19.1 GEOMETRIC PROGREssion A sequence of non-zero ny imbers is call : term and the term preceding to coed een er (abbreviated as G.P.) if the ratio of a The constant ratio i Tatio is called the common ratio of the GP. In other words, a sequ SENCe Oy 03 ,., is called a geometric pros far allneN. Progression if. = constant for ILLUSTRATION * The sequence 4, 12,36, 108, isaG.P., because 12 = 36 _ 108 3, which is constant, ants ILLUSTRATION 3 Show that the sequence ein n common ratio. quence given by ay = 3 (2"), for alln ed SOLUTION We have, a, = 3(2"). Therefore, ep Sn} on a(t % — 3(2") So, the given sequence is a G.P. with common ratio 2 GEOMETRICSERIES If a,,4),43,.~.d,,..i8aGP,, then the expression a + ap +5 +... +a, + is called a geometric series. Note that the geometric series is finite or infinite according as the corresponding G.P. consists of finite or infinite number of terms. 19.2 GENERAL TERM OF A GP. Prove that the nth term ofa G.P. with frst term and common ratio ris given by a,= ar"~} be the given GP. Then, a =a = a =ar'~1 isa G.P. Also, find its which is constant for all n € N. THEOREM OF Let ay, 02, 03, ---/ Op is a GP. with common ratio r. Therefore, Since a1, 09, 03, ---1 Ons Pai roid => ay =a => &=4r > =a" 2 3-1 = =ar 93 op = ay=ays 3 ay =(ar > a= > %that a, shar) peeing sean ace a PROOF Since the G.P. consists of m terms. nth term from the end = (m-n+ 1)th term from the beginning = ay THEOREM 2 Pee hat the nth term from the end of aG.P. with last term Land PROOF Gleniy, wien look at the terms of a G.P. from the last term and move: beginning we find that the progression is aG.P. with common ratio 1/r, So, nth term from the end = (2) ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC) Type I FINDING THE INDICATED TERM OF A G.P. WHEN ITS FIRST TERM AND THE COMMON RAM ARE GIVEN Al EXAMPLE1 Find the 9th term and the general term of the progression: =~ 17= lie SOLUTION The given progression is clearly a G.P. with first term a uae ‘common ratio r=-2 9th term = ag = ar' (9-1) 208 5 4 and, General term = a, = ar") =teat tec t z-3 exanye2 Find the 5th term of the progression 1, (2 a (2 a) (Fz) (-2)° =64 eS, Exanytes Find 4th term from the end of the G.P. 3, 6, 12, 24, ..., 3072. SOLUTION Clearly, the given progression is a G.P. with common ratio r = 2. 1! a= 1 & 4th term from the end = (2) = (3072) (3) = 384(PLES Which term ofthe G.P. 5, 10,20, 40. is $1207 Clearly, the given G.P. has first term a =5 and the common ratior =: Thus, 11th term of the given GP. is 5120, “EXAMPLES Which term of the G.P. 2, 8, 32,... 8131072? INCERT] SOLUTION Here,a=2 and r=4.Let the nth term be 131072. Then, ay = 131072 = ar" 1 =131072 = 2x 4"-1=131072 = 4" 1 = 65536 = 4"-1=48 = n-1=8 > 1=9 Hence, 131072 is the 9th term of the given GP. Type III PROBLEMS BASED ON THE DEFINITION OF A G.P. AND THE FORMULA ay, = Pes EXAMDJAL? The fourth, seventh and the last term of a G.P. are 10, 80 and 2560 respectively. Find thee first ferm and the number of terms in the G.P. SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the given GP. Then, ag =10, a7 =80 => ar? =10 and ar =9) > 25-% = 28 > rad ar 5 Putting = 2in ar® =10, we get a2) =109 a= 10-5 Let there be n terms in the given GP. Then, ty = 2560 aie 5 = n-4=8 = n=12 = ar’ =2560 = 7 ( 2!) =7560 => 2" * =256 > gt 4 a8 of the third and fifth terms is 90. Find the common. : GP. is 1. The sum Examples The first term of @ ena tio of the G.P. a Let rbe of the G.P. It is given that the first term a =1. Now, 43 + 45 =90 ar? + ar =90 > 7 the common ratio 2, 4290 > +r? -90=0 = = rht0r? 977 =90=0> (2 +1077 -9)=0 > 7-9-0 > r=43. Tyence, the common ratio ofthe given GP. is3 or 3:ci reckons that the value en ‘machine, which Bee ee Find the estimated value at the end of 5 years. SOLUTION We have, Initial value of the machine = Vp = 15625 and, R = Rate of depreciation = 20% . R . Depreciated value at the end of first year = Vo - “0% = = vo(1-5,) Depreciated value at the end of second year = Vj ~ us Fi ( -4) - vol ans so on. R tio} 1 - —— common rat 0 a} Depriciated value at the end of 5 years = 6th term of the GP. with first term Vo ( = € 15625) and common ratior = pate 18 Ina G_P. of positive terms, if any term is equal to the sum of next two common ratio of the G.P. SOLUTION Let abe the first term and r be the common ratio of the G.P. py hypotecaall Gy = One. + One 2 2 +Viv4 125 2 ~ > ar") sar" +ar"*! => 1=rtr = Pr4r-l=0>r= “8 -2( 52) 200 18° But, r > 0. Therefore, rproduct f terms aot of first and teria Elis ion me agi e E20 If the first and “fist terms, Drove tha BE gyn AEG ‘area and b respectively and if P is the product of the z IN EGEUTION' Latrrbe the common ratio of the given GP. Then, 1 b= nth term = ay"=1 5 yr-1_b (2 crac (2 Now, P = Product of the first n terms = a.ar.ar2...ar"~1= dt pit 2+ 34 ..4(n-1) n(n—1) = aa ashes [paeaese .