral
– Peripheral
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 NUCLEUS (PL. NUCLEI)
1. largest organelle within a
Eukaryotic cell. But NOT ‘brain’
of the cell!!
2. Prokaryotes have no nucleus,
but nuclear body.
• no membrane and a loop of
DNA - cccDNA - and no
chromatin proteins)

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 NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
• Nuclear envelope:
Double layered membran enclosing the nucleus of
a eukaryotic cell

• Nuclear envelope has pores that allow the passge

of materials into and out of the nucleus 
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

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 CYTOPLASM
• Semifluid substance in external nuclear membrane and internal
cellular membrane protoplasm.
• Eukaryotes (having a nucleus) cytoplasm contains all organelles
1. Mitochondria
2.endoplasmic reticulum
3.Golgi apparatus
4.Lysosomes and peroxisomes
5.Cytoskeleton
6.Cytosol

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 RIBOSOMES
• most important cell organelles
• composed  RNA and protein that converts
genetic code into chains of amino acids
• specialized cell organelles and found in both
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS for the
PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS

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 RIBOSOMES
• Smallest organelles in cell
• Each cell contains thousands
• Makes Protein
• Found Floating around inside
cell
• Or attached to membranes or
organelles
• Unlike most organelles
ribosomes are not covered by
a membrane
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RIBOSOMES

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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Golgi Apparatus

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Golgi Body Function

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Lysosomes

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Lysosome

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 Function
Lysosome

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PEROXISOME

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 KLOROPLAS
• hanya pada sel tanaman
• Mengandung pigmen hijau
chlorophyll
• Tempat produksi makanan
(glucose)
• Dilindungi oleh membran
ganda

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PLASTIDS

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CYTOPLASM/CYTOSOL

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 PLANT
CELL WALL

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 THE CELL WALL
•Characteristic of PLANT CELL
•Distinguish it from ANIMAL CELL
•Ergastic substance (secreted by living
substance but itself non-living)
•Synthesis is controlled by golgi
complex
•Middle lamella
1.Primary wall
2.Secondary wall
3.Tertiary wall

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 CELL WALL
• Cell wall: a rigid structure that gives support to the
cell.
• Cell walls are made of different materials: some
plant cell walls are made of a complex sugar
called cellulose.
• Animal cells do not have cell walls

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 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELL WALL

1. Cellulose
2. Hemicellulose
3.Pectic substances
4.Lignin
5.Cutin, Suberin, Waxes
6. Gums and mucilage

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CYTOSKELETON

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 Figure 6.22

Centrosome Microtubule

Centrioles
0.25 m

Longitudinal
section of
one centriole

Microtubules Cross section

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 Pustaka
• Bruce Albert, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff,
Keith Roberst and Pieter Walker., 2018., The Molecular
Biology of The cell. Garland Science, UK.

• Karp C.Gerald. 2016. Cell and Molecular Biology: Consept

and Experiment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

• Wilkins, Adam S. (January 2012). "(Review) Evolution: A

View from the 21st Century". Genome Biology and
Evolution.

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