+(n=1)= (3 (re »)= ele net n(n—1) 1 2 a paa! ty A ot) -0t07. (aby"/? a 2 i CS p= { ( ay} =(ab)" ER Let ay =A 05 «0x Gy y =8 be the given GP. the product of whose terms is P. Png oye 0 ut “(8 8 (2-1) (83 m2 [o on i 242 a pa(ab) (ab) (0d) vole [Oy eke = 41 dy for all k =1, 2)... 1] = (ab) (ab) (ab) =40?) times a poet)? =P? =(ab)" ‘hterms ofa G.P. are p and q respectively. Show that the mth and hand m= =m exampye21 The(m+™ are [Pq nth te}eh ne e s P oa Ifpth, qthand rth terms ofan A.P. as well asa G.P. area, band c respectively. Prove that arn b cee e em (NCERT EXEMPLAR] SOLUTION _ Let Abe the first term and dbe the common difference of the A.P. Itis given that a, b and care p'*, qt" and r'® terms of the A.P. Therefore, a=A+(p-1)d,b = A+(q-1)d,c = A+(r-1)d es b-c = (q-1)d,c—a = (r-p)d and a-b = (p—q)d. Let a be the first term and R be the common ratio of the G.P. Then, @=aR?-1,b=aR'}, andc = aR" ' Gana (pd (p= mee tet = (aR? *| ~fart'} xfar™'} alQ dtr Pde (p- 94 RiP Dla-r) d+ (G- Mir —p)d + Np aiiartro PtP ad pip(a-r)+ alr —p) +1 (p—9)—(a—r) —(r ~p) (Pad =a Ro = 1, EXAMPLE 23. Find all sequences which are simultaneously A.P. and G.P. SOLUTION Let a, 4, 3, ..-, dy --- be a sequence which is both an A.P. as well as a G.P. Let a , y+ 14 4 2 be three consecutive terms of the A.P. Then, 2m. 1 =I +142, NEN Let r be the common ratio of the sequence when it is considered a G.P. Then, a= ay", aye year” and y= ay"? Putting these values in (i), we get Day =a ear gealer? > 2 -2r4120 > (=12=0 & rel Putting =1 in ay, ay =a 7, 43 =a”, a4 =ayr°, ..., we obtain Ay, My = My, 03 = My, Ay = 2 -- which is a constant squance.“earl the ratio of any term and recedi » itis a G.P. with aie ee XAMEE?S If ptt, gh th ang gh , aie ae and ¢ terms of an A.P. aren G.P., then show that (p ~ 9), (q ="), ( SOLUTION Let abe the first term mmon 1% , a, and a, be its pt qr mand d be the co difference of the given A.P. 4 P' 4,1 and s'" terms respectively. Then, % =@4+(P~1) d, a, =a+(g-1)d,q =24(r-1)d and = - aa , a =a+(s-l)d. Pq =(P—4) d, ag—a, =(q-r)d and q ~a, =(r-s)d @) Ceayen that dy, ay, a, and 4, arein GP. Let A be the frst term and R be the common ratio of the = A = a, AR = a,AR* =a and AR? =a, AAR = aya, ,AR-AR? = a, -a and AR?-AR® = a, -a fa A(1—R) =a, ~a, , AR (1-R) =a, -a, and AR? (1-R) =a, -a 2 = (una)? ={aR 1-R)} ={4 a-R}{AaR2a—R)} = (a a) @ -@) = and = {ip -mah{e-a} eee > (q-n? = (p-9 0-5) = p-4, 4-17 -s arein GP. 3 EXERCISE 19.1 BASIC 1. Show that each one of the following progressions is a G.P. Also, find the common ratio in each case: i i) 4,22,1,-1/2.... (i) -2/3, -6,-54,... () 4 -21-0/ yess 28% (iv) 1/2, 1/3, 2/9, 4/27, «» i) 16 : 2, Show thatthe sequence defined by a, ==; eNisaGP. zs Ibe term of the G.P. 1, 4, 16, 64, .. (the 10th term of the GP. 9/39 (ii) the Bth term of the GP. 03, 0.06, oe Pz —y OD Xp (iv) the 12th term of the GP. => 3 at” aed ¢ ots a,b,c, dareinGP. PY 19.3 SELECTION OF TERMS IN G.P, Sometimes it is required to select a finite number of terms in G.P. It is al wenient if ‘select the terms in the following manner. peat a ‘No. of terms Terms Common ratio 3 4 aar r r 4 seats 2 Siar 5 + a, ar, ar™ r 2", If the product of the numbers is not given, then the numbers are taken as a, ar, ar”, ar, The following examples illustrate the application of the above selections. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC) £1 Ifthe sum of three numbers in G.P. is 38 and their product is 1728, find them. SOLUTION Let the numbers be “,, a, ar. It is given that the product and sum of these numbers r are 38 and 1728 respectively. Now, Product = 1728 = “(a) (ar) = 1728 => a* =1728 => a=12and, Sum = 38 r 2 = Sear =a a(Seter)~ m= u[ 7) r r > 6 +.6r + 6r2 =19r = 6r? -13r + 6 =0 => (3r - 2) (2r- 3) = 0 1 =3/2 or, r=2/3 Putting the values ofaand rin, a, ar, we find that the required numbers are8, 12, 18 or 18, 12,8. r BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS) EXAMPLE2 If the continued product of three numbers in G.P. is 216 and the sum of their products in pairs is 156, find the numbers. SOLUTION Let the three numbers be a/r, a, ar. Then,i Product =216 (a). = 3 {Sum of the product jy (adr) (a) (ar) = 216 => a 26> 006, Pairs = 156 At Qary & # r 7a = 156 > 8(feret) ts afte “|< r 2 Ba anya: Putting the values of BXAMPLES The ny luired numbers are 18, 6,2 or 2, 6,18. ml , means by 5, they will be nae oe ‘whose sum is 70. Ifthe extremes be each multiplied by 4 and the SOLUTION Let the many te nutes ers aL rer) < 79 Beata Bieralb0 Given that 4a, Se, 4a, Re wAp " in AP, 2(ar) = 3 “10+ 3 = 0 (3r-1)(r-3)s0r= and r, the req or, r=3 3) ?. Ibis given that the sum of these numbers is 70. afi) a+ dar? hs Sr = 242)2 2 BO ea 20m (ar 1) =o sone mee E Putting r =2in (i), we obtain 9=10. So, the numbers are 10, 20, 40 pate Fae a We get a = 40. So, the numbers are 40, 20, 10. ‘ind three numbers in G.P. whose sum is 52 and the sum of whose products in pairs is 624. LUTION Let the required numbers be a, ar, ar? Then, Suma 12 gat ar = 52S (19072) < 52 (i) Sum of the products in pairs = 624 > @.ar+ar.ar>+a,ar? = 624 ay ar (1+r4r) = 624 (ii) Dividing (ii) by (i), we get ar =12= a= 12 na (ili) r 12 Putting a = — in (i), we get r 12 yg r472)=52 = 37? -10r+3=0 = (37-1) (r-3)=0 > robo, = r in (iii), we obtain a =4.So, the numbers are 4, 12, 36. we get a= 36.So, the numbers are 36, 12, 4 Putting r = 3 1 in (ii), 2 Putting r ES Theproduct offirst three terms fa G.P, is 1000. If6 is added to its second term and 7 added PL he : hird term, the terms become in AP. Find the G.P. to its , a SOLUTION Let first three terms of the given GP. be a arulhen Product = 1000 = a3 =1000= 4=10- inAP. s ar +7 arein Itis given that © a+ 6, 4 ar+7 2(a+6) = ae 10 , 107 +7 => 32 = Sa45,15,5 or 5,15, 45 4 ess a naveoe 4.10,5,20r 35,10 see 6.248 or8,4,2 7, 18,6,2 or 2,6,18 8. 1,9,81 or 81,9, 9, 3,6,12 HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 3. Let the terms of the GP. be © a, ar.Itis given that Seater =3 dx axar=-1 J 137 | = a=-Tanda(r? +r+1)=BT = Perti=-Bi > 127? + 257 +12=0 a s 127? $167 +97 +12=0 = (3r+4)(4r+3)=0> r= Sor 7 3 4.4 3 pie Orci rae Hence, three numbers are e 3 or, 3 4 5, Let the terms of the G.P. be “, a, ar.Itis given that r 4 a+ ar= 2? and 2x axar=1 10 r 2 : set) ante a a=1anda(r? +r+1) <2 = 10(? +741) =39r 7 > 10r?-29r +10 =0 > (2r-5) (Gr -2)=0 > r=Sorr=2 or eerie Hence thenumbers are 51,50" 15esos: 19.17 19.4 SUM OF THE TERMS OF A G.P. THEOREM Prove that the sum ofn terms of a G.P. with first term ‘a and common ratio ’r is given by re = Sn = (ES) ‘or, Sp = (Z}- PROOF Let S, denote the sum of n terms of the G.P. with first term ‘a’ and common ratior. Then, Sn = atarsar+..4ar"-? sar"! 0 Multiplying both sides by r, we get 1S, = artar?+...+ar" 1 4a0" (i) ‘On subtracting (ii) from (i), we get Spee ear oa Sp (1-1) = a(1-r") ) Fi | provided thatr +1, {E}ra Some authors state two different formulas for S, viz, =| le 100 are exactly identical. The only thing which must be noted is that the above formulae do +a (n times) =na. ) pert In fact these t not hold for r = 1. For r= 1, the sum of n terms of the G.P. is Sy =a+a+ a+ If lis the last term of the G.P., then |= ar" : ie elBT LIL Sp = = g Ir-a Thus, Sp Se Sey ae JLLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC) Type I FINDING THE SUM OF GIVEN NUMBER OF TERMS OF A GIVEN G.P. EXAMPLE1 Find the sum of 7 terms of the GP. 3,6, 12,-~ 3,r=2andn=7- SOLUTION Here, a= & (é|slealeaaees = “7-1 2S7/9 9 | 99 iO" inp igo 7 PMs} (iii) Let Sbe the sum of the series 5 +5.5 + 5.55 + 5.555 + ton terms. Then, $=5+55+5.55+5.555+...tonterms > S=5+6 +05) +5 +055) +5 + 0.555) + tonterms => $= +5+5 +... terms) + {0.5 +0.55 +0.555+ ...to (tI) terms} => S=5n+5 (01+011+011+ .to (n—1) terms} Es S545 (09+099 +0999 +t0(0-1) rma aSne {Fa 7 6 FF «.o(a—t) ems} 5 1 1 1 1) Soret) s(t) eee =s eS {( A(t 7 }s as) +( =| eee: afl ate +da} a seseeS wy Gorattas: 10"! Hal | aslo sfc] 5 1 > Seon Gay (= 10" 10 i the next three terms is 128, Find EXAMPLE? The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is 16 and the sum of the m oa the sum ofn terms of the G.P. ‘ SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r the common ratio of the G.P. Ttis given that . oi fi) and, ars ar’ ¥ar> = 128 Nie ye verte S16 aesSOLUTION Let abe the first term and r be the common ratio of the G.P. je have, @ +4) =—4 and as =403 = atar=—4 and art =4ar? = a(1+r)=-4 and r? =4 = a(1+r)=-4 and r=42 Whenr =2: a(1+r) = -4 > an-5 Whenr =-2: a(1+r)=-4 > a=4 Hence, required GP. is-4,-, 16,0 4,-8,16,.. Type Il FINDING VALUE(S) OF n, r AND @ WHEN THE SUM OF n TERMS OF A G.P. IS GIVEN EXAMPLE9 Determine the number of terms in G.P. , if ay = 3, g = 96 and S, = 189. SOLUTION Let r be the common ratio of the given G.P. Then, q = 96> ar") = 96=> 37"! = 96-57"! = 32 Ai) Now, S, = 189 n-1, => of Jaw > 2 a = T1 r=1 = —-B&r-1 = 63-63 > Bir = r= 2 Putting r = 2in (i), we get 21232 = 2"-1-P = n-1=5 >n=6. [Using (i)] EXAMPLE 10 How many terms of the geometric series 1 + 4 + 16 + 64 +... will make the sum 5461 ? SOLUTION Let the sum of n terms of the given series 5461. Here, a=1,r=4 and S, =5461. S, = 5461 h * = ¢: 3 = 5461 > oo 5461 [:a=1andr=4) => 4"-1 = 16383 4" = 16384 4" = 4’ =n = “EXAMPLE 11. The sum of some terms of a G.P. is 315 whose first term and the common ratio are 5 and 2, respectively, Find the last term and the number of terms. ‘INCERT] SOLUTION Let there be n terms in the G.P. with first term a =5 and common ratio r = 2. Then, Sum of n terms = 31519.21 =315 ea = s[f3}-s [» a@=5andr=2] = Be et ree dg m =ar"~1 5x 26-1 _ 169 ER | i 12 Inan increasing G.P., the sum of the first and the last term is 66, the product of the second ang/the last but one is 128 and the sum ofthe terms is 126. How many terms are there in the progression ? aU Leta be the first term and r the common ratio of the given G.P. Further, let there be n fermsin the given GP. Itis given that the sum of the first and last term is 66, i aka 65 avert «6g A) It is also given that the Product of second and the second last term is 128. 128 a Le. 42 1 =128 = ar ar"? 198 = @? 7"! =198 = a(ar"~!)=128 = ar"? Putting this value of ar” "in (i), we get 128 2 a+—— = 66=> a ~66a+128 = 0= (a-2)(a—64) = 0 => a = 2,64 a 1 =66 =r") = 32. n— n 1 Putting a = 64 in (i), we get: 64 + 64” 1-66 > i= Putting a =2in (i), we get’ 2+2.1" We reject the second value as the G.P. is an increasing G.P. and therefore r> 1. Thus, we obtain 2925 2" 1=P an-1=530=6 Hence, there are 6 terms in the progression. “eas. Find the sumof the products of the corresponding terms of the sequences, 4,8, 16, 32and .MPLE EXAl [NCERT] 1 Ds 128, 32,825 2. and A, AR, AR®,.... are two geometric sequences, then the ar, ar? 5 q terms as the product of corresponding terms of the two sequences is also a with first term 2A and common ratio rR. soLuTION If 4 ence having, 8 ae ence geometric a are geometric sequences with first terms 2 and 128 respectively and common Given sequen at ively. Therefore, the sequence formed by multiplying the corresponding and} respecti 4 ratios 2 given sequences is a G-P. with first term a =2x 128 =256 and common ratio contains 5 terms. Therefore, the sequence formed by the products of the oe 5 terms. terms hasve I ON PROVING RESULTS BASED UPON THE FORMULA FOR THE SUM OF n TERMS OF _ exayirL IfS,, Sand Se respectively the sum fm, 2m and an terms ofa ., prove tl S,(S3 =) = (S- sy “SOLUTION Let a be the first term and r the common ratio of the G.P. Then, = an _ Sue ES} = {F2) and Sy = Now, Deedes} a on ay apna Ba { we “a= ae oe is po a S1(53-S shale %) =19.26 MATHEMATICS-xi (iv) V7, 21, 37,...tonterms [NCERT] 4 one a a ee = OMe aay aut dere (vii) 1, -a, a7, -a3,... tom terms (a #1) INCERT] (vil) x° , 2°, x7, ... to n terms INCERT] (bx) (8+ 9) + (2? + xy ty?) + (29 +27 y 4+ ay? +93) + ...tom terms; BASED ON LOTS 3. Evaluate the following: @ = (2+3") INCERT] (ii) a ak e3k-t) (itty ee a 4. Find the sum of the following series: (@) 5+55+555+...tonterms. [NCERT] (ii) 7 +77 +777 +...tonterms. (NCERT] (iii) 9 +99 + 999 +... ton terms. (iv) 05 + 055 + 0555 +... tonterms. (v) 0.6 + 0.66 + 0.666 + .... ton terms. [NCERT] 5. How many terms of the G.P. 3, 3/2, 3/4, .. be taken together to make en 6. How many terms of the series? + 6 + 18 + ... mustbe taken to make the sum equal to 728? , 3, 33, ... must be taken to make the sum 39 + 13/3? 7, How many terms of the sequence 8, The sum of n terms of the G-P. 3, 6, 12, ...is 381. Find the value of n. 9. The common ratio of a G.P. is3 and the last term is 486. If the sum of these terms be 728, find the first term. 10. The ratio of the sum of first three terms is to that of first 6 terms of aG.P. is 125 : 152. Find the common ratio. 11. The 4th and 7th terms of a G.P. at and 3 — o5 respectively Find the sum of n terms of the GP. 12 Biiesum: $ (J ‘(J 13. The fifth term of a G-P. is 81 whereas its second term is 24. Find the series and sum of its first eight terms. BASED ON HOTS 14, If, Sp Sp be respectively the sums of n, 2n,3n terms of a GP, then prove that SE +3 = S(S +55) 15. Show that the ratio of the sum of first n terms of a G.P. to the sum of terms from (n + 1)"" to 20)" termis +. INCERT] 7 16. If aandb are the roots of x” -3x+p=0 and c,d are the roots x° 12x + q=0, where a,b, c, dformaG.P. Prove that(q + p):(q-p) = 17:15. INCERT]19.30 urrnewress 22. Let a + a +03,... + a, be the given series. It is given that 4 =1, ay =a ay, ag = Cay, ay = a0, as = cay and 50 On. > =1, 0) = 2,03 =ac, a4 =a" ¢, a5 =a" C7, 0, =0° C7, Required sum = a + a +03 +... + yy } =l+atacta? crac? +...to2nterm ‘ = (1 +4) +ac(1 +a) +a? c?(1 +4) +... ton terms Sn a = (1+a) ee =(1+a) {2 1-ac ac = 19.5 SUM OF AN INFINITE G.P. THEOREM The sum ofan infinite G.P. with first termaand common ratio r (~1 a ar" 2 + 0asn> 1-r Hence, from (i), the sum of an infinite G.P. is given by S = lim § = 4-7 |. ne no NOTE [fr >1, then the sum of an infinite G.P. tends to infinity. QED. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC) Type I FINDING THE SUM TO INFINITY OF A G.P. OR A GEOMETRIC SERIES ; 3 HS XAMPLE1 Find the sum tc nity of theG.P. -—, —, -—.,.. 5 Find the sum to infinity of Shs SOLUTION The given G.P. has first terma = —5/4and the common ratior =~1/4. Also, |r| x and, y=1+b+b? +b? 1+ ab + (ab)? + (ab)? + “yty-1 ‘EXAMPLE 9 Actor sr +...tocoand B=1 +r? +r! +. co, prove that (2) oe) PA. and, Balerher? SOLUTION We have, A = 1+r"+ +8GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS 19.35 Now, » = Least value of the product of roots = Least value of (m? +1) ae Pineetee) c = Greatest value of the sum of the roots = Greatest value of aa is greatest when m? + 1 is least and the least value of m® +1 is 1. 3 Clearly, ee =3 pee it So, first term of the infinite GP. isb + 2=1+2=3 and, the common ratio is Hence, the sum S of the infinite G.P. is given by g-— 5 <9 ies 3 PROVING RESULTS BASED UPON SUM OF AN INFINITE G_P. Type IL EXAMPLE? Ifx= 2) cos" 8, y= 2, sin" 9,2= 2 cos” @ sin?" », where 0 <0, 6 " x n=0 1-cos’ 6 s a = y= ¥ sin™)=14sin29+sin*9+...0 >y = 1 sens? = + n=0 1—sin? @ y ad z= > 2n g sin2" » = 1+ cos* @sin?§+ cos" O sin’ $+... n=0 1 1 5 7a on 1—cos? sin? 1-(1-sin? @) (1 -cos” 4) = i = i = —Y_suty-z= Uk y Vay EXAMPLES If|x| <1 and |y| <1, find the sum to infinity of the following series: (xt ye (et enyt y+ (e+ Py tay? ty) te. SOLUTION (x+y) +(e? tay ty?) +(x? +7y tay? ty?) +. © r py Pte Viet toa} [taba tet taeda cd tna x-a (Peart e...tow) ry ty. tox}wer 5 denotes the sum ofthe sere ae : P ti Bier +1" —... tow, Prove thats ¢« i + as ind the sum of the tey ‘ Fe oi rst term is 4, and the on Hinite decreasing p « are / and the difference betwee sin8 2. in Which all the terms are positive, 6 Express the recurring decimal O125tasiye ne tif and fifth term is equal to32/81. 125 “48 a rational number. Se decimal expansion is 0.433, “+ tO% and s, the sum of the series (i) areas of all triangles 'Y: Find the sum of the (i) perimeters of all the triangles. x BASED ON HOTS J) 4p. Find an infinite G.P. whose first term is 1 and each term is the sum of all the terms which , follow it. 1. The sum of first two terms of an infinite G.P. is 5 and each term is three times the sum of the succeeding terms. Find the G.P. 4, Show that in an infinite G.P. with common ratior (|r| <1), each term bears a constant ratio to the sum of all terms that follow it. 43, If S denotes the sum of an infinite G.P. and S, denotes the sum of the squares of its terms, 2s 3S then prove that the first term and common ratio are respectively 255 and —a S+h S++ x = ANSWERS my Be 5 2 102 Gy saxo F058 OS 83a 31 125 419 nal 231 yy 17 yy SH Va 8. (i) 3 (i) 90 5 § 099 990 3 999 , atl 9, (i) 108 cm i) 108 JS squareem 10. Le 5y gre Me A Gr ger HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEM | 18 , 18 | | 9, Sum of the perimeters = {Bry ipa 2 2 18 5 {22 ,(18 (3) ta ® Sum of the areas = 8 iS (7 4 SSIONS 196 PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC meee atl Spa ‘3 In this section, we shall discuss 5° ‘operti eometric progressions ae, iplied or divided PRopeRry 1 fall the terms ofa GP. mip remains a G.P. with the same common by the same non-zero constant, then it19.38 MATHEMATICS-XI PROOF Let @,.09,.43,..., dy,...be a GP, with common ratio r- Then, Med oi) =r, forallneN Let kbe a non-zero constant. Multiplying ll the terms of the given G-P. by k, we obtain the new. sequence: kay, kay, ka3,... ki)... Cleatly, She he, eaten {Using (i)] ka, 4%, Hence, the new sequence also forms a G.P. with common ratio 7. PROPERTY Il The reciprocals of the terms of a given G.P. form a G.P. PROOF Let ay, a2, 03,..., 4,...be a G.P. with common ratio r. Then, ee afi) = rforallneN % The sequence formed by the reciprocals of the terms of the given G-P. is M1 (1 1 ay ay! ay” For this sequence the ratio of a term and the preceding term is given by ay Li Se [Using (i) Tjdtecneeew ita? So, the new sequence is a G.P. with common ratio 1/r. PROPERTY Ili Ifeach term ofa G.P. be raised to the same power, the resulting sequence also forms a.G.P. PROOF Let ay, a>, 03,... 4y,...be a GP. with common ratio r. Then, itt _ y for allneN i) % Let k be a non-zero real number. Consider the sequence whose terms are k'" powers of the terms of the given sequence Peay ehcdsh. cna For this sequence, we have k k G+ 1 Mn+ k a (2) = r* forallneN [Using ()] j Hence, af, a, a5,... af, ...is a GP. with common ratio r* PROPERTY IV Ina finite G.P the product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is always same and is equal to the product of the first and the last term. PROOF Let ay, a>, 43,..., 4 be a finite G.P. with common ratio r. Then, kth term from the beginning = a, =a, r*~ ' ith term from the end = (nk + 1)th term from the beginning = @,_;, 1 = ar" * . (kth term from the beginning) (kth term from the end) kL nn-k | 2 one S = Ae Ke = Ah ar = apr" ‘ =a).a,7" re 4a forall k=2, 3,....n-1 Hence, the product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and th . anal is equal to the product of the first and the last term. \g and the end is always sameMs tel A be! lid wold tat heed ar PROPERTY V. Three non-zero numbers a, b, care in G.P. iff b® = ac PROOF Clearly, b a,b, careinG.P. > ~= ab NOTE When a,b, care in G.P., then b is known as the Geometric mean of a and c. PROPERTY VI. If the terms of a given G.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then sequence formed also forms a G.P. eae 2 PROPERTY VII If y,a9/03,...,dq,... is @ G.P. of non-zero non-negative terms, then Jog a1, log ay,..., log a,,... is an A.P. and vice-versa. PROOF Let ay, a7, 03,..., Mq,...beaG.P. of non-zero non-negative terms with common ratio r. Then, = (common ratio) < b? = ac = 41"~", forallneN = log a, = log a, +(n-1) logr, forallneN Let by = log m = loga,+(n-1)logr, forallneN Then, bj 41— = [log a, +1 log r] [log a, + (n—1) logr] =logr for allneN Clearly, by , 1 ~by = log r = Constant for all ne N. Hence, by, By, ..., Bye» ie. log ay, log ay,..., 10g dy,... is an A.P. with common difference log. Conversely, let log a, log ap, log a4 1—log m = forallneN. me log, *1] = d forallneN. a , 10g dy,... be an A.P. with common difference d. Then, = #1 = 64 (a constant) for allneN. > 0, 9 3, +01 Gqy 8 a G.P. with common ratio ef ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES BASED ON LOTS Type | PROBLEMS BASED UPON FOLLOWING RESULTS: (i) a,b, care in GP. iffb” =ac (ii) a,b, care in A.P. iff 2b =a. a Ifp.q,rare in AP., show thatthe pth, qth and rth terms ofany G.P. are in G.P. TUTION Let A be the first term and R the common ratio of a G-P. Then, ty BIN, a, = ART * andi ARUm 4a, are in G.P. For this it is sufficient to show that We have to prove that ay, 44, (0g)? = ap a, Now, (aj)? = (ART)? BU Gj Arg? PU ay ARE i fs peqrarein AP... 24=p+#] > (ap) = (ARP~1) (AR) = ay. Hence, dp, dg, 4 are in G.P.1840 ; MATHEMATICS-x1 e EXAMPLE2 Ifa, b, care in G.P,, then prove that log d’', log b", log ¢” are in A.P. SOLUTION It is given that a,b, care in G.P. ‘ W sac > WY" = (a" | = eM adie ' => logb™" = log (ac!) Jog (6")? = og al" + log c” => 2 log b" =log a + log c= log d", log b”, log "are in AP EXAMPLE3 Three numbers whose sum is 15 are in A.P. If 1, 4, 19 be added to them respectively, then they are in G.P. Find the numbers. SOLUTION Let the three numbers be a ~ d, a,a +d. Then, Sum =15 => (a—d)+a+(a+d)=15 => a=5. So, the numbers are 5 ~d,5,5 +d. Adding 1, 4, 19 respectively to these numbers, we get 6-d, 9, 24+d. These numbers are in G.P. : 9? =(6-d)(24+d) > d? +18d -63=0 = (d+21)(d-3)=0 > d=-21 or, d=3, Hence, the numbers are 26, 5, -16 or 2, 5, 8. Type II PROBLEMS BASED UPON PROPERTIES OF G.P. EXAMPCE4 Ifa, b, c, dare in G.P., show that: () (-0)? + (c-a)? + (4-0)? =(a-d)? (ii) (ab + be + cd)? = (a? +b? +c) (6? +c? +d) [NCERT] SOLUTION Let r be the common ratio of the G.P. a, b, c,d. Then, b =ar, c =ar” and d =ar?. y (i) LHS = (b-0)? +(c-a)? +(d-b)? = (ar —ar?)? + (ar? — a)? + (ar? — ar)? Bios (eet ae aide) paras A)e = a? (76 — 293 41) = a2 (1-r?)? = (@—ar?)? = (a—d)* = RHS. (i) LHS = (ab + bc + cd)” = (ax ararxar? ar? xar?)? = ah? +r? +18)? RHS = (a2 +62 +c2)(b2 +07 +d”) = (a2 + a'r? +a?) (a7? + ar4 + 0°r°) = at(h¢r? teh) a (er art) = ath? ar? +f? LHS = RHS. EXAMPLES Ifa, b, c, dare in G.P,, prove that a+b,b +.c,c + dare also in G.P. SOLUTION Let r be the common ratio of the G.P. a, b, c,d. Then, b =ar, 2 and d=ar atb=a+ar=a(l+r), b+c=ar+ar? =ar(1+r)and c+d=ar? + ar =ar’ (1+r) z Now, (b+0)? = {ara ‘ a} sar (en? = {aa + oh {ar a+r} = (a+b) (c+d) [- a+b=a(14n), and c+d=ar?(Q+nl Hence, a+b,b+c,c+dareinG.P. EXAMPLES Ifa,b, c, dareinG.P., provethata" +b", b" +c", c" +d" arealsoinG.P. [NCERT]19.42 MATHEMATICS-XI ee 2c) XY (ab+ac+b? + bc) ee [Using (1 | And, Ll 2 2 © 2are+2) _ 2(a+e+2) wat I = y a+b b+e Cabab +acthe) (ab+ 22 +h) [Using ()] i = 1,1 _2+c+ 2 } x y b(a+B+c) b EXAMI SAT Ifa, b, careinG.P. and a”* =bY¥ =c¥/*, provethatx, y,zarein AP. (NCERT] SOLUTION We have, all* =pM¥ _ Vt 24 (say) > a=2%,b=W and c=% Now, a,b, careinGP. > bP aac = (WP a0 x F => BY at? > Wex+z = x,y,zareinAP. EXAMPLE 11 Ifa? +b?, ab + bc and b” + c* are in G.P., prove that a, b,c are also in G.P. SOLUTION It is given that @ +b, ab +be,b? + c* areinGP. > (ab +b)? = (a? +b?) (0? +c”) = ab? + b2c? + 2ab?c = a2? + 0%? +b?c? +b* > b4 +.a2c2 —20b7c = 0 => (2 -ac)? = 0= b? = ac = a,b,carein GP. EXERCISE 19.5 BASIC 1. Ifa,b, carein GP, prove that log a, log b, log c are in AP. us are in AP. am’ logym’ log.m 3. Find k such that k + 9, k - 6 and 4 form three consecutive terms of a GP. 4. Three numbers are in AP. and their sum is 15. If 1, 3, 9 be added to them respectively, they form a G.P. Find the numbers. pie), can mCP? prove that —— log, BASED ON LOTS 5. The sum of three numbers which are consecutive terms of an AP. is 21. If the second number is reduced by 1 and the third is increased by 1, we obtain three consecutive terms of a GP. Find the numbers. 6.AThe sum of three numbers a,b,c in AP. is 18. Ifa and b are each increased by 4 and cis. increased by 36, the new numbers form a G.P. Find a, b,c 7. The sum of three numbers in GP. is 56. If we subtract 1, 7, 21 from these numbers in that order, we obtain an A.P. Find the numbers. 8. Ifa,b, care inGP., prove that: () a0? +02) =c(a? +b?) (a) P07? Gs (a+b+0)7 watbee tii (pad andre +4 aad +b? +0? o. (iv) ite (@) (a+ 2b + 26) (a=2 + 20) =a" + 4%,~~~" CPROGRESSIONS Thus, 19.45 Gis the G! M. between a and b, <> 4%,G,bareinG.P, G = ab. enby G= [4x9 =6, ~9 and ~4is given by G 79%=4=-6. of opposite signs, then geometric mean between them does not exist. ‘The geometric mean G between 4 and 9 is giv The geometric mean G between NOTE Ifaand bare two numbers is 7-1 INSERTION OF GEOMETRIC MEANS BETWEEN TWO GIVEN NUM! tGi,Gy . 17 G2, ..., Gy be n geometric means between two given numbers a and b. Then, a, Gy,G3,. vs gy 221+ Gn, bis a GP. consisting of (n + 2) terms. Let r be the common ratio of this G.P. 1 Lae -(Qh7 a a a ) b = (m+ 2)thterm = ar’ \Vin+ 2) cheteresn (2 1 = ar (2) Be Gy = ar = er THEOREM fn geometric means are inserted between two quantities, then the product of n geometric means is the nth power of the single geometric mean between the two quantities. PROOF LetG,, Gy, G3,..., G, ben geometric means between two quantities a and band letG be the single mean between a and b. Then, 4, Gy, Gy,..., Gq, bis a GP. Let rbe the common ratio of this G.P. Then, 1 r-(2)P* ana Gy = ar,Gy = ar?,Gy = ar?,...,Gq = ar". a aN) (ar). Mey ade a nine) Gt GpvGa~ py? -«() = gl? yl? b> G= Jab} QED. ERTIES OF ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC MEANS IMPORTANT PROP! oe S72ieon tively arithmetic and geometric means between two positive numbers THEOREM1 If Aand Gare respec aand b, then A>G. atb at? and = ab proor Wehave, A= a+b-2Vab 2 A-G = Sb = A If A and G are respectively : * sdb, then the quadratic equation having a, (fa-yb)? >0 > A>G. QED. zs arithmetic and geometric means between two positive bas its roots is x° - 2Ax + G? =0. THEOREM quantities anese MATHEMATICS-xi a+b = Jab = 2 [: am =£2 and GM = -a] > a+b-2jab = 4 = (fa-yb)? = 4 = Ja-yb =2 (i) Now, a—b = 12 = (Ja + yb) (Ja - b) = 12 => (Ya + Yb) x(2) = 12> Ja + Vb =6 (i) iii), we get a = 16, b= 4. Hence, the required numbers are 16 and 4. If a,b,c are in G.P and the equations ax” + 2bx + =O and dx” + 2ex + f =O havea 3, then show that ©, a Lorein AP. (NCERT] abc SOLUTION Itis given that a,b, care in GP. Therefore, b? = Now, ax? + 2bx +c =0=> ax? +2 Jac x +c =0= (Vax + Je)? =0= Jaxr+ fe =0> xf a Itis given that the equations ax” + 2bx + c = Oand dx" + 2ex + f = Ohave acommon rootand the fe equation ax” + 2bx + c =O has equal roots both equal to — |/— Ya - [fis2 root of the equation dx” + 2ex + f =0 a = 0 [Dividing through out by ¢] > [:b? = ac] eee fe! : f remap. bo wc a‘b'c EXAMPLE7 Let x be the arithmetic mean and y, z be two geometric means between any two positive 3 3 +2 numbers. Then, prove that Y= =2. xyz SOLUTION Let aand b be two positive numbers. Then, b . x = AMofaandb= x = 0) It is given that y and 2 are two geometric means between a and b. Then, 4, y,2,bisa GP. with 1/3 pe ( (3 1/3 13 29-0"? @ and, z-a7? 2224(2) Szab¥3 ail? a yrar>y=a S 3423 = V3 g2/3)3 40/3 aon is bFa-slta ee) = 13 02/3) 623 aa = common aor -(2] ue y and, Now, y°+z a scweeehase +z ee +29 = yz(2x) [Using @)an19.52 _MATHEMATICS-XI Sh dae Snes Protea on. cove ing of poe tive perms coc erm cial Cees mone next two terms. Then the common ratio of the progression is .. HA, path wo athe meas between we pubes and band Cy are two geometric means between same two numbers, then “1s = . 5. If Aand G are the arithmetic and geometric means, respectively, of the roots of a quadratic equation. Then, the equation is 6. eee oe eeat eee care in A.P. and abe =4, then the minimum possible value of b is 7 The sum of infinity ofthe series 9-3-+1-3.+.. oi 8. The value of the product (32) x (32)!/° x (32)!/% x......to, is 9. If the sum of the series 3+ 3x + 3x7+ tosis 32, than 10. The product of n geometric means between a and bis... 11, The minimum value of the expression 3° + 3", x eR, is - 2. If, b caren GP. then the value of °—" is equal to me: =e 43, The third term of a GP. is 4, the product of the first five terms is .... i ee 2 ANSWERS Pa cies) a 28% x5;x7-2Ax G20) 16227 ae 2 ab 4 ie 9 10.(0s)" 241, 2/3 12.2 0r” 13. 4° 15 boc VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs) Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the question: 1. Ifthe fifth term of a GP. is 2, then write the product of its 9 terms. 2, If(p + q)" and (p ~9)"" terms of a G.P. are m and n respectively, then write its pth term. 3. Iflogy a, a*/? and logy xare in G.P., then write the value of x. 4, Ifthe sum of an infinite decreasing G.P. is 3 and the sum of the squares of its vermis ‘then write its first term and common difference. 5. If p,q andr" terms of a GP. are x,y,z respectively, then write the value of atl yf PP 9, 6 HAA: be two AM’s and Gy, G2 be two GM's between a and b, then find the value of 3 Ci Gr 7. If second, third and sixth terms of an A-P. are consecutive terms of a G.P., write the common ratio of the G.P. 8, Write the quadratic equation the arithmetic and geometric means of whose roots are A and G respectively